U.S. patent number 3,757,087 [Application Number 05/121,819] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-04 for heating elements.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Smiths Industries, Limited. Invention is credited to Dominic Paul Edmund Bernard.
United States Patent |
3,757,087 |
Bernard |
September 4, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
HEATING ELEMENTS
Abstract
Heater assembly that may be used for heating a surface such as
the glass rear windscreen (or window) of a motor vehicle comprises
a heater element having a continuous metal strip of sinuous form.
The element is sandwiched between two paper backing sheets which
are adhesively secured to opposed surfaces of the metal strip. A
first backing sheet is for removal prior to the mounting of the
element on an automobile rear windscreen, and the other backing
sheet is to be removed after the element has been so mounted. The
first backing sheet is coated with a silicone or wax to facilitate
its ready removal from the element. The surface of the element
covered by the other backing paper is provided with a layer of
electrically insulating material.
Inventors: |
Bernard; Dominic Paul Edmund
(Witney, EN) |
Assignee: |
Smiths Industries, Limited
(London, EN)
|
Family
ID: |
10428918 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/121,819 |
Filed: |
March 8, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Sep 11, 1970 [GB] |
|
|
43,477/70 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/549; 174/259;
174/261; 219/526; 338/210; 361/779; 174/117A; 174/260; 219/203;
219/543; 52/171.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
3/56 (20130101); H05B 3/26 (20130101); H01R
4/02 (20130101); H05B 3/565 (20130101); H05B
3/06 (20130101); H05B 3/84 (20130101); H05B
2203/014 (20130101); H05B 2203/016 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01R
4/02 (20060101); H05B 3/58 (20060101); H05B
3/54 (20060101); H05B 3/06 (20060101); H05B
3/22 (20060101); H05B 3/84 (20060101); H05B
3/26 (20060101); H05b 003/36 (); B32b 007/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/201,203,213,219,345,464,467,522,526,528,535,536,538,541,543,544,546-549
;174/117FF,117A,84C
;338/210-212,283,285,292,306,311,313,314,327,331 ;52/171
;161/406,167 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Bartis; A.
Claims
I claim:
1. A heater assembly comprising a deformable electrical heating
element which is to be adhesively secured to a surface to be heated
and which has a plurality of limbs planarly disposed in spaced
array, the heating element array having a continuous strip of
electrically resistive material, two ends, and first and second
opposed surfaces; two terminals electrically connected to said two
ends of the heating element array respectively; a detachable
covering layer; a first adhesive coating on the first surface of
said strip for detachably adhering said covering layer to said
first surface of the heating element array, the said covering layer
being detachable from the heating element array prior to the
mounting of said array on said surface; a detachable supporting
layer; and a second adhesive coating in direct contact with said
second surface for detachably adhering said supporting layer to
said second surface of the heating element array to provide a
predetermined level of adhesion therebetween, the said supporting
layer being the sole support for maintaining the spatial
relationship between the limbs of said heating element array after
said covering layer has been detached, and said supporting layer
being detachable from the heating element array after its mounting
on said surface; the surface of said covering layer facing said
first surface of the heating element array being a low-cohesion
surface cooperating with said first adhesive coating to provide a
level of adhesion between said covering layer and the first
adhesive coating which is substantially less than the said
predetermined level of adhesion between the said supporting layer
and the second surface of the heating element array to enable the
said covering layer to be detached from said heating element array
more readily than the said supporting layer, whereby said first
adhesive coating is exposed thereby to permit the heating element
array, while supported by said supporting layer, to be adhesively
secured to said surface by said first adhesive coating.
2. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein the said limbs of the
heating element array extend parallel to one another, the spacing
between said limbs being substantially greater than the width of
each said limb.
3. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein said heating element
array includes a strip of electrically insulating material bonded
in surface contact and covering only said continuous strip of
electrically resistive material, said insulating strip forming said
second surface of said heating element array.
4. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein said heating element
array follows a path of sinuous form.
5. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein said first adhesive
coating comprises a thermo-setting adhesive.
6. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein the low-cohesion surface
of said covering layer is a polished surface.
7. The heater assembly of claim 1 wherein said low-cohesion surface
of said covering layer comprises a low-cohesion coating on the
surface of said covering layer facing said first surface of the
heating element.
8. A heater assembly comprising an electrical heating element which
is to be adhesively secured to a surface to be heated, said heating
element comprising a continuous strip of electrically resistive
metallic foil material having a plurality of spaced foil portions
electrically connected to one another and arranged in a
predetermined pattern, said heating element pattern having first
and second opposed surfaces; electrical terminal means connected to
said heating element pattern; a detachable covering layer; a first
coating of bonding material on the first surface of said heating
element pattern for detachably adhering the said covering layer to
said first surface of the heating element pattern, the said
covering layer being detachable from the heating element pattern
prior to its mounting on said surface; a detachable supporting
layer; a second coating of bonding material in direct contact with
the second surface of said pattern for detachably adhering the
supporting layer to said second surface of the heating element
pattern, the said supporting layer comprising the sole support for
maintaining the configuration of said heating element pattern after
said covering layer has been detached, and said supporting layer
being detachable from the heating element pattern after its
mounting on said surface; the surface of said covering layer facing
said first surface of the heating element pattern cooperating with
said first coating of bonding material to provide a level of
adhesion therebetween which is lower than the level of adhesion
between said supporting layer and the second coating of bonding
material.
9. The heater assembly of claim 8 wherein said heating element
pattern includes a plurality of limbs disposed in spaced parallel
relation to one another, the spacing between said limbs being
greater than the width of each of said limbs.
10. The heater assembly of claim 8 including a strip of
electrically insulating material bonded to said strip of
electrically resistive foil material in a pattern which corresponds
to said predetermined pattern to form said second surface of the
heating element pattern.
11. The heater assembly of claim 9 wherein said electrical terminal
means comprises a pair of spaced electrical terminals connected to
spaced portions of said metallic foil material, each of said
terminal means comprising two metallic members having one of said
spaced portions of metallic foil material sandwiched therebetween,
one of said metallic members having a pair of side edges which are
turned inwardly to retain the other of said metallic members in
place.
12. The heater assembly of claim 8 wherein at least one of said
detachable layers is in the form of a strip which is essentially
coextensive with said strip of electrically resistive metallic foil
material.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to heating elements and it is an object of
this invention to provide a heating element that may be used for
heating a surface such as the glass rear windscreen (or window) of
a vehicle.
Heretofore to achieve this object it has been proposed that the
heating elements be either embedded in the glass composition, an
expensive arrangement, or be incorporated with a plastics material
panel, the whole panel being affixed to the interior surface of the
glass rear windscreen, an unsightly and rear-view restricting
arrangement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The disadvantages of the aforementioned prior art arrangements are
minimized or largely overcome by the present invention, which,
according to one aspect thereof, provides a heating element
comprising a long, narrow strip of thin electrically resistive
material having on one surface thereof a layer of adhesive, and
having at the ends thereof an electric terminal. It will be
appreciated that by means of the adhesive layer the heating element
can be itself affixed directly to the interior surface of the glass
windscreen so that an effective and aesthetically pleasing rear
windscreen heater can be inexpensively installed.
Preferably the surface of the electrically resistive material
opposite the adhesive is provided with a layer of electrically
insulating material. The electrically resistive material is
preferably a metal (e.g., aluminum) or metal alloy; the
electrically insulating material is preferably enamel or plastics
material (e.g., a polyester resin such as that sold in the United
Kingdom under the Trade Mark "MELINEX"); and the adhesive is
preferably thermo-setting.
The adhesive may be in surface contact with a readily removable,
preferably fairly thick, backing layer which is conveniently
constituted by a sheet of siliconized paper. Preferably the strip
of electrically resistive material follows a path of sinuous form
e.g., the outline of a thick "S."
The layer of electrically insulating material may be in surface
contact with a wax compound whose melting temperature is of the
order of the setting temperature of the adhesive, the wax compound
conveniently being in surface contact with a rigid member, e.g.,
cardboard. Alternatively and preferably the layer of electrically
insulating material is in surface contact with a low tack adhesive
coating on one surface of a transfer layer which is conveniently
constituted by another sheet of paper or cardboard.
The electric terminals may comprise width-wise enlargements of the
ends of the strip. Preferably the enlarged ends are each sandwiched
between two metal members, one of which is held captive by the
upwardly and inwardly turned side edges of the other. Furthermore,
one or the other of said two metal members may have sharp
projections to dig into the enlarged end of the strip with which it
is associated. One or other of said two metal members may be bowed
convexly with respect to the strip and to the other or one of said
two metal members so that the associated enlarged end is tightly
compressed between the two metal members.
Preferably one or other of said two metal members is provided with
a projecting blade, conveniently at an angle thereto, to mate with
a female connector at one end of an electric wire. The metal member
on the same side of the strip as said layer of adhesive may be in
adhesion with one surface of a pad whose opposite surface has a
pressure adhesive or contact adhesive thereon by means of which the
terminal can be affixed to the interior surface of the
windscreen.
According to another aspect of this invention there is provided a
heating element, according to said one aspect of this invention,
sandwiched between two supporting sheets. The sheets, conveniently
of generally rectangular shape, may be of paper or cardboard.
Preferably the long, narrow strip of thin electrically resistive
material is the residue of a die-stamping operation upon a sheet of
such material adhesively mounted upon one of said supporting
sheets, which one sheet constitutes a backing layer, prior to the
application of the other of said supporting sheets.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Three embodiments of this invention will now be described, by way
of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:
FIG. 1 shows the third embodiment in partly broken away plan view;
and
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary diagrammatic sectional view on the Line
II--II of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In a first exemplary embodiment of this invention, there is
provided a long length of metal strip approximately 1.8 m (2 yards)
long, 150 .mu.m (0.006 in) thick, and 1.6 mm (a sixteenth of an
inch) wide. Preferably this strip is integrally provided with
enlarged ends, e.g., twice as wide, to constitute electrical
terminals therefor. One side surface of the metal strip is coated
with a pressure-sensitive Use of resin adhesive that cures at 69
effeciive demsting 70.degree. centigrade. The other side surface of
the metal strip is insulated by a clear plastics material coating
or by an enamel coating. The metal is chosen to have a resistance
over its total length within the approximate range of 1 to 2
ohms.
The exemplary heating element so formed as applied in one test to
the inner surface of a vehicle rear glass windscreen by contacting
the adhesive layer directly to the glass while disposing the strip
in a sinuous pattern over the glass. On the application of the
vehicle's battery voltage of some 12 volts across the heating
element, its temperature rise was sufficient to cure the adhesive
and provide a permanent bond to the glass. Subsequent use of the
permanently fixed heating element provided effective demisting and
defrosting of the rear glass windscreeen.
In a second exemplary embodiment of this invention, a rectangular
sheet of aluminum foil having side lengths approximately 20 cm (8
in) and 46 cm (18 in) long, has one surface bonded to a film of
"MELINEX," and its opposite surface coated with a thermo-setting
adhesive having a setting or curing temperature of the order of
70.degree. C. A sheet of siliconized brown paper is in surface
contact with the adhesive to form a backing member or supporting
layer for the laminate. The siliconizing provides the paper with a
low-cohesion surface. The surface of the "MELINEX" film opposite to
that which is bonded to the aluminum foil is coated with polymeric
wax whose melting temperature is somewhat less than 70.degree. C
and the wax serves to bond the laminate to a sheet of cardboard
which provides a rigid mounting and further supporting layer for
the laminate.
The six layer composite laminated rectangular structure so formed
may be stamped or cut into a desired pattern which preferably
comprises a thin strip following a sinuous snake-like path. The
straight long sides of this sinuous strip lie parallel to the 8
inch long sides of the rectangular structure. The sinuous strip so
formed may provide a heating element for heating a surface such as
the glass rear windscreen of a vehicle. To achieve this the
siliconized brown paper backing is peeled away from the strip which
is then pressed against the interior surface of the glass rear
windscreen. When electric current is applied to the aluminum foil
via terminals provided at its ends, the heat produced by the
current (which may be of the order of 10 to 15 amps) raises the
temperature of the adhesive to thereby initiate curing or setting
of the adhesive and also raises the temperature of the polymeric
wax causing it to melt. As the polymeric wax melts, the cardboard
providing a rigid support for the laminate falls away to leave the
aluminum foil in strip form bonded by one surface to the glass rear
windscreen with its opposite surface electrically insulated by the
"MELINEX" film in corresponding strip form. Subsequent electric
current passage through the heater so formed provided effective
demisting and defrosting of the rear glass windscreen.
In a third exemplary embodiment of this invention, illustrated in
the accompanying drawings, there is provided a rectangular
laminated sheet, approximately 47 cm (18.5 in) long by 21 cm (8.5
in) wide and approximately 38 .mu.m (0.0015 in) thick, comprising a
layer of aluminum foil bonded to a layer of plastics material film
e.g., a polyester such as that sold in the United Kingdom under the
Trade Mark "MELINEX." Preferably the metal foil layer and plastics
film layer have similar thicknesses. The exposed surface of the
aluminum foil layer is coated with a thermo-setting adhesive, and a
fairly thick sheet of backing paper having similar rectangular
dimensions is then applied to this adhesive-coated surface to
provide a supporting layer and covering for the laminated sheet.
The backing paper, which is pre-treated with a low cohesion
material such as silicone or wax, has a polished or smooth surface
which is therefore a low-cohesion surface and is readily separable
from the aluminum foil/MELINEX film sheet.
The two bonded sheets of backing paper and aluminum/MELINEX are
subjected to a die-stamping operation from the MELINEX side. The
pattern die-stamped is one of long, narrow strip form such that the
strip follows a sinuous path, for example the border outline of a
thick "S" (see the accompanying drawing). The width of the strip is
approximately 3,200 .mu.m (an eighth of an inch) except for its
ends which have a large width of approximately 1.4 cm
(nine-sixteenths of an inch). The depth of cut of the die-stamping
operation is sufficient to pass wholly through the aluminum/MELINEX
sheet but not through the backing paper. Thus, as illustrated in
the accompanying drawing, the sheet of backing paper 2 supports by
means of the thermo-setting adhesive 3 only the long narrow strip 4
of aluminum 6 bonded to MELINEX 8 after the remaining residue (not
shown) of the aluminum/MELINEX sheet has been peeled away from the
backing paper 2. Another paper sheet 10 (only part of which is
shown), having similar rectangular dimensions to sheet 2, is coated
on one surface with a low tack adhesive 11 and this surface is
applied to the sheet 2 supporting the aluminum/MELINEX strip 4. The
thickness of paper sheet 10 is not very important, although the
thicker it is the more rigid support it will give to the strip 4
during installation (see below).
The rectangular laminate of strip 4 adhesively sandwiched between
sheets 2 and 10 is formed with an L-shaped cut-out adjacent one
corner in the vicinity of the strip's enlarged width ends 14. To
each of these ends an electric terminal connector 15 is affixed
making electrical connection with the aluminum part 6 of the strip
end 14. Each terminal connector 15 comprises a flat metal plate 16
formed with an integral blade 18, extending at an angle to the
plane of plate 16, and a shallow channel-shaped metal member 20
formed with a convex base having a plurality of upstanding sharp
projections. Each plate 16 is placed on sheet 10 above its
associated strip end 14 and placed within the metal member 20 whose
upstanding edges project past the side edges of both strip end 14
and plate 16. Plate 16 and member 20 are clamped so that the
projections of the convex base of member 20 pass through the
backing paper sheet 2 and on into the aluminum. The electrical
connection thus made is maintained by turning in the upstanding
edges of member 20 to thereby maintain the clamping pressure. If
desired the plate 16 may be convex to the sheet 10 as an
alternative or in addition to the base of member 20 being convex to
the sheet 2, and/or may have the sharp projections. A pad having a
contact adhesive or pressure adhesive on both major surfaces is
affixed to the base of each member 20.
The heating element constituted by the aluminum part 6 of the strip
4 is installed in a vehicle in the following manner for use as a
rear glass windscreen (or window) heater. The interior glass
surface is first cleaned with methylated spirits and allowed to
dry. The backing paper 2 is readily peeled away from the strip 4
(adhesively mounted on the sheet 10) starting at the corner remote
from the terminal connectors 15, and at the terminal connectors the
backing paper is torn, using the edge of these terminal connectors
as cutters. The strip 4 supported by sheet 10 is placed to the
screen so that the thermo-setting adhesive 3 of the strip and the
low tack adhesive 11 of the sheet 10 contact the clean surface of
the glass. The strip 4 and terminal connectors 15 are pressed
firmly to the glass, a check for good adhesion being obtained by
viewing from outside of the glass (i.e., outside of the vehicle) --
the strip 4 being visible as the outline of a thick "S." The
supporting sheet 10 is then stripped off starting at the corner
furthest from the terminal connectors 15, and torn off at the
terminal connectors in a similar manner to that used before with
the backing paper 2. A short electrical lead or wire having a
female tag connector at one end connects one blade 18 to a ground
point on the car body and another, long, electrical lead or wire
similarly connects the other blade 18, via an electric on/off
switch mounted on the dashboard, to a battery voltage point that is
only energized when the vehicle ignition is on. If desired, a
warning light can be fitted by wiring between the aluminum element
side of the switch and ground. Such a warning light can be
incorporated in the apparatus sold by Smiths Industries Limited in
the United Kingdom under the Trade Mark "WARNALITE." Furthermore
the electric on/off switch may be such as that described in United
Kingdom Application No. 43478/70.
The laminate comprising sheet 2 in the form of a polythene coated,
silicone release, heavy Kraft paper, and the sheet of aluminum
bonded to MELINEX, which sheets are attached to one another by a
cross-linked, acrylic based, thermosetting adhesive 3, may be
obtained from Coated Specialities Limited, of Chester Hall Lane,
Basildon, Essex, England. The sheet 10 coated with a low tack
adhesive 11 may be one of the Butterfly Brand of Samuel Jones &
Company Limited, Letchworth Mill, Pixmore Avenue, Letchworth,
Hertfordshire, England.
* * * * *