U.S. patent number 3,764,725 [Application Number 05/222,525] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-09 for electrical conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wisseschaften e.V.. Invention is credited to Wilhelm Kafka.
United States Patent |
3,764,725 |
Kafka |
October 9, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR FOR SUPERCONDUCTIVE WINDINGS OR SWITCHING
PATHS
Abstract
An electrical conductor formed with a plurality of electrically
insulated d transposed superconductor filaments braided together
along the axial length thereof. Each filament is a thin flexible
glass capillary filled with superconductive material. These
capillaries are formed by heating and drawing a glass tube
containing the superconductive material which has a melting
temperature below that of the softening temperature of the glass.
During the braiding process, filaments, of other materials, can be
worked in with the capillaries and a hardenable material, such as
casting resin, can be applied to the intermixed filaments and
capillaries. The other filaments can be removed from the mass by a
suitable process to provide a number of interconnected cavities in
close proximity to the capillaries for passage of a cooling medium.
The electrical or multiple-core conductor can also be positioned
within a sheath in such a manner that passageways for cooling
medium extend alongside the outer surface of the electrical
conductor. The electrical conductors can be wound to produce
windings or switching paths in which passageways for a cooling
medium are provided.
Inventors: |
Kafka; Wilhelm (Tennenlohe,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur
Forderung der Wisseschaften e.V. (Gottingen,
DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5797512 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/222,525 |
Filed: |
February 1, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
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Feb 1, 1971 [DT] |
|
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P 21 04 600.4 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
174/15.5; 174/29;
335/216; 174/125.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01B
12/04 (20130101); Y02E 40/60 (20130101); Y02E
40/641 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01B
12/04 (20060101); H01v 011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;174/15C,29,DIG.6,113,126R,126CP,128 ;335/216 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gilheany; Bernard A.
Assistant Examiner: Grimley; A. T.
Claims
I claim:
1. An electrical conductor for superconductive windings or
switching paths comprising, in combination:
a. a plurality of electrically insulated and transposed filaments
each of said filaments consisting of a thin and flexible glass
capillary which is filled with a superconductive material whose
melting temperature lies below the softening temperature of the
glass;
b. a hardenable material which encases said plurality of filaments
at a plurality of positions axially spaced along the length
thereof; and
c. a sheath enclosing said plurality of filaments and said
hardenable material and in partial contact with the outer
circumferential surface of said plurality of filaments and said
hardenable material along the axial lengths thereof so as to define
channels for the free passage of a coolant axially along said
plurality of filaments.
2. An electrical conductor as defined in claim 1, wherein said
hardenable material is an adhesive.
3. An electrical conductor as defined in claim 1, wherein said
hardenable material is a viscous casting resin.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrical conductor for
superconductive windings or switching paths comprising a number of
electrically insulated and transposed superconductors.
It is known that losses occur in superconductors when a change
takes place in the current flowing through the conductor or when a
magnetic field acts on the conductor. Among these losses are the
usual hysteresis losses which are proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field (B) and the diameter of the
superconductor. In conductors which also contain normally
conductive metal, there are also eddy current losses which are
proportional to B.sup.2 and the square of the entire conductor
diameter.
To reduce the above-mentioned losses, electrical conductors which
contain superconductive material are constructed as so-called
multiple-core conductors when they are to be used for carrying
currents which vary during the course of time or are influenced by
magnetic fields. These multiple-core conductors contain a plurality
of twisted super-conductor filaments (thin, thread-like wires)
which are enclosed in a matrix of normally conductive metal. Such
multiple-core conductors are substantially cheaper than conductor
cables in which the individual conductors consist of thin
superconductive wires, since it is very difficult to produce thin
wires of superconductive material, e.g., by drawing.
Multiple-core conductors, however, exhibit additional hysteresis
losses which are proportional to the rate of change of the
electrical current (I), where I represents the current in the
entire superconductive electric conductor. These losses, which are
caused by the field of the multiple-core conductor itself, result
from the entry of the current into the interior filaments and
therefore they can not be reduced by twisting the multiple-core
conductor. Furthermore, these losses can not be reduced to any
substantial degree even if the electrical conductor is constructed
of a plurality of multiple-core conductors which are twisted or
braided together in the manner of a high frequency litz wire, as
disclosed in the German laid-open patent application No.
1,908,885.
However, losses in multiple-core conductors can be reduced by
"transposing" the individual filaments. Transposing means that the
superconductive filaments along the conductor are arranged in such
a manner that for a certain length they equally occupy each
possible position within the conductor cross section. The
transposing may be accomplished in several different ways as for
example:
a. by braiding the filaments in the manner of a high frequency litz
wire; e.g., three veins form a braid. Three such braids form a
braid of the second order, etc.;
b. the conductor consists of a single-layer of filaments twisted in
the form of a cable. The conductor can also be in the form of a
flat single-layer of twisted filaments;
c. the conductor consists of a plurality of individual cables
formed as in (b) and then twisted in the form of a cable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrical
conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths in which
the losses produced by variations in the currents or from magnetic
fields are substantially less than with the known electrical
conductors of the multiple-core type.
This is accomplished according to the present invention in that the
insulated or electrically separated filaments of an electrical
multiple-core conductor of the above-mentioned type each includes a
thin and flexible glass capillary which is filled with a
superconductive material whose melting temperature lies below the
softening temperature of glass.
A preferred method for producing such a conductor includes filling
a glass tube with a molten superconductive material, melting off at
least one end of the tube, heating this end of the tube to the
softening temperature of the glass and then drawing the tube into a
fine filament. The thin conductive filaments thus produced are then
further processed in a conventional manner to form an electrical
conductor which may have, for example, a circular or rectangular
cross section.
The conductors, according to the present invention, exhibit
particularly low hysteresis losses when they are used for
fluctuating currents (alternating currents, pulsating currents) and
for magnetic fields. Their critical field strength is limited
substantially by the superconductor material employed since, with
the attainable capillary diameters, barrier layer effects do not
yet play a significant part.
The conductors are extremely well suited for switching elements
(cryotrons) which operate with stray field strengths below 20 kOe.
The stray fields may be appropriately conducted in magnetic
circuits with iron cores and may be used for heavy current
cryotrons as they are required, for example, in the construction of
a commutator-free d.c. machine according to Swiss Pat. No. 461,654.
(In heavy current cryotrons the capillaries can be filled with pure
lead or with a low-alloy lead to offer the advantage of
particularly low stray field strengths.)
For use in superconductive rectifiers, protective switches and coil
short-cicuiters, the superconductors according to the present
invention are also of significance and are superior to the known
conductors because of their low losses.
In a.c. cables the superconductor, according to the present
invention, in the form of braided bands on carriers which form
concentric hollow conductors, offers an advantage over soft
superconductor layers because the magnetic surface field strengths
and the area current density can be selected higher so that the
cable diameter and the influx of heat from the outside are
reduced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the production of an
insulated filament for an electrical conductor according to the
present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view of two layers of a cut-open multilayer coil
or winding formed from an electrical conductor according to one
embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the coil taken along
the line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal section of an electrical conductor
enclosed in a sheath according to another embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 5--5 of FIG.
4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 schematically indicates the production of a thin insulated
wire which can be used for the filaments of an electrical
multiple-core conductor according to the present invention. In
order to produce such thin filaments, a glass tube 12 is used which
is filled with a material 10 which is super conductive at low
temperatures and whose melting point is lower than the softening
temperature of the glass of which the tube is made. Suitable
superconductive materials are, for example, metals such as lead
which is a soft superconductor or alloys such as lead-bismuth
alloys which constitute hard superconductors.
The glass tube 12, filled with the superconductive material 10, is
heated until the glass softens and is drawn to form a filament
which is as thin as possible. To achieve this, the filled glass
tube 12 may be passed, by means of rollers 13 for example, through
an electrical tubular furnace, the windings of which are shown
generally at 14, or through a sequence of annular burners not
shown.
The filled glass tube in a softened condition is then drawn down to
a thin filament by any desired known means shown in box form at
15.
The drawn thin filament indicated by the dashed lines and the
general reference numeral 15' in which the ratio of diameter of the
metal core to the thickness of the glass wall is practically the
same as in the original filled tube 10, 12, is wound onto a supply
reel 16.
Many such thin filaments are than braided into a litz wire or
processed to form transposed cables, or a braided tape. When using
several apparatuses of the type shown in FIG. 1, the cable can be
made without prior reeling.
The finished multiple-core conductor, in the shape of cables or
tape, contain a relatively large number of interstices between the
individual filaments which can be filled, for purposes of cooling,
with a coolant, e.g., liquid or supercritical helium. In operation
the coolant can be continuously exchanged or it can be
recooled.
Since the danger exists that the individual filaments of the
electrical conductor will move with respect to one another under
the influence of the changing magnetic forces and thus produce
frictional heat, it may be advisable, under certain circumstances,
to fix the individual filaments with respect to their positions in
the conductor. This can be done without any significant impairment
of the cooling effect in the following described manner.
When the thin filaments are worked into a multiple-core conductor
in the shape of a cable or a band, filaments or bands of a
removable material are also worked in. The removable material may
be, for example, easily meltable, thermally or chemically
decomposable, or soluble in a solvent which does not attack the
thin filaments of the conductor.
When producing a winding or coil, from the multiple-core conductor,
filaments or bands of such removable material may again be worked
in. The finished arrangement, e.g., a coil or winding is then
saturated with casting resin, e.g., an epoxy resin and subsequently
the removable material is removed in a manner which does not impair
the cast resin and the winding, e.g., by heating or dissolving.
This then produces interconnected cavities through which the
coolant can penetrate. The entire coil, however, forms a solid
block in which the thin filaments of the multiple-core conductor
are held in position with respect to one another.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show a schematic representation of a longidudinal
section or cross-sectional view of a part of two turns of a coil
which is made according to this principle. The electrical
multiple-core conductors, according to the present invention, are
generally indicated at 18, 19, 20 and 21. They are substantially
square in cross section and consist of a plurality of braided thin
filaments 15' in the form of a glass capillary which is filled with
a superconductive material and produced according to the method
previously described. Threads of a removable material are braided
into the multiple-core conductors, which threads are shown as the
black circles in FIG. 3 and indicated by the reference numeral 23.
The individual conductors 18, 19, 20 and 21 are enclosed in tapes
22 of a removable material. The insulation layer 24 is
correspondingly constructed. When a coil of the type shown in FIGS.
2 and 3 is encased in a cast resin (not shown) and the removable
threads and tapes are removed, cavities remain in the conductor
cables, at the points shown as black circles in FIG. 3, through
which the coolant can flow.
Another way to substantially prevent mutual movement of the fine
filaments of the electrical conductor, according to the invention,
involves filling the conductor formed from the fine filaments, at
axial intervals, with a kneadable or very viscous hardenable
material, i.e., an adhesive or a viscous casting resin, while in
the interstices therebetween, the original cavities between the
filaments of the generally rather loose conductor remain free. An
arrangement of this type is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. Preferably the
multiple-core conductor 25 is encased in a sheath 27 which is, for
example, square in cross section, and in which the spaces for the
passage of a coolant are left free.
As seen in FIG. 4, the sections of the multiple-core conductor 25
which are filled with adhesive are marked 26, the conductor being
accommodated in a sheath 27 which is square or rectangular in cross
section. In the free corners 30 the coolant can flow through the
sheath 27 and in the areas not filled with adhesive 26 it can
radially penetrate into the multiple-core conductor 25. The
adhesive in areas 26 of course only fills the multiple-core
conductor in the shape of a cable but not the corners 30.
If desired, the areas of the multiple-core conductor 25 provided
with adhesive 26 may be made somewhat permeable by the use of
removable threads as described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3.
This is shown in FIG. 5 by means of the black circles that indicate
cavities.
The above-described measures for fixing the position of the thin
filaments within a multiple-core conductor may also be applied with
advantage in multiple-core conductors which contain other types of
filaments than those described here.
The connection of the electrical multiple-core conductors according
to the present invention with identical conductors, other types of
superconductors, or normally conductive leads can be effected by
dividing the multiple-core conductor in the shape of a cable or
band, over a certain length, into the individual capillaries. After
this has been done the glass covers on the capillaries can be
smashed, e.g., ultrasonically, and removed. The remaining
superconductive elements are then soldered to corresponding
elements. This operation should be done in a room or area which is
shielded from magnetic fields and is also well cooled.
It will be understood that the above description of the present
invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and
adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within
the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.
* * * * *