U.S. patent number 3,765,134 [Application Number 05/062,265] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-16 for construction of rigid tensioned frame structure.
Invention is credited to Timothy Michael Gilchrist.
United States Patent |
3,765,134 |
Gilchrist |
October 16, 1973 |
CONSTRUCTION OF RIGID TENSIONED FRAME STRUCTURE
Abstract
In a roof structure a flexible roofing membrane is supported and
secured between at least two layers of tensioned flexible elements
such as wires or cords. Each layer comprises a number of
longitudinal tensioned wires and a number of transverse tensioned
wires. The wires are attached to curved anchorage units, and the
entire structure is supported on tensioned trellis trusses and
purlins.
Inventors: |
Gilchrist; Timothy Michael
(Waterford, EI) |
Family
ID: |
11024948 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/062,265 |
Filed: |
August 10, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
764058 |
Oct 1, 1968 |
|
|
|
|
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Oct 26, 1967 [EI] |
|
|
1288/67 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/63; 47/17;
52/222; D25/18; 52/86; 52/80.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01G
9/1469 (20130101); A01G 9/22 (20130101); A01G
9/1407 (20130101); Y02A 40/252 (20180101); Y02A
40/25 (20180101); Y02A 40/258 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01G
9/22 (20060101); A01G 9/14 (20060101); E04b
001/347 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/63,23,80,86,83,222,223,225,146,148,149,249,273,71,64,1,202
;160/84,126 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Faw, Jr.; Price C.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of my application Ser. No. 764,058
filed Oct. 1, 1968, and now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A curved roof structure comprising in combination at least one
layer of flexible roofing membrane supported and secured between at
least two layers of tensioned flexible elements, each layer
comprising a plurality of longitudinal tensioned flexible elements,
a plurality of transverse tensioned flexible elements so arranged
as to bear against one another, curved anchorage units for the
tensioned flexible elements of one of said layers, said units being
disposed in respective planes spaced apart and substantially
perpendicular to the ground, a plurality of stabilizing purlins
disposed between the anchorage units substantially parallel to the
ground, a pair of said purlins disposed adjacent the level of the
ground, said flexible elements being steel wires, the steel wires
of said one layer being connected between the ground purlins, the
wires of one layer being substantially perpendicular to the wires
of the other layer.
2. A roof structure of claim 1, wherein the roofing membrane
consists of at least one plastic material sheet.
3. The roof structure of claim 1, further comprising curved
stabilizing units disposed intermedially of the anchorage
units.
4. The roof structure of claim 1, further comprising tensioned
trellis trusses supporting the anchorage units and extending
substantially perpendicularly from the ground.
5. The roof structure of claim 1, further comprising tensioned
trellis trusses supporting at least one of the stabilizing purlins
and extending substantially perpendicularly from the ground.
6. The roof structure of claim 1, wherein one of said stabilizing
purlins is an apex purlin.
7. The roof structure of claim 6, wherein the flexible roofing
membrane is detachably secured to the apex purlin.
8. The roof structure of claim 1, further comprising means for
tensioning each of said wires.
9. The roof structure of claim 8, wherein said means includes a
turnbuckle connected to each wire for individually tensioning each
wire.
10. The roof structure of claim 8, wherein said tensioning means
comprises a pulley system, each layer consisting of a length of
steel wire associated with the pulley system and arranged in grid
formation.
11. The roof structure of claim 1, further comprising a slidable
sheeting movably mounted under the layers of contra-tensioned
elongated flexible elements.
Description
The present invention relates to rigid tensioned roof supporting
frame structures in which the roof is formed of plastics material
or other flexible roofing membrane. More particularly, the
invention is concerned with a greenhouse or like horticultural or
agricultural building (hereinafter referred to collectively as a
"greenhouse") in which the roof covering is a plastics material or
similar flexible membrane.
It is well known to those conversant with the art and theory of
stressed cable design, e.g., suspension bridges, that the stability
of a tensioned structure may be achieved by the massive deadweight,
which in itself is sufficient to resist all downward and upward
movement due to wind pressures. Alternatively, in some structures
stability may be achieved by a number of downward stressed cables
firmly anchored to the ground, as in many hanger type or large tent
buildings, by the use of two mutually contra-tensioned cables
stretched between two or more main supporting rigid units,
themselves tied to standard heavy ground anchorages.
With particular reference to the erection of a stressed or
tensioned structure for use in green-house development, none of the
above systems are readily applicable since the most important
aspects of a green-house structure, i.e., the angle of incidence of
sunlight and the diffusion of light throughout the hours of
daylight are not rigidly controlled and further the application of
forced fan or natural ventilation equal to one-sixth of the ground
area of the structure, which is desirable in green-house
constructions, is difficult to achieve. Additionally it is well
known, in the art of green-house growing of vegetables and flowers,
that the light transmission factor to the interior of the structure
is directly related to the vertical depth of the glazing bars in
relation to their spacing apart, the orientation of the structure;
the angle of roof pitch; the angle of incidence of sunrays on the
roof; and the slope of the site. The loss of light at the most
critical period of growth and plant propogation, mainly winter and
early spring, in latitude 50.degree.-59.degree. (Britain) and
51.degree.-55.degree. (Ireland) amounts to 60-70 per cent of the
total light available for growth.
An object of a preferred construction of green-house according to
the present invention is to provide a green-house structure which
eliminates all the aforementioned inherent structural, economic and
horticultural disadvantages of orthodox green-houses, in providing
an artificial climate and environment for maximum commercial growth
of flowers and vegetables.
According to the invention, there is provided a curved roof
structure comprising at least one layer of flexible roofing
membrane supported and secured between at least two layers of
tensioned flexible elements, each layer comprising a plurality of
longitudinal tensioned flexible elements and a plurality of
transverse tensioned flexible elements so arranged so as to bear
against one another. In one preferred construction of green-house,
the tensioned flexible elements comprise two layers of wire, cables
of steel or the like or plastics cord, the roofing membrane
advantageously being translucent polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride
(P.V.C.).
In a simple construction, one of the layers of flexible elements
may comprise a plurality of longitudinal tensioned flexible
elements and may be supported by and connected between a pair of
curved wire anchorage units, one of which is disposed at each end
of the structure and both of which are substantially at right
angles to the ground, while the other layer of flexible elements
may comprise a plurality of transverse tensioned flexible elements
and may be supported by and connected between spaced apart parallel
purlins connected to and between said wire anchorage units. If
desired, the wire anchorage units and certain of the purlins (for
example the purlin disposed at the apex of the structure) may be
supported by vertically disposed trellis trusses securely located
in ground foundation or support.
A complete green-house structure according to the invention may be
formed of:
a. A number of self-supporting tensioned trellis trusses consisting
of one or two independently tensioned members, for example, bars or
steel cables or other strong thin element, which are supported and
tensioned by alternating vertical rigid compression and vertical
tensioned members, carried by dual purpose tension/compression
foundations of a permanent nature below cultivation level, and
movable above same.
b. A roof supporting structure consisting of two or more rigid or
reinforced/tensioned elements of wood, steel or plastics,
hereinafter called purlins, which are firmly fixed to external
members of the trellis trusses and disposed in parallel position in
relation to each other, at right angles to each of the trellis
trusses connecting the trellis trusses together longitudinally to
form a roof supporting framework.
c. Two or more layers of tensioned thin resilient members such as
wire, thin bars, plastics cord, supported by the aforementioned
trellis trusses and purlins, framework, in such a manner as to
maintain in position between the layers a sheet or a number of
sheets of flexible roofing membrane, the sheets of flexible roofing
membrane being held firmly in position by the individual bands of
tensioned resilient members in compression against each other and
forming a plurality of planar surface units which may be described
as curved hyperbolic-paraboloid planes, to form a complete covering
roof membrane for the entire structure.
The flexible roofing membrane -- usually clear or translucent
plastics material -- is applied between layers of the aforesaid
tensioned resilient members, in any sizes or shapes outlined by any
selected pattern of structural members found most convenient for
use with the minimum size of sheet membrane available commercially.
In the case where the sheet membranes are larger in width than the
maximum width of a single supporting unit or of unlimited length
the membrane may be fixed to the main longitudinal tensioned
purlins only by any suitable method which eliminates the use of
nailed battens, screws or clips. The fixing of the membrane to the
main longitudinal tensioned purlins should be such as to allow for
removal and/or renewal of the plastics roofing membrane without
interference with or damage to the supporting structure. If the
membrane sheet thus fixed in position is to be adjoined
transversely on structures of greater length than the membrane
length available, this may be readily achieved by roll lapping
adjacent sides of the two sheets together and fixing same in
position by extra internal and external tensioned wires, rolled in
lap, and held in position firmly by two main tensioned layers of
resilient members. When the plastics roofing membrane is of a
narrower width than a single supporting unit, it may be affixed
diagonally or parallel between any two or greater number of
supporting members which are fixed in position at a distance from
each other, most appropriate to the width of plastics membrane used
to form the roof and side covering of the structure. Further, any
odd sizes of plastics membrane that lends itself to jointing by the
simple process of pressure heat welding may be used to cover the
structure and welded in situ to form a weatherproof joint, in any
position on the surface of the structure, regardless of its
location in relation to the tensioned resilient members, purlins or
other elements of the structure.
The rigid tensioned frame structure as described above may be
sheeted over its complete external surface with a single layer of
flexible membrane. In the construction of greenhouses the provision
of heat insulation is desirable. This is particularly important
when plastic sheeting, which has a 10-15 percent greater heat loss
than glass is used, as a roofing material. Consequently, the
invention provides means for cladding the structure with a two or
more layers of flexible membrane.
It is to be understood that in comparison with orthodox metal or
timber and glass structures, which at present generally form the
artificial environment for growing of plants and vegetables, the
plastic membrane covered tensioned structure as described in this
invention lends itself to all standard forms of both forced and
natural systems of ventilating and heating. Ridge and side-wall
vents, having inward and/or outward openings, may be incorporated
in the plastic covered structure with maximum efficiency. The
plastic covered greenhouse, according to the present invention,
forms a sealed structure free from air leaks, such as occur between
laps in glazing in metal and wood orthodox greenhouses and due to
this particular attribute, the sealed structure lends itself most
efficiently to forced ventilation by motor driven fans, which are
designed either to ventilate by forcing air into the greenhouse,
the escape of the air being controlled by vents or louvers, or by
the extraction of air from the interior of the structure, thereby
causing air to flow from the external atmosphere into the
greenhouse through the controller vents or through vents with
plastic internal ducting positioned throughout the interior length
of the structure. The heating of the structure can be achieved by
any of the well known heating systems used for horticultural
purposes with improved efficiency.
The invention will hereinafter be described more particularly with
reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of
example only, preferred embodiments thereof, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the roof and gable section of a
single span greenhouse according to the invention,
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a single span greenhouse having a
construction different to that of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan of a single span greenhouse having a
gable construction corresponding to FIG. 2 and a roof support
structure corresponding to FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic plan of a single span greenhouse with a
further alternative gable construction and showing the position of
ridge opening ventilators,
FIG. 5 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the greenhouse
illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 4,
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal elevation of the greenhouse illustrated in
FIG. 4,
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic cross-section of a single span
greenhouse,
FIG. 7a is a diagrammatic side view of a greenhouse similar to that
illustrated in FIG. 1,
FIG. 7b is a diagrammatic side view of a greenhouse similar to that
illustrated in FIG. 2,
FIG. 7c is a diagrammatic side view of the greenhouse illustrated
in FIG. 3,
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic end view of a greenhouse similar to that
illustrated in FIG. 1 showing an alternative construction of curved
anchorage unit,
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic cross sectional view of a greenhouse
illustrating the use of fans and vents,
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic cross sectional view of a greenhouse
suitable for medium span structures,
FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic cross section of a greenhouse similar to
that illustrated in FIG. 8 for a wider span greenhouse,
FIG. 12 is a diagrammtic view taken along section lines XII--XII of
FIG. 11,
FIGS. 13 and 14 are further diagrammatic cross-sections of further
green houses,
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional elevation illustrating details of FIG.
1,
FIG. 16 shows, in perspective, a detail of FIG. 15,
FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic representation of a method of securing a
second layer of roofing membrane to a roof support member.
FIG. 18 is an exploded view of portion of the roofing membrane in
position,
FIG. 18a is a view in the direction of the line XVIIIa-XVIIIa of
FIG. 18,
FIG. 18b is a view similar to FIG. 18a showing two layers of
roofing membrane,
FIG. 18c is a view similar to FIG. 18b showing the layers of
roofing membrane after air has been introduced between them,
FIG. 19 is a longitudinal elevation showing two alternative systems
of pulleys for tensioning of the top layers of resilient members
for supporting of the roof membrane,
FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a second tensioning system for use
in tensioning the top layer of resilient members for supporting of
the roof membrane,
FIG. 21 is a cross-section of a greenhouse having a removable layer
of insulation material suspended from roof,
FIG. 22 is a longitudinal section of the greenhouse in FIG. 21 with
the insulation material in the partially removed position, and
FIG. 23 is a longitudinal section of the greenhouse in FIG. 21 with
the insulation material in the position of use.
Referring to the accompanying drawings, and initially to FIG. 1
thereof, there is illustrated a greenhouse of relatively simple
construction in accordance with the present invention and which
comprises concrete foundation members or elements (not shown) which
are located below cultivation level in such a manner as to allow
the structure to be readily removed to another site and/or to allow
the soil to be cultivated with mechanical machinery. The concrete
foundation elements support a series of tensioned trellis trusses
which are located in spaced apart rows, each row containing three
trusses 2, 2a, the central truss 2a in each row being higher than
the outer trusses 2.
Extending from the upper extremity of each of the outer trusses 2
in each row of trusses and connected at the upper extremity of the
central truss 2a are stabilizing elements 3 while extending
directly between the upper extremities of the outer trusses 2 in
each row is a crop support member 4 the height and strength of
which is determined by the weight and quantity of the crop to be
grown in the greenhouse. The crop support member 4 is parallel to
the ground and perpendicular to each of the trusses 2, 2a, to which
it is connected.
Additionally supporting each of the outer trusses 2 in each row is
a strut 5 operatively connected between the upper extremities of
each of the outer trusses 2 and between a tensile foundation member
(not shown). The strut 5 may be tensioned by a turnbuckle 5a.
The rows of trellis trusses 2,2a, at each gable end of the
structure, are additionaly stabilized by struts 6, 6b operatively
connected between the upper extremities of the trellis trusses 2
and ground anchorage units (not shown), the struts 6, 6b being
tensioned by turnbuckles 6a. The gable end rows of trusses 2
support a main wire anchorage unit 7, which is additionally
stabilized by struts 6d, operatively connected between the said
main wire anchorage unit 7 and ground anchorage units (not shown)
and tensioned by turnbuckles 6a.
Connected to the upper extremities of the trusses 2a in each row of
trusses 2 is a purlin 11 which defines the apex of the structure,
while connected between the upper extremities of the outer trusses
2 are a pair of purlins 12 each of which is parallel to the other
and to the purlin 11, the latter and the purlins 12 forming the
main framework of the structure. Furthermore purlins 13 are
connected between opposed wire anchorage units 7 and are located
adjacent ground level.
Curved stabilizing units 14 extend diagonally from an outer truss 2
in one row to an outer truss 2 on the remote side of a spaced apart
row of trusses 2.
At each side of the structure is a longitudinal side board 15 of
marine plywood, the upper edge of which is secured to the adjacent
purlin 13 and the lower edge of which is embedded in the soil.
A curved base plate 16 is fixed to the ground below cultivation
level and is utilized in association with the main wire anchorage
unit 7 to form a frame for the gable end of the structure.
Longitudinal wires 21 are connected between the base plates 16 at
each gable end of the building and extend through pulleys 22 on the
main wire anchorage units 7. Each wire 21 passes through a
turnbuckle (not shown) located adjacent one of the base plates 16.
Application of tension to each wire 21 through the intermediary of
the associated turnbuckle ensures that the framework of the entire
structure is rigid and capable of resisting wind loads.
Located over the longitudinal wires 21 is a flexible roofing
membrane of plastic sheeting 23 and securing the plastic sheeting
23 in position are transverse wires 24 connected between the
purlins 13, the wires 24 being also tensioned by turnbuckles 1.
Transverse wires 24 also support the flexible roofing membrane 23
against wires 21 at the gable ends of the structure.
Between the strut 6b, and one of the struts 6d parallel thereto,
there is connected a transverse strut 6c which defines a door to
one gable end of the greenhouse. A further door may similarly be
provided at the remote end of the structure.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show greenhouses similar, but not identical, to FIG.
1. In the constructions illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, however, a
pair of curved wire anchorage units 31 are positioned as shown so
as to form equal angles at each corner of a greenhouse
construction.
Supporting the wire anchorage units 31 are purlins 11, 12 borne by
trellis trusses 2, 2a identical to the correspondingly numbered
trellis trusses shown in FIG. 1. Additional purlins 12a bridge
contiguous wire anchorage units 31 at each end of the structure,
and render unnecessary struts corresponding to struts 6, 6b shown
in the gable end of the structure illustrated in FIG. 1. The gable
plan of the single span greenhouse illustrated in FIG. 2 is shown
in FIG. 3 and the stabilising action of the longitudinal wires 21
is shown whereby the tension of the longitudinal wires 21 between
the curved wire anchorage units 31 at one gable end is balanced by
the tension exerted by the same longitudinal wires 21 between the
two curved wire anchorage units 31. There is therefore a bending
moment exerted on each wire anchorage unit 31 which is counteracted
by the trellis trusses 2 and 2a. The struts 6 and 6b are therefore
not required.
Intermediate curved wire anchorage units 32, supported by trellis
trusses 33 and purlin 12a, define the framework for a door (not
shown) to the construction of FIG. 2.
As in the greenhouse shown in FIG. 1, the construction illustrated
in FIG. 3 has diagonally extending curved stabilizing units 14. In
FIG. 2, however, associated with each intermediate row of trusses
2, 2a, is a curved stabilizing unit 14a located in the plane of the
trusses to which the unit 14a is connected. Other details of FIG. 2
are substantially identical to the corresponding details of FIG.
1.
The principal elements of the invention as described above may be
employed to form a plurality of single span and multispan
structures. FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 show the construction of a single span
greenhouse similar to that described in FIG. 1 but which has two
main wire anchorage units 35 each disposed at an acute angle to the
ground and inclined so that the trusses 2 and 2a are also inclined
and in the same plane. The main wire anchorage unit 35 is similar
to the main wire anchorage unit 7 previously described with
reference to FIG. 1. The trusses 36, and 36a are substantially
similar to the struts 6 and 6b respectively.
As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the central truss 36a projects above the
upper curved extremity of the wire anchorage units 35. Located
below and on each side of the central purlin 37 is an intermediate
purlin 38 between each of which, and the central purlin 37, are
standard outwardly opening roof ventilators 39 whic may be operated
by any of the orthodox manual or automatic control means. The
curved stabilizing units 14 shown in FIG. 4 and 5 are not continued
across the apex of the structure as in FIG. 1. It will be
appreciated that the central purlin 37 and similarly the purlin 11
(reference FIG. 1) are not required when the structure is
ventilated by extractor fans. The use of extractor fans is
described hereinafter.
The constructions shown diagrammatically with reference to FIGS. 7
to 14 inclusive illustrate various span structures incorporating
the principles described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6. The
construction shown in FIGS. 7 to 14 inclusive are generally
self-explanatory in the light of the foregoing description and
demonstrate the manner in which single or multiple span greenhouses
may be constructed. Similar reference numerals are used to
illustrate parts similar to those previously described with
reference to FIGS. 1 to 6.
For example, FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic cross-section of a simple
structure involving the use of a pair of curved main anchorage
units 7 at each extremity of the structure without the employment
of internal trellis trusses. The construction of FIG. 7 is normally
employed only in minimum span structures where the use of trellis
trusses is not warranted.
FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c show in diagrammatic form the three main wire
anchorage systems described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3 and 4.
FIG. 7a illustrates a vertical main anchorage unit 7 with or
without trellis trusses stayed in the vertical position by struts
6, 6b and 6d which are connected to the curved base plate 16 and is
thus similar to the greenhouse illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 7b
illustrates the main anchorage unit 35, with or without trellis
trusses, disposed at an acute angle to the ground and supported by
means of the struts 6, 6b and 6d. FIG. 7c is a diagrammatic side
view of the greenhouse illustrated in FIG. 3. It will be
appreciated that the tension in the longitudinal wires 21 will
cause a bending moment around the junction of the curved wire
anchorage unit 31 and the ground, which is indicated by the arrow
of FIG. 7c. It will be appreciated that the pair of curved wire
anchorage units 31, forming equal angles at the corners of each
gable end of the structure, the trellis trusses 2 and 2a, the
purlins 12a and the longitudinal wires 21 form together a three
dimensional rigid structure. Such a structure does not require the
use of tension struts which need only be applied to ensure more
effective anchorage of the structure on to the ground.
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of a span structure, larger
than those shown in FIGS. 7, 7a, 7b and 7c, illustrating the use of
trellis trusses and capable of supporting longitudinal purlins. It
will be appreciated that for single span structures of up to 32-35
ft. span, a standard mild steel tubing is of sufficient inherent
structural strength for use in construction of the curved anchorage
unit 7 and trellis trusses 2, 2a as illustrated in the previous
Figures. However, for wider spans of between 40-100 ft. wide the
use of single mild steel tubing would not be technically feasible
or desirable. Accordingly, in FIG. 8 there is illustrated the
substitution of a curved lattice steel anchorage unit 7a. The use
of internal trellis trusses 2 and 2a with curved lattice anchorage
units 7a is optional and would obviously be only used for the wider
spans of greenhouse or other structure.
FIG. 9 shows diagrammatically a structure which has outer trusses 2
but no central truss. There is provided a forced extraction
electric fan 40a of conventional construction, housed in a ducting
15. On the opposite side of the structure there is provided a
series of inward opening vents 40. In use air from the inside of
the structure may be exhausted to atmosphere by operation of the
fans 40a, such air being replaced by fresh air through the vents
40.
The construction shown in FIG. 10 is that of a medium span
structure showing the location of longitudinal purlins supported by
trellis trusses and having natural outwardly opening ridge
ventilators of the kind described with reference to FIG. 4 together
with similar ventilators 40 on both sides thereof at ground level.
FIG. 11 shows the construction of a wide single span greenhouse
having a curved lattice steel truss anchorage unit 7a. FIG. 12 is a
longitudinal section of the greenhouse illustrated in FIG. 11 while
FIGS. 13 and 14 are illustrations of multi-span buildings.
FIG. 15 illustrates one preferred method whereby the flexible
roofing membrane 23 may be secured to a longitudinal purlin 11. In
a simple construction, the purlin 11 may be manufactured from a
rectangular section of pressure preserved and waterproofed timber,
two longitudinal portions of which are cut away to provide abutment
members 41 for containing the flexible membrane 23 as described
hereinafter. Immediately below the co-planar faces 42 of the purlin
on opposite sides of the projecting portion 11b of the purlin 11
are provided spaced apart and axially parallel apertures 43
extending transversely through the purlin 11 for accommodating
double headed bolts 44 each of which has a wing nut 45 on each end
thereof. Between each wing nut 45 and the contiguous side of the
purlin 11 is provided a flat steel washer or pressure plate 46 so
that, upon tightening of the wing nuts 45, the steel washers 46
cause the abutment members 41 to press into and against the
adjacent edges of the purlin 11. The abutment members 41 may be the
same length as the purlin 11, or may be cut into shorter sections,
fixed independently by any required number of wing nuts 45, for
convenience in handling.
As shown in FIG. 15, the flexible membrane 23, on each side of the
purlin 11, is fully twisted around the appropriate abutment member
41 and firmly secured against the abutment member 41 by the steel
washer 46, the area of contact between the steel washer 46 and the
abutment member 41 being substantially airtight and watertight.
The purlin 11 is secured to a vertically disposed truss 2a by a
bracket 51 shown separately in perspective in FIG. 16. The bracket
51 is secured to the purlin 11 and to the trellis truss 2a by means
of a vertically disposed bolt 52. The bracket 51 has side wings 53
to which curved stabilizing units 14a are secured by bolts 55.
It is necessary, at the apex of the structure, that the exterior
surfaces of the purlin 11 (including the abutment members 41) and
the stabilizing units 14a should be maintained in the same plane in
order to allow the wires 21 and 24 to act firmly against each other
and to avoid possible projecting portions of the purlin 11 abutment
members 41 and stabilizing units 14a may protrude through the
flexible membrane 23. A channel shaped top rail 56 is bolted to the
projecting portion 11b of the purlin 11, which rail may be used as
a support for a roof service gantry or like machine.
A second layer of roofing membrane 23a may be incorporated in the
manner shown diagrammatically with reference to FIG. 17. The layer
23a may serve to reduce the likelihood of failure of the primary
roofing membrane 23, particularly at the connection point between a
support member and the roofing membrane. The layer 23a is used to
form a longitudinal wear resistant strip against the abutment
members 41 where a single sheet of roofing membrane only is fixed
to the structure. Alternatively, the layer 23a may span the entire
roof area to form a second fixed insulating layer which is referred
to hereinafter.
It is envisaged that alternative means may be employed to tension
the wires supporting the flexible roofing membrane which defines
the roof and gable portions of the structure. The simplest and most
convenient method is to use a plurality of wires as shown in FIGS.
1 and 2 and to tension each wire individually by providing a
turnbuckle on each wire.
In order to provide continuous support to the upper and lower
surfaces of the roofing membrane, the invention provides in
addition to the two main tensioned wires 21 and 24 described above,
a plurality of secondary wires. When the main longitudinal
tensioned wires 21 have been fixed in position a lower transverse
stabilising wire 24a may be fixed at right angles to the main
longitudinal tensioned wire 21 between the longitudinal purlins 12
and 13. (reference FIGS. 18 and 18a).
The function of this layer of transverse stabilising wires is to
support the roofing membrane between the parallel lines of the main
longitudinal tensioned wires 21 against the contra-pressure of the
main transverse tensioned wires 24. This lower transverse
stabilizing wire is preferably tensioned sufficiently to prevent
sag in the plastic membrane between the main longitudinal tensioned
wires 21. After the roofing membrane has been placed on the top of
this layer of wires an upper stabilising wire 21a similar to the
lower stabilising wire 24a may be laid longitudinally so as to
press the roofing membrane down to the main longitudinal tensioned
wires 21. To obtain this pressure it is preferable to apply tension
to the upper stabilising wires 21a. It will be appreciated that the
stabilising wires 21a are directly beneath the transverse
tensioning wires 24. The location of the main tensioning wires 21
and 24 in relation to the stabilising wires 21a and 24a and to the
sheet plastic membrane 23 fixed between them is shown clearly in
FIG. 18. Beneath the plastic membrane 23 is located the first layer
of wires, i.e., the main longitudinal wires 21 and the transverse
stabilising wires 24a. On top of the plastic membrane is located
the second layer of wires in other words the secondary stabilising
longitudinal wires 21a and the main transverse wires 24. FIG. 18a
illustrates this in cross-section. It should be appreciated that it
is not possible to show these four sets of wires in all the
figures.
The advantages of this method of securing the roofing membrane in
position, namely supporting and securing it between two layers of
wires each layer of which comprises a number of longitudinal
tensioned wires and a number of transverse tensioned wires so
arranged as to bear one against the other will be readily
appreciated. It has been shown that in structures of the type
illustrated in this Specification that the wind causes a negative
pressure or lift on 75 percent to 90 percent of the roof surface.
(See : "Wind tunnel studies of pressure distribution on elementary
building forms" by Ning Chien, Yin Feng, Hung-ju Wong and Tien-To
Siao, published by Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, State
University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A., 1951). For example a
building similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1 of this
Specification and having a curvature of 50 feet would be subjected
to a maximum lifting force of 600 to 700 lbs lift per foot run of
building in a 70 miles per hour gale. Accordingly, a building 300
feet long would be subjected to a maximum lift of over 200,000 lbs.
It is for this reason that roof structures of the kind illustrated
in the present Specification have heretofore necessitated the use
of a roofing membrane which is inherently strong.
While it is readily appreciated that if it were possible to support
and secure the roofing membrane within the confines of relatively
small frames or supports that it would not be necessary to use a
roofing membrane of inherent strength. Referring to FIGS. 18 and
18a it will be appreciated that the sheet plastic membrane 23 is
supported and secured along all four sides of a series of
rectangles or squares formed by the wires 21, 21a, 24 and 24a. For
example when the maximum lift force on a building is 100,000 lbs
the maximum lift on a sheet roofing membrane 1 foot square, so
secured, would not exceed 40 lbs.
If the force of a wind causes the roof to lift the upper layer of
wires will continue to bear down on the lower layer of wires and
accordingly the roofing membrane will continue to be secured in
position. Any movement of the roofing membrane will entail movement
of the whole roof structure including both layers of wires.
Various ingenious solutions to this problem have been proposed for
example the placing of a roofing membrane between two nets or mazes
of wires. These constructions of roof do not retain and secure the
roofing membrane in a series of small squares or rectangles as in
the present invention but merely serve to limit excessive movement
of the roofing membrane. It is useful to consider the effect of
wind loads on such a roof structure. The roofing membrane first
lifts and bears against the upper net or maze of wires, the roofing
membrane bearing the load across its entire surface, being
restrained but not supported by the net or maze of wires. As the
force of the wind reduces, the roofing membrane collapses. This
intermittent loading quickly causes the roofing membrane, unless of
itself inherently strong, to collapse.
The transverse tensioning of wires 24 and similarly wires 24a,
which for simplicity are not shown, may be achieved by the use of
an individual pulley attached to each wire 24 or by a selected
number of pulleys 66 fixed to a longitudinal rigid unit 64 as shown
in FIGS. 19 and 20. The wires 24 can be individually attached to
the longitudinal unit 64 as shown in FIG. 20 or a single wire may
be threaded through a series of small holes 65 in the longitudinal
unit 64 as shown in FIG. 19. The pulleys 66 are connected by a
continuous wire or cable 62 to a series of pulleys 67 which are
suitably attached to the rigid purlin 12 forming a tensioning
system as shown in the left hand side of FIGS. 19 and 20. An
alternative tensioning system may be formed by the use of a double
pulley 68 attached to purlins 12 in place of the single pulley 67,
as illustrated in the right hand side of FIGS. 19 and 20.
Tensioning of the longitudinal tensioned wires 21 and 21a may be
achieved by the connection of pulleys and tensioning units to the
main curved wire anchorage units 7 and the gable base plates 13
(reference FIGS. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6).
Where ground anchorage for wire tensioning is difficult to attain,
a single tensioned wire 21 and hence forming both roof and gable
end planes. For this method of construction, it is necessary to
have the external trellis trusses 31 erected to form an oblique
angle outward from the centre of the structure as described already
with reference to FIG. 3.
To improve the heat insulation properties of the construction an
alternative construction envisages double glazing the structure.
This is achieved by a double layer of roofing membrane 23 and 23a
which is fixed to the structure in the same manner as described
above. This double layer of roofing membrane forms, when in
position, a plurality of sealed envelopes between the apertures
formed by the contra tensioned wires 21 and 24, and secondary
stabilising wires 21a and 24a a shown in FIG. 18b. Air under
pressure is introduced between the layers of roofing membrane. The
air pressure forces the two layers apart in each mesh opening
forming an insulated roof as illustrated in FIG. 18c. Similarly it
is also possible to reverse the process, evacuate the air space and
hence ensure that the double layer of membrane operates as a single
layer.
It will be appreciated that the disadvantage of using the methods
of heat insulation as hereinbefore described is that the light
penetration is reduced, during daylight hours, by the extra layer
of roofing membrane or other material. Accordingly an alternative
embodiment envisages the suspension from the roof of one or more
easily removable layers of insulation material.
Referring to FIGS. 21, 22 and 23 there is provided a plurality of
longitudinal tensioned steel wires 69, fixed to the bottom portions
of the curved stabilizing units 14a said wires 69 stretching the
complete length of the structure beneath the layer of
contra-tensioned flexible elements namely the longitudinal wires 21
and transverse wires 24 again for simplicity the wires 21a and 24a
are not shown. Two layers 70 of insulation material are slidably
suspended by means of eyelets 74, of known construction, from the
wires 69 one end of each layer 70 being connected to one of the
curved stabilising units and other end of each layer 70 being
connected to a buffer element 71 slidably mounted on the wires 69.
Each buffer element 71 has a front face 75 constructed from a
resilient material such as foam rubber. To each buffer element 71
there is connected two control wires 72 and 73 each of which is
operatively connected to an electric motor (not shown).
In operation, when it is desired to draw the layers 70 of
insulation material beneath the roof structure, the control wires
73 are drawn across the structure by means of the electric motors
(not shown) until the facing buffer elements 71 are in contact, the
resilient materials of their front faces 75 forming a substantially
airtight point. The control wires 72 are used to draw the
insulation material in the opposite direction. Referring to FIG. 23
it will be noted that in the closed position the layer of
insulation material forms a series of concave sections hence
eliminating any longitudinal stress on the insulation material and
allowing drops of condensation which may occur as the surrounding
atmosphere cools, to fall from the interior of the roofing membrane
and run off to the lower edge of the structure where the water may
be drawn off by suitable means.
It is envisaged that suitable control means such as a photoelectric
call may be utilised to control the electric motors (not shown)
used to draw the control wires 72 and 73 across the structure. The
insulation material is drawn across the structure when the incident
light is below a desired minimum, while the insulation material is
removed when the incident light is sufficient for horicultural
purposes.
Where "short day" culture is required, as in flower bloom timing
the insulation layer may comprise a layer of opaque material which
may be drawn across the structure during some of the daylight hours
to control the growth of the plants.
Having now described the rigid tensioned structure in detail in
connection with the erection of plastic covered greenhouses, it
will be appreciated that the same basic structure can be adapted by
a choice of covering membranes to suit many other types of building
requirments such as agricultural buildings, light factory
structures, warehouses and other buildings which may have to be
erected in remote areas under difficult operating conditions. In
any of the above mentioned adaptations of the basic structure, much
stronger stanchions, bars and contra-tensioned cables may be used
to carry such roofing material as sheet steel or aluminum,
bituminous felt, wire mesh and cement, flexible timber panels or
shingles fixed to a wire grid etc.
* * * * *