U.S. patent number 3,759,328 [Application Number 05/252,448] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-18 for laterally expanding oil shale permeabilization.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Shell Oil Company. Invention is credited to Jerke R. Brew, Russell C. Ueber, Peter Van Meurs.
United States Patent |
3,759,328 |
Ueber , et al. |
September 18, 1973 |
LATERALLY EXPANDING OIL SHALE PERMEABILIZATION
Abstract
An improved process of permeabilizing and recovering water
soluble and/or heat sensitive minerals and hydrocarbons from an oil
shale formation containing said minerals by forming a cavern and
vertically expanding it by contacting the cavern roof with a hot
aqueous fluid while also causing horizontal expansion of the cavern
by contacting the oil shale therein with the same or different hot
aqueous fluid at a relatively shallow depth and flowing down along
a vertical section while dissolving said minerals and rubbling the
oil shale and producing from a relatively deep location in the
cavern an aqueous liquid containing dissolved minerals therein and
subsequently or simultaneously injecting a pyrolyzing fluid into
the rubbled oil shale cavern to effect pyrolysis of the oil shale
and recovery of hydrocarbons therefrom.
Inventors: |
Ueber; Russell C. (Houston,
TX), Van Meurs; Peter (Houston, TX), Brew; Jerke R.
(Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Shell Oil Company (Houston,
TX)
|
Family
ID: |
22956046 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/252,448 |
Filed: |
May 11, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
57209 |
Jul 22, 1970 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/272.1;
166/272.6; 299/4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/24 (20130101); E21B 36/00 (20130101); E21B
43/281 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/00 (20060101); E21B 36/00 (20060101); E21B
43/16 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21B
43/28 (20060101); E21b 043/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;299/4
;166/272,303,302,306 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending patent
application Ser. No. 57,209 filed July 22, 1970, now abandoned.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In a process for expanding a zone of permeability within a
subterranean oil shale by forming a permeable zone within a portion
that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral and circulating hot
aqueous fluid within the permeable zone, the improvement which
comprises:
inflowing hot aqueous fluid into contact with a subterranean
portion of oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral
at a relatively shallow depth, the temperature of said inflowing
fluid being high enough to pyrolyze oil shale;
flowing hot aqueous fluid downward along a vertically extensive
portion of oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate
mineral, from said relatively shallow depth to a deeper depth;
outflowing an aqueous solution of mineral material from a
relatively deep depth, in order to cause a horizontal expansion of
rubble-containing cavernous zone within said oil shale;
adjusting the rate of said fluid inflows and outflows so as to keep
a substantial proportion of the rubble containing cavern filled
with fluid; and recovering shale oil with said outflowing
fluid.
2. In a process for expanding a zone of permeability within a
subterranean oil shale by forming a cavern within a portion that
contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral and circulating hot
aqueous fluid within the cavern, the improvement which
comprises:
inflowing hot aqueous fluid into contact with a subterranean
portion of oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral
at a relatively shallow depth, the temperature of said inflowing
fluid being high enough to pyrolyze oil shale;
flowing hot aqueous fluid downward along a vertically extensive
portion of oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate
mineral, from said relatively shallow depth to a deeper depth;
outflowing an aqueous solution of mineral material from a
relatively deep depth, in order to cause a horizontal expansion of
a rubble-containing cavernous zone within said oil shale;
outflowing a substantially gaseous fluid from the rubble-containing
cavern at an intermediate depth between the depth of said inflow of
hot aqueous fluid and said outflow of aqueous liquid solution;
and
recovering shale oil with said outflowing fluid.
3. In a process for expanding a zone of permeability within a
subterranean oil shale by forming a cavern within a portion that
contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral and circulating hot
aqueous fluid within the cavern, the improvement which
comprises:
inflowing hot aqueous fluid into contact with a subterranean
portion of oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral
at a relatively shallow depth, the temperature of said inflowing
fluid being high enough to pyrolyze oil shale;
flowing a mixture of a hot aqueous fluid, gaseous carbon dioxide
and hydrocarbon downward along a vertically extensive portion of
oil shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral, from said
relatively shallow depth to a deeper depth;
outflowing an aqueous solution of mineral material from a
relatively deep depth, in order to cause a horizontal expansion of
a rubble-containing cavernous zone within said oil shale; and
recovering shale oil with said outflowing fluid.
4. A process of expanding a fluid permeable opening within a
subterranean oil shale formation, comprising:
establishing separate paths of fluid communication between a
surface location and upper and lower portions of a relatively
solids-free opening within a subterranean oil shale formation that
contains heat sensitive carbonate material;
inflowing relatively hot and relatively low density aqueous fluid
into contact with the oil shale around the upper portion of said
opening at a temperature sufficient to cause a localized removal of
solid material from the oil shale;
removing cooler and heavier fluid from the lower portion of the
opening within said oil shale formation at a rate correlated with
the rate of fluid inflow to maintain a layer of relatively hot and
low density aqueous fluid above a layer of relatively cooler and
higher density aqueous solution of mineral material; and
continuing said fluid circulation to cause a generally horizontal
expansion of the opening within said oil shale formation due to a
decomposition dissolution of solid components of the oil shale.
5. The process of claim 4 in which said subterranean oil shale
formation contains at least about 5 percent by weight of heat
sensitive carbonate material.
6. The process of claim 4 in which:
said solids-free opening and at least one of said paths of fluid
communication is extended into an areally extensive opening within
an adjacent underlying zone that is rich in water soluble mineral;
and
said fluid circulation is adjusted to cause a generally vertical
expansion of said underlying opening concurrent with said generally
horizontal expansion.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to production of hydrocarbons and/or
water soluble and/or heat sensitive minerals from underground oil
shale formations by controlled circulation of a hot aqueous fluid
through said oil shale formation so as to vertically and
horizontally expand a permeable zone of rubbled oil shale within
said formation by leaching and recovering said minerals from a
relatively deep location within the treated area of the formation
and thereafter injecting a pyrolyzing fluid into the rubbled oil
shale to effect pyrolysis and recovery of hydrocarbons
therefrom.
Various methods have been proposed for imparting permeability to
underground oil shale formations such as fracturing by hydraulic or
explosive means and/or acidization but they have proven to be
ineffective and/or too expensive to use. Thus, oil shale formations
which have been fractured on subsequent pyrolysis with pyrolyzing
fluid to effect oil recovery, such fractures tend to close unless
high pyrolyzing fluid circulation pressures at least equal to the
overburden pressure, are maintained and this is difficult to do.
Acidization of an oil shale formation is expensive and difficult to
control.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to an improved method of
recovering hydrocarbons and water-soluble carbonates and/or heat
sensitive materials from underground oil shale formations
containing substantial amounts of said carbonate and/or minerals by
forming a cavern therein by leaching with an aqueous fluid said
carbonates and/or minerals and imparting permeability while
effecting rubbling of the oil shale in said treated area by
contacting and flowing a hot aqueous fluid downward from a
relatively shallow depth along a vertical interval of said treated
oil shale to cause horizontal expansion and recovering from a
relatively deep depth an aqueous liquid containing dissolved
therein water-soluble carbonates and/or heat sensitive minerals and
subsequently injecting a pyrolyzing fluid or solvent to effect
recovery of hydrocarbons from the rubbled oil shale.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a vertical section showing a subterranean oil shale and
downhole equipment for practicing the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a flow path for circulating
fluid in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a vertical section showing an alternative arrangement of
downhole equipment of the type shown in FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in part premised on a discovery that, in a
cavern in an oil shale that contains a significant amount of heat
sensitive minerals and/or water soluble carbonates a hot aqueous
fluid can be caused to flow along a path that causes a horizontal
expansion of the cavern. In a cavern within such an oil shale, the
rate at which a hot aqueous fluid is segregated into layers having
increasing densities, has been found to be related to the rate at
which heat can be transferred into the walls of the cavern in a
manner conducive to the establishing and maintaining of the flow
path described above, and the resultant heating and leaching along
substantially vertical portions of the walls of such a cavern has
been found to cause a horizontal expansion of the cavern.
The term "cavern" is used to refer to any relatively solids free
opening, such as a cave, void, tunnel, borehole, or interconnected
fractures, etc., in which the rate of gravity segregation of fluids
is not significantly impeded by a lack of permeability.
In the present process, the fluid circulation and cavern expansion
operations can be initiated by opening at least a single well into
an interval of oil shale that contains heat sensitive minerals
and/or water soluble carbonates, inflowing hot fluid into contact
with an upper portion of the borehole wall, flowing the hot fluid
down along the borehole wall, and removing liquid containing
dissolved minerals and/or water-soluble carbonates from a lower
portion of the borehole. Alternatively, a plurality of wells can be
used to provide flow paths into a horizontally extensive cavern in
or adjacent to oil shale that contains heat sensitive minerals
and/or water-soluble carbonates and the wells and the cavern can be
utilized to cause a concurrent horizontal and vertical expansion of
a permeable zone by inflowing hot aqueous fluid into contact with a
upper portion of such oil shale, flowing fluid downward along a
vertical interval of such oil shale, flowing fluid horizontally
along the roof of the cavern, and removing liquid containing
dissolved minerals and/or water-soluble carbonates from within the
cavern.
As used herein, the term "heat sensitive and/or water-soluble
carbonate" refers to materials that decompose relatively rapidly at
a relatively low temperature, such as one between about 250.degree.
F to about 700.degree. F, to yield carbon dioxide and water.
Examples of heat sensitive carbonate minerals include nahcolite,
dawsonite, trona, and the like minerals, which are usually
inclusive of saline carbonate and/or bicarbonate molecular
structures or moities.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a borehole is
drilled into a relatively low-lying portion of oil shale which
contains or is adjacent to a layer or region that is relatively
rich in water soluble mineral. Such water soluble minerals
(generally saline minerals) are frequently encountered in oil shale
formations in the United States, such as the Green River formation
in Colorado, in the form of beds, lenses, nodules, nodes, veins or
the like. Examples of such water soluble minerals include the
alkali metal chloride salts such as halite minerals and/or water
soluble heat sensitive carbonate minerals such as nahcolite, trona,
or the like.
The locations of portions of subterranean oil shales which contain
specific mineral components, such as heat sensitive carbonate
minerals and/or water soluble minerals, can be determined by means
of known geological investigation procedures and equipment. In a
preferred embodiment of the present invention, geological
investigation procedures are utilized to locate a portion of oil
shale that contains heat sensitive carbonate mineral and is
underlain by a portion or layer that contains water soluble
mineral. The water soluble mineral is solution mined or leached for
example, by means of a process of the type described in copending
patent application Ser. No. 770,964; filed Oct. 28, 1968, now
abandoned, and Ser. No. 860,349; filed Sept. 23, 1969, now
abandoned. Those applications describe procedures for utilizing a
water soluble mineral-rich portion of an oil shale to form a cavern
that can be expanded before or during the recovery of shale oil
from the oil shale exposed in and around the cavern. Such a
solution mined cavern in or adjacent to an oil shale that contains
heat sensitive carbonate mineral can advantageously be utilized as
a horizontally extensive cavern that is expanded vertically during
the horizontal expansion of a vertically extensive cavernous zone,
such as a section of a borehole.
Referring to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a portion of a well borehole
1 which has been drilled through an overburden 2, comprising
successively shallower earth formations, and opened into an oil
shale formation 3 that contains a heat sensitive carbonate mineral.
The oil shale formation that is placed in fluid communication with
a portion of the borehole to be used in practicing the present
invention, should be a formation containing a significant
proportion, e.g., greater than 5 percent by weight, of heat
sensitive carbonate mineral. Borehole 1 is equipped with a string
of casing 4, which is bonded to the surrounding earth formations by
cement 5.
Separate conduits for conveying fluids between a surface location
and, respectively, relatively shallow and relatively deep depths
within the oil shale are provided by tubing strings 7 and 8.
Alternatively, such conduits may comprise two or more parallel
strings of tubing and may be located in two or more well boreholes
that intersect or extend into a common cavern within the oilshale.
Such conduits can be installed and equipped by means of known
procedures and devices and heat insulation (not shown) is
preferably installed around at least those of such conduits that
are used for the inflowing of hot fluid.
As indicated by FIG. 1, the vertically extensive cavern or opening
that is expanded by the present process can comprise the borehole
of a well that extends into an interval of oil shale that contains
heat sensitive carbonate material. Such an interval preferably has
a vertical thickness of at least about 100 feet. In the initial
stages, such a borehole may have a generally cylindrical form, such
as indicated by the dotted line 1a, and may comprise a relatively
slender, generally vertical cavern within the oil shale. In
operating the process with the equipment shown in FIG. 1, a hot
aqueous fluid is flowed into contact with the wall of the cavern by
inflowing hot aqueous gas and/or liquid through the annulus within
pipe 8 (i.e., the space between pipes 7 and 8) and through adjacent
perforations 6 at a relatively shallow depth within the carbonate
mineral-containing portion of the oil shale. The inflowing fluid
such as hot water and/or steam flows downward along the face of the
vertical interval of oil shale (along the wall of the borehole) and
decomposes and dissolves the heat sensitive carbonate mineral
material. The dissolving of water soluble material forms a liquid
solution 9. This solution, which is usually mixed with at least
some gas, such as carbon dioxide and gaseous hydrocarbon, is
out-flowed through pipe 7, which extends to a relatively low level
within the borehole. The decomposing and dissolving of carbonate
mineral components of the oil shale causes the spalling and caving
in of particles 10 of the oil shale and causes a generally
horizontal expansion of a rubble-containing cavernous zone of
permeability within the oil shale.
Where the oil shale being treated contains a significant proportion
of a mineral, such as a halite, which is water soluble in its
natural form, the inflowing of hot aqueous fluid can advantageously
be preceded by a circulation of aqueous liquid at a relatively low
temperature, such as the wellhead temperature, the temperature of
the source of the liquid or the like. In such a pretreatment, the
circulating liquid may leach out significant portions of
distributed layers or particles of the soluble mineral. This
increases the surface area of exposed oil shale and/or weakens the
support for layers or chunks of the oil shale. such a pretreatment
circulation can advantageously be continued while the rate of
dissolution is high, e.g., as indicated by the proportion of solute
in the outflowing liquid. The so-circulated aqueous liquid can then
be gradually or rapidly heated to the temperature selected for the
inflowing hot aqueous liquid used to decompose heat sensitive
carbonate material, with or without an interruption of the flow
through the cavern.
When necessary or desirable the vertical expansion of the cavern
can be inhibited by spotting and maintaining a relatively light and
cool fluid 13 along the roof of the cavern. Such a fluid is
preferably a gas and can in inflowed, or maintained substantially
stationary, in and around the annulus within casing 4 (i.e., the
space between pipe 8 and casing 4) and the upper portion of
borehole 1 (below cement 5) to extend along the roof of the
horizontally expanding cavern as the walls of the cavern more
radially outward to and beyond the location shown at 1b.
The hot aqueous fluid used in the present cavern-enlarging
procedure is preferably steam, hot aqueous liquid (hot water) or a
mixture of such fluids. The hot fluid is preferably inflowed at a
temperature, e.g., at least about 250.degree. F, that is
significantly higher than the normal temperature of the
subterranean oil shale formation. The heat transported by such a
hot fluid converts the heat sensitive carbonate material to carbon
dioxide and water vapor within portions of the normally impermeable
oil shale matrix. Such a generation of gas causes localized
fracturing and/or spalling of the oil shale.
The aqueous liquid component of the inflowing hot fluid dissolves
water soluble mineral material and creates additional solid-free
void space. This occurs along most, if not all, of the vertical
extent of the flow path used in the present process. The spalling
and dissolution causes a horizontal expansion of a
rubble-containing cavern. The inflowing hot aqueous fluid can
comprise super heated, dry, or wet steam, or a mixture of such a
steam with substantially any gas vapor or liquid, such as carbon
dioxide, phenols, hydrocarbons, alcohols, halogenated hydrocarbons,
acids, or the like, or with substantially any aqueous solution,
such as an aqueous acid or base or solution or neutral salt. Where
the inflowing fluid is substantially completely gaseous it should
contain sufficient steam to provide a significant amount of aqueous
liquid as it condenses within the cavern.
The inflowing hot aqueous fluid can be heated by means of surface
located and/or downhole located, steam generators, water heaters,
or the like. Alternatively, or additionally, such heating can be
effected or supplemented in an insitu combustion within the oil
shale formation. The temperature of the inflowing hot aqueous fluid
can range from about 250.degree. F to one sufficient to cause a
relatively rapid oil shale pyrolysis, e.g., a temperature of from
about 600.degree. to 1000.degree. F.
The inflowing aqueous liquid phase of the hot aqueous fluid
dissolves naturally water soluble minerals such as nahcolite,
trona, halite, or the like, and/or water soluble decomposition
products from a heat sensitive carbonate material, such as
nahcolite, etc., to create solid-free space within the oil shale.
Various water soluble minerals, such as nahocolite (NaHCO.sub.3),
may dissolve prior to any thermal decomposition, if the pressure is
sufficiently high at the temperature of the inflowing fluid.
Alternatively, such minerals may be partially or wholly decomposed
to gaseous fluids and sodium carbonate before dissolution.
Although the portion of oil shale formation which is treated in
accordance with the present invention must contain a significant
amount of heat sensitive carbonate material, it may contain
sections, or vertical intervals of as much as several tens of feet
thick, which are substantially devoid of heat sensitive and/or
water soluble minerals. In such heterogeneous regions, the heat
sensitive or soluble minerals are converted or dissolved and
removed. Portions of the so-converted oil shale materials become
incompetent and break into pieces under the existing local stress
field. Such pieces, or chunks, of oil shale mineral materials tend
to accumulate on top of ledges of oil shale that contains little or
no heat sensitive or soluble material. The accumulation of weight
from such chunks, together with the existing stress field, cause
such ledges to break into pieces and fall to a lower level. The
action of converting kerogen into shale oil materials such as
gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons enhances such an operation and,
where the oil shale is relatively lean with respect to heat
sensitive and soluble materials, the use of hot aqueous fluid heat
to a kerogen-pyrolyzing temperature is desirable. Also hydrocarbons
can be extracted from the rubbled oil shale by solvent means such
as by use of phenols, aromatic solvents, e.g., benzene, xylene,
etc.
Due to mechanisms such as those mentioned above, the application of
the present process causes a generally vertical cavernous zone to
grow in a horizontal direction. The rate of growth will vary
depending upon the heat sensitive and water soluble mineral content
of the particular zone. The outer boundary of the zone will
generally be very irregular with portions extending several tens of
feet further than others. In order to enhance horizontal growth
while injecting a hot aqueous fluid that is predominantly liquid,
it is generally desirable to maintain most or all of the
rubble-containing cavern full of liquid. Alternatively, when the
injected hot aqueous fluid is steam, it is generally preferably to
keep much of the rubble-containing kerogen filled with steam and/or
gas.
A particularly suitable arrangement of flow paths to be used in the
present process is shown in FIG. 2. At least two horizontally
separated wells are opened into a region of oil shale that contains
heat sensitive carbonate mineral and is located immediately above a
layer or zone of oil shale or other earth formation material that
is rich in water soluble mineral and/or heat sensitive carbonate
mineral. Such wells are used to form an inflow path 14 and an
outflow path 15 that are interconnected by a path extending through
an areally extensive cavern 6. As indicated by the arrows, hot
aqueous fluid is inflowed into contact with oil shale containing
heat sensitive carbonate material at a relatively shallow depth,
flowed down along a vertical section of such oil shale, flowed
along the roof of a horizontally extensive cavern within such oil
shale, and, liquid containing dissolved mineral material is removed
from within the horizontally extensive cavern. Such a horizontally
extensive cavern can advantageously be formed by means of
mechanical fracturing, and/or solution mining techniques, for
example, by one or more of such techniques described in the above
mentioned copending patent applications.
A principle advantage of a flow path of the type shown in FIG. 2 is
the heat economy and the fact that much larger volumes of oil shale
can be rubbled per unit time than could be achieved by either a
horizontal or vertical rubbling by itself. Relative to horizontal
rubbling from a single well, the concurrent vertical and horizontal
rubbling is capable of providing much higher oil production rates,
particularly in the early stages of the process. Such a flow path
can be utilized to produce a relatively cool fluid with much of the
produced hydrocarbon and injected fluid being outflowed in the
liquid phase.
A flow path of the type shown in FIG. 2 can be initiated between
one or more pairs of wells. Initial communication is preferably
achieved by fracturing or dissolving within the layer of water
soluble material until fluid injected in one well can be produced
from another. Hot aqueous fluid is then injected at the top of an
injected well and fluid is produced from within a generally
horizontal cavern or flow path through a production well. The upper
portion of the injection well will enlarge laterally and the lower
portion or rubble-containing cavern will enlarge vertically so that
the permeable zone is expanded both laterally and vertically. It is
in the lower region of the rubble-containing cavern that heat
improvements are made. With such a flow path, the inflowing fluid
preferably has a temperature below one at which the pyrolysis of
kerogen is rapid. Where it is desired to rubble large volumes of
oil shale while removing solid materials and preheating the shale
for later pyrolysis, such a use of a relatively low temperature
results in significant heat economy. If communication between
different patterns of injection and production wells is desired the
depth of the location from which liquid is produced can be kept
relatively deep within the soluble layer so that the circulating
fluid will containue to enlarge the areal extent of the dissolved
zone. Where communication between different well patterns is not
desired, the production point and production rate can be adjusted
to leave a substantially saturated liquid solution in the soluble
layer in order to prevent its further growth.
Such a versatility with respect to the size and shape of the
cavernous zones that are formed before and/or during a recovery of
shale oil is a unique advantage of the present process. For
example, where the oil shale is thick, large amounts of shale oil
can be recovered from a series of zones that are vertically
extensive but are horizontally spaced so that problems due to
subsidence are avoided. For example, wells in a plurality of
horizontally separated patterns that each contain one or more wells
opening into a layer rich in water soluble minerals can be operated
as described in connection with FIG. 2 to form horizontally
expanding permeable zones and produce shale oil. The sizes of the
permeable zones can be monitored by means of acoustic,
electromagnetic the like measurements of the extents of the
substantially void space and/or measurements of the volume of
fluids that are contained into caverns. The horizontal expansion of
the caverns can be controlled to provide an efficient recovery of
oil from nonintersecting, generally vertically extensive zones that
are spaced so that undisturbed columns capable of supporting the
overburden are left between the depleted zones.
During the initial stages of expanding a rubble-containing cavern
in accordance with the present process, it is not necessary and is
generally undesirable to use a temperature high enough to decompose
a predominant proportion of the fluid-contacted heat sensitive
carbonate material. It is preferable to keep the cavern
substantially full of aqueous liquid in which the carbonate
material is soluble. This tends to provide the best heat economy
since it minimizes the decomposition reaction (which is an
endothermic reaction that comsumes heat). In order to keep the
cavern substantially filled with aqueous liquid it is preferable to
maintain the pressure within the cavern above the decomposition
pressure of the heat sensitive carbonate material at the
temperature within the cavern. In general the pressure within the
cavern cannot be kept high enough to prevent such a decomposition
during an oil recovering stage. The retorting and hydrocarbon
recovery is preferably conducted at a temperature above about
500.degree. F, and at the depths at which oil shale is usually
encountered, the pressure in the cavern cannot be high enough to
prevent decomposition of heat sensitive carbonate material at such
a temperature, without a danger of creating large scale fractures
which are extended into locations in which fractures are
undesirable.
When one or a plurality of generally vertically extensive permeable
zones have been expanded horizontally to substantially the extent
desired, the circulation of fluid within throne zones or caverns is
preferably adjusted to minimize the rate of horizontal growth
and/or maximize the rate of oil recovery. Such an adjustment can be
effected by increasing the temperature and/or decreasing the
aqueous liquid content of the fluid within the cavern. A higher
temperature tends to increase the rate of oil recovery
(particularly with respect to the gaseous components of shale oil).
Alternatively, a decrease in the aqueous liquid content tends to
reduce the rate of dissolution of soluble mineral. Where the
removal of solid material from the oil shale is confined to a
removal of the fluid products of the pyrolysis reaction and/or the
CO.sub.2 and water vapor produced by the decomposition of heat
sensitive carbonates, the volume of the depleted oil shale tends to
be sufficient, relative to the volume of solids that are removed,
to terminate the growth of the permeable zone (unless the oil shale
is one that contains an exceptionally large proportion of heat
sensitive carbonate mineral). The aqueous liquid content of the
fluid within the cavern can be reduced by, for example, circulating
substantially dry steam, or a mixture of a dry steam and e.g.,
carbon dioxide, at a rate and temperature at which the outflowing
fluid is predominately gaseous and the aqueous liquid lift within
the cavern contains a relatively high proportion of inert inorganic
solute.
FIG. 3 shows downhole equipment of the type shown in FIG. 1
arranged to effect a downhole separation of the gaseous and liquid
phases of the fluid being produced. Particularly when the
concentration of heat sensitive carbonate material is relatively
high, and/or the temperature of the inflowing hot aqueous fluid is
relatively high, a significant amount of gaseous carbon dioxide and
water will be formed. However, to the extent that it is feasible,
it is desirable to produce a relatively cool liquid phase fluid
that contains a significant proportion of produced shale oil
hydrocarbon. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 3, borehole 20 is
equipped with pipe strings 21, 22 and 23. Some or all of such pipes
are preferably thermally insulated, as indicated by coatings 24 on
pipes 21 and 22. Pipe 21, through which the hot aqueous fluid is
inflowed, opens into the borehole at a relatively shallow depth.
Pipe 22 extends to an intermediate depth and is used to outflow
fluid that is relatively cool but is predominately gaseous. Pipe 23
extends to a relatively deep depth, is preferably equipped with
downhole pumping means (not shown), and is used to outflow fluid
that is predominately liquid. The vertical section of borehole
between the ends of pipes 22 and 23 serves as a downhole gravity of
separation chamber.
Steam or a mixture of steam and hot aqueous liquid (hot water) is
inflowed through pipe 21. The inflowing hottest and lightest gas
tends to remain above the cooler and heavier gas and in situ
generated carbon dioxide. The cooler gases outflow through pipe 22
while the hotter and lighter inflowing gases tend to flow along the
walls of the cavern. Where desirable a relatively light and cool
gas, such as methane, hydrogen, etc., can be maintained
substantially static, or slowly injected, through and around the
upper portion of the borehole and cavern.
Once the rubbled oil shale cavern has been established and the heat
sensitive minerals and water-soluble carbonates removed as an
aqueous solution, the hydrocarbons (oil) can be recovered by
suitable means such as by contacting the rubbled oil shale within
the cavern with a pyrolyzing fluid to effect decomposition of the
kerogens to hydrocarbon which is removed from the formation. In
recovering the hydrocarbons, the pyrolyzing fluid can be injected
(FIG. 1) via 7 and recovered via tubing 8 visa versa and in a dual
sytem as shown in FIG. 3 the pyrolyzing fluid such as steam can be
injected via tubing string 21 and the hydrocarbons recovered via 22
or the process can be reversed.
It is understood that various changes in the detailed described to
explain the invention can be made by persons skilled in the art
within the scope of the invention as expressed in the appended
claims.
* * * * *