U.S. patent number 3,765,484 [Application Number 05/259,130] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-16 for method and apparatus for treating selected reservoir portions.
Invention is credited to Leo P. Broussard, Tyler W. Hamby, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,765,484 |
Hamby, Jr. , et al. |
October 16, 1973 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING SELECTED RESERVOIR PORTIONS
Abstract
Selected portions of a subterranean reservoir are treated by
seating a packer that forms a slideable seal above a perforated
section of well casing and repetitively sealing and moving a
depth-straddling sealing device to isolate and treat perforations
that open into individual portions of the reservoir, while
maintaining the slideable seal and a borehole fluid pressure that
substantially equals the formation fluid pressure during the
movement of the depth-straddling sealing devices.
Inventors: |
Hamby, Jr.; Tyler W. (Metairie,
LA), Broussard; Leo P. (New Orleans, LA) |
Family
ID: |
22983654 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/259,130 |
Filed: |
June 2, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/278; 166/147;
166/185; 166/295; 166/307 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
33/12 (20130101); E21B 33/138 (20130101); E21B
43/025 (20130101); E21B 33/124 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
33/12 (20060101); E21B 33/138 (20060101); E21B
43/02 (20060101); E21B 33/124 (20060101); E21b
033/124 (); E21b 033/138 (); E21b 043/27 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/147,185,187,191,202,278,254,255,295,35R,311,315,127,100 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process for selectively treating selected individual
perforations and adjoining portions of a reservoir interval
adjacent to a cased and perforated section of a well borehole
comprising:
inserting into the well casing a tubing string containing a
remotely actuatable sealing means for forming a slideable
mechanical seal between the tubing and the casing and a pair of
remotely actuatable sealing means for forming depth-straddling
mechanical seals between the tubing and the casing;
locating open perforations by forming said depth-straddling seals
at various depths and adjusting the pressure to induce fluid flow
between the borehole and the reservoir when a perforation is open
at a straddled depth;
isolating the perforated section of casing from fluid in the upper
portion of the casing by forming the slideable mechanical seal
above the perforated section;
treating a selected portion of the reservoir by positioning said
tubing string to the extent required, forming said depth-straddling
seals in a position that isolates at least one open perforation
that opens into the selected portion of the reservoir, and
injecting fluid through the straddled perforation; and
treating at least one other selected portion of the reservoir by
moving the tubing string, reforming said depth-straddling seals and
injecting fluid through the straddled perforation, while
maintaining said slideable mechanical seal and maintaining a fluid
pressure within the perforated section of casing that substantially
equals the reservoir pressure.
2. The process of claim 1 including the steps of:
filling said tubing string with a series of measured volume slugs
of fluid arranged to position the fluid to be injected into each of
a series of selected individual portions of the reservoir in the
sequence in which said portions are to be treated;
positioning said tubing string so that said depth-straddling seals
isolate at least one open perforation opening into the first of
said series of portions of the reservoir;
displacing sufficient fluid into the upper end of said tubing
string to displace into the reservoir the fluid to be injected into
that portion of the reservoir; and
subsequently moving said tubing string to position said
depth-straddling seals for isolating at least one other open
perforation opening into at least one other portion of the
reservoir.
3. The process of claim 2 in which said sequence of slugs of fluid
include different kinds of fluids for injection into different
portions of the reservoir interval.
4. The process of claim 1 in which at least one of said
depth-straddling mechanical seals are formed along a vertical
interval having a length substantially equalling the length of the
perforated section of the casing.
5. The process of claim 1 including the steps of:
providing a separate internal conduit within said tubing string;
and
after said slideable mechanical seal has been formed, circulating a
selected fluid into the perforated section by means of a fluid
inflow and outflow through, respectively, said tubing string and
internal conduit.
6. An apparatus for selectively treating selected individual
portions of a reservoir adjoining a cased and perforated section of
a well borehole, which comprises:
tubing string means inclusive of remotely actuatable sealing means
for forming a slideable mechanical seal between the tubing and the
casing and a pair of remotely actuatable sealing means for forming
depth-straddling mechanical seals between the tubing and the
casing;
means for moving said tubing string within the borehole of the well
and actuating sealing by said depth-straddling sealing means at
selected depths within the well;
means for adjusting the fluid pressure within the borehole at
depths straddled by said depth-straddling seals;
means for detecting a flow of fluid resulting from said fluid
pressure adjustments; and
means for displacing fluid through said tubing string and into the
borehole at a depth straddled by said depth-straddling seals.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 in which said sealing means and means
for moving the tubing string and actuating the seals are arranged
for moving the string and repetitively actuating the
depth-straddling seals while maintaining said slideable mechanical
seal at a location near but above the perforated section of the
casing.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 in which at least one of said
depth-straddling sealing means is adapted to form a seal extending
along a vertical interval substantially equalling the length of the
perforated section of casing.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to treating a well containing a casing with
a perforated section adjacent to a subterranean reservoir. The
invention is particularly valuable in selectively treating an
individual depth interval within an inhomogeneous reservoir
formation to prevent or remedy a loss of permeability, competence,
consolidation, or the like, within the reservoir.
Wells are commonly completed by installing and perforating a string
of casing, which is surrounded by a sheath of cement or other
grouting material. Such perforations are formed by means of
bullets, explosive jets or abrasive streams, etc. The subterranean
reservoirs are usually inhomogeneous with respect to their fluid
permeability, fluid content, degree of mechanical competence, etc.
In completing a well, it is not generally feasible to position the
individual perforations so that their exact depths are known or so
that they open into portions of the reservoir that are equally
permeable or competent or oil-bearing, or the like.
The well-completing perforations are often treated or formed by
applying a borehole fluid pressure that overbalances (or
underbalances) the formation fluid pressure and causes an outflow
or inflow of fluid through the perforations; by acidizing the
perforations and adjacent portion of reservoir; by gravel-packing
or sand-packing cavities that may have been washed out within the
reservoir; by performing an in situ consolidation of sand or other
grains in the reservoir formation; or the like. Such treatments
tend to increase the chance that each of the perforations will
provide an unimpeded fluid flow path between the interior of the
casing and a competent and permeable portion within the reservoir.
However, those treatments have been plagued with difficulties due
to the placement or distribution of the fluids by which they are
effected. For example, some perforations fail to accept fluid
because they are plugged by perforation debris and/or open into an
impermeable portion of the reservoir interval, such as a shale
stringer, or the like. Any fluid that is injected or backflowed
tends to bypass the less permeable perforations and flow through
only those which are the most permeable.
A primary object of the present invention is the provision of a
method and apparatus that makes it feasible to locate the open
perforations and treat selected ones of the open perforations (and
the adjacent portions of the reservoir) by causing an injection
through them of only the particular treating fluid that is designed
for that particular portion of the reservoir.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to selectively treating the perforations and
adjacent portions of a reservoir interval that are encountered at
selected depths within a cased and perforated section of the
borehole of a well. A tubing string containing a remotely actutable
means for forming a slideable mechanical seal between the tubing
and casing and a pair of remotely actuatable means for forming
depth-straddling mechanical seals between the tubing and casing is
inserted into the borehole. Open perforations are located by
forming the depth-straddling seals at various depths and adjusting
the pressure to induce fluid flow between the borehole and the
reservoir at the straddled depths. The perforated section of the
casing is isolated from the upper portion of the casing by forming
and maintaining the slideable seal above the perforated section.
Selected depths within the reservoir interval are treated
selectively and sequentially, by moving the tubing string to the
extent required, forming a depth-straddling seal that isolates at
least one open perforation at each selected depth, and injecting
fluid through the isolated perforations. During such movements of
the tubing string, the slideable seal is maintained and the fluid
pressure within the perforated section of the casing is kept
substantially equal to that within the reservoir, in order to
substantially prevent the flow of fluid between the borehole and
the reservoir.
The maintaining of the slideable seal and the balancing of the
fluid pressures, during the movement of the tubing string, is
particularly important. It ensures that the fluid injected into a
treated portion of the reservoir is kept substantially static
within that portion of the reservoir while the depth-straddling
seals are being released so that the tubing string can be moved.
Such an injected fluid may comprise, for example, an acid followed
by a sand consolidating solution that subsequently deposits a
self-curing resin. In such a treatment, it is important that the
injected fluid remain static during the deposition and curing of
the resin. However, due to the acidization, the flow passageways
have been opened so that they could permit a relatively rapid
inflow or outflow of fluid, between the interior of the casing and
the reservoir if the fluid pressure within the casing was not
substantially equal to that within the reservoir and the perforated
section of the casing was not isolated from the upper portion of
the casing.
In a preferred embodiment, a substantially inert fluid, such as a
brine, is positioned within the perforated section of the casing.
Such a fluid can be positioned by inflowing and outflowing fluid
through, respectively, the casing and the tubing, while the tubing
extends into the perforated section of casing. The perforated
section of the casing is preferably isolated from the fluid in the
upper portion of the borehole while that section contains such an
inert fluid. As known to those skilled in the art, where desirable,
a circulation of a selected inert fluid into the perforated section
of casing can be effected while that section is isolated by the
slideable seal. For example, this can be done by utilizing a tubing
string that contains a separate internal conduit that extends into
the so-isolated section of casing.
In operating the present invention, the length of the tubing string
between a surface located source of fluid and the perforated
section of casing is preferably filled with a sequence of measured
volume slugs of liquid that are arranged to position each fluid
that is to be injected into each selected individual portion of the
reservoir in the sequence in which the reservoir portions are to be
treated. In such a process, in treating the first selected portion
of the reservoir, just enough fluid is pumped into the upper end of
the tubing string to displace the selected fluid (usually a series
of slugs) into the reservoir. Then, after the tubing string has
been moved and the depth-straddling seals have been reformed, and
an additional measured volume of fluid (e.g., one or more
additional series of slugs and/or a displacement fluid) is pumped
into the tubing string.
DISCUSSION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of portions of a borehole, a
reservoir, and an apparatus suitable for treating a reservoir in
accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a sequence of series of slugs
of fluid suitable for use in the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an alternative arrangement of
depth-straddling mechanical sealing means.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention can be practiced by means of a unique
combination that utilizes tools and techniques which are
individually known to those skilled in the art. For example, the
downhole equipment can include: (1) a pair of concentric tubing
strings containing a Lynes Tool Company "Feeler Joint" and
inflatable packer, slip-type "PIP" (without plug catcher sub) and
control for the PIP mounted above inflatable-type straddle packers
with means for injecting fluid between the packers; (2) a Baker
Tool Company "Lock-Set" type releaseable packer with a polished
bore above a control means for engaging and releasing the packer,
spacer seal units, and a perforation washing type of arrangement
for facilitating the movement of the swap cups within the casing;
or (3) an analagous arrangement of Haliburton Tool Company
equipment utilizing an internal seal and polished "Slick Joint" in
the upper packer.
In the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a subterranean reservoir interval
containing oil sands 1 and 2 and intervening shale stringer 3
penetrated by borehole 4. The borehole contains a casing string 5
which is surrounded by a cement sheath 7 and is penetrated by
perforations, 8a through 8c, which form openings extending from
within the casing to within the reservoir. Inserted into the
perforated section of the casing is a pair of concentric inner and
outer tubing strings 9 and 10 connected to a remotely actuatable
means for forming a slideable mechanical seal consisting
essentially of inflatable packer 12. The slideable seal is mounted
above a pair of remotely actuatable depth-straddling mechanical
sealing means consisting essentially of inflatable packers 13a and
13b. A tubing string port 14 is located between the packers 13 to
provide a passageway for injecting or producing fluid into or out
of a casing perforation such as 8b while the perforation is
isolated by the depth-straddling seals.
In a preferred arrangement, such depth-straddling seal means
includes at least one inflatable packer having a length sufficient
to cover all of the perforations that are located within the
perforated section of the casing. In FIG. 1 the perforations 8a and
8c are sealed-off by the packers 13a and 13b so that the
perforation 8b is the only perforation through which fluid can
flow. This ensures that, for example, when fluid is injected
through perforation 8b and flowed into a void or cavity such as
cavity 15 (which may comprise a portion of the reservoir from which
sand was washed out) such a fluid injection will not cause a flow
of fluid back into the borehole through a nearby perforation such
as 8c. Such a backflow of fluid could displace or entrain sand and
could cause sand to become lodged between components of the
injection tubing string and the casing. Such an inflow of sand
would be apt to stick the tubing string tool and/or cause other
disadvantageous effects relative to a reservoir treatment
operation.
FIG. 2 shows a train of two series of measured volume slugs of
fluid arranged for injection into selected portions of the
reservoir interval in which sand consolidations are to be effected.
As shown, Series I is disposed to be the first injected and is
designed for injection into at least one perforation which is open
and is adjacent to a permeable portion of the reservoir that needs
no acidization. Series II is disposed to be next injected, in a
different portion of the reservoir, and contains an acidizing
solution for opening perforations of somewhat impaired permeability
and/or enhancing the permeability of the portions of the reservoir
adjacent to those perforations.
FIG. 3 shows portions of a well treating apparatus differing from
that of FIG. 1 in using a single injection tubing string and a
remotely actuable means for forming a slideable seal that utilizes
a mechanically deformable packer 17, and a depth-straddling means
that utilizes opposing swab cups 18a and 18b. In such an apparatus,
the swab cups are preferably used in conjunction with a remotely
actuatable bypass means (not shown) for facilitating the movement
of the cups within a liquid-filled casing.
Particularly where the tubing string arrangement is one that
contains a separate internal conduit through which a fluid can be
circulated into a postion within the perforated section of the
casing after that section has been isolated from fluid in the upper
portion of the casing (by means of the slideable mechanical seal
between the tubing and casing), the present invention can be used
in or in conjunction with a wide varity of well treatment
procedures. For example, procedures in which it can advantageously
be used include: an in situ sand consolidation process, such as the
epoxy resin sand consolidating processes of the Havenaar and Mays
U.S. Pat. No. 3,294,166 or the Richardson U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,633,
or the like, with or without an acidizing pretreatment of some or
all of the portions of the reservoir which are consolidated; an
emplacement of a sand or gravel pack to within the perforated
section of casing and/or in the reservoir to fill voids such as the
void 15 shown in FIG. 1 prior to or during or after a sand
consolidation operation; an injectivity or productivity adjusting
treatment for selectively injecting permeability increasing or
decreasing fluid (e.g. an acidizing fluid, an oil solvent or
plugging fluid or the like) into selected portions of the reservoir
in which the permeabilities are too low or too high with respect to
the injectivity or productivity of oil or water; etc.
The maintaining of a pressure on the fluid within the perforated
section of casing that substantially equals the pressure on the
fluid within the reservoir can be effected or facilitated in
numerous ways. For example one or more inert fluids and/or
treatment fluids that are adopted to provide a so-selected
hydrostatic pressure can be spotted in at least a portion of that
section; where the tubing string contains an interval conduit for
flowing fluid past the slideable seal, the surface pressure and/or
height of the column of fluid within the tubing string can be
adjusted to adjust the pressure within that section; etc.
* * * * *