U.S. patent number 3,753,079 [Application Number 05/232,791] was granted by the patent office on 1973-08-14 for foldback current limiter.
Invention is credited to Ted R. Trilling.
United States Patent |
3,753,079 |
Trilling |
August 14, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMITER
Abstract
A diode providing a current that is an exponential function of
the voltage applied across it is inserted in a series circuit
carrying the output current of a current limiting device in which
the voltage across the diode is reduced upon a short circuit taking
place at an output terminal. This reduction in voltage severely
limits the current through the diode at an exponential rate thereby
affecting a sharp reduction in the short circuit current.
Inventors: |
Trilling; Ted R. (Doylestown,
PA) |
Family
ID: |
22874599 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/232,791 |
Filed: |
March 8, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
323/278;
361/18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05F
1/5735 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G05F
1/573 (20060101); G05F 1/10 (20060101); G05f
001/58 () |
Field of
Search: |
;323/4,9,17,22T
;317/31,33VR,20 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goldberg; Gerald
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics comprising:
power supply means for providing an output of constant voltage when
the current is below a predetermined level;
first reduction means including a serially connected diode and
resistor connected at one end to receive the output of said power
supply means and having a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic
for providing a current output at an output terminal connected to
the other end of said serially connected diode and resistor which
decreases at a more rapid rate than its voltage, said output
further providing a feedback signal to said power supply means;
and
second reduction means connected to receive the outputs of said
power supply means and said first reduction means including a
voltage divider circuit connected to said one end of said serially
connected diode and resistor, and control means connected to said
voltage divider circuit, for providing a feedback to said power
suply means for substantially reducing the voltage and current from
said power supply means when said power supply means current
exceeds said predetermined level.
2. A voltage regulator having foldback curent limiting
characteristics according to claim 1 wherein said control means
comprises an NPN transistor.
3. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 2 wherein said power supply
means further comprises:
signal means for providing an output signal; and
a Darlington circuit connected to said signal means for amplifying
said output signal for providing said constant voltage when
supplying said current beneath said predetermined level and further
connected to said first reduction means for having the
amplification controlled by said second reduction means when said
current exceeds said predetermined level.
4. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 3 wherein said signal means
further comprises:
a differential amplifier having an inverting and a noninverting
input terminals adapted to receive a bias signal on said
noninverting terminal for supplying an output signal indicative of
the signals applied to said input terminals; and
a voltage divider circuit connected to said output terminal for
feeding back a portion of the voltage on said output terminal to
said inverting input terminal.
5. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 4 wherein said Darlington
circuit further comprises:
first, second and third transistors having collector electrodes
connected in common with the base of said first transistor
connected to receive said signal means output signal and further
connected to the collector of said NPN transistor, the emitter of
said first transistor connected to the base of said second
transistor, the emitter of said second transistor connected to the
base of said third transistor and the emitter of said third
transistor connected to said first reduction means.
6. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 5 wherein said first, second and
third transistors are NPN transistors.
7. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 6 further comprising temperature
compensation means connected to said control means and to said
diode for dissipating the heat generated with said control means
and said diode and for keeping said diode and said control means at
the same temperature.
8. A voltage regulator having foldback current limiting
characteristics according to claim 7 wherein said temperature
compensation means comprises a substrate of an integrated circuit
comprising said diode and said control means.
Description
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to power supplies and more
particularly protective circuitry to prevent an excess of current
from being drawn from a voltage regulator upon a low impedance
appearing at an output terminal of the regulator.
In voltage regulators a common form of current control is constant
current limiting. As the name implies the current supply from such
a device has a predetermined maximum which is unaffected by short
circuits or other loads that require excessive current. The
constant current limiting power supply has a major disadvantage in
that it normally requires a transistor serving as the main
regulating element to dissipate the full power of the supply unit
if the output terminal should become grounded.
Foldback current limiting is a second type of current control that
is available and in voltage regulators has the advantage of
reducing a short circuit current to considerably less than a
predetermined maximum current that can be supplied. In such a
device both voltage and current are reduced when the current drawn
from the regulator exceeds a predetermined maximum. This has the
advantage of not only reducing the power dissipated by the circuit
elements of the regulator but also provides protection to the load
element receiving the current. Since in such a regulator the size
of the series pass transistor and its heat sink are determined by
the maximum power they are required to dissipate, foldback current
limiting can effectively reduce the size and cost of these elements
as well as those in the load. In many instances loads are saved
from catastrophic failure by foldback current limiting.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to
provide an improved power supply. It is a further object to provide
an improved voltage regulator with foldback current limiting
characteristics. It is an additional object of the present
invention to provide a power supply in which the output current is
exponentially related to the voltage drop across a component within
the device. It is a further object to use the voltage drop across
the component for supplying positive feedback to further reduce the
output of the power supply.
This is accomplished according to the present invention by
providing a foldback current limiting voltage regulator having a
nonlinear component in which the current through the device is an
exponential function of the voltage across the device. In this way
a slight change in voltage results in a large decrease in current.
Furthermore by maintaining a sizable voltage drop in respect to the
current across the nonlinear element, a junction in a transistor is
suitably biased to further reduce the output signal of the
regulator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of an embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a typical voltage - current response of a
regulated power supply both with and without the diode of FIG. 1;
and
FIG. 3 is an alternate embodiment of a portion of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a voltage regulator such as
a .mu.A 723 type manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor. The
regulator 10 has a typical differential amplifier 11 having both a
noninverting and an inverting input terminals marked + and -,
respectively. The output terminal of differential amplifier 11 is
connected to the base of a transistor 12, and the collector of a
transistor 13. In addition a compensation capacitor 14 is connected
between the output and inverting input terminals of amplifier 11.
Capacitor 14 as shown represents the internal capacitance in the
circuit. However, an external capacitor (not shown) may be
connected across capacitor 14 for additional compensation.
Transistors 15 and 16 are connected to transistor 12 and to each
other in a well-known Darlington configuration. A supply voltage +V
is connected to differential amplifier 11 and the collectors of
transistors 12, 15 and 16. A series circuit 20 comprised of a diode
21 and a resistor 22 is connected between the emitter of transistor
16 and an output terminal 23. A voltage divider circuit comprised
of serially connected resistors 24 and 25 are connected between
output terminal 23 and the ground. Both resistors 24 and 25 are of
high ohmic resistance so that they conduct only a small amount of
current. A contact 26 connected intermediate resistors 24 and 25
provides an input to the inverting terminal of amplifier 11 by
means of a line 27. The signal from terminal 26 is an error voltage
applied to the inverting input terminal of differential amplifier
11. This signal is compared with a reference voltage +V.sub.1
applied to the noninverting terminal. If the voltage level at
terminal 26 should increase the output signal amplitude decreases
and vice versa. In this manner a constant output voltage is
retained at terminal 23. A voltage divider circuit comprised of
resistors 31 and 32 are connected between the emitter of transistor
16 and ground with a contact 33 located intermediate resistors 31
and 32 connected to the base electrode of transistor 13. The
emitter of transistor 13 is then connected to output terminal 23
through line 34.
In normal operation the signal from differential amplifier 11 is
amplified by transistors 12, 15 and 16 so that a load current is
supplied from transistor 16 through series circuit 20 to output
terminal 23. In addition a small amount of current is supplied
through series resistor 31 and 32 to provide a voltage at the base
of transistor 13. However, at this time the voltage applied to the
base of transistor 13 is not sufficient to bias the transistor into
a conducting state. Should an overload occur at output terminal 23
the voltage across circuit 20 is raised and in turn raises the
voltage betwen terminals 23 and 33 biasing transistor 13 into
conduction. This causes a reduction in voltage at the base of
transistor 12 thereby reducing the current through Darlington
circuit transistor 16.
At this time a voltage drop across circuit 20 remains close to
constant since most of the voltage drop in circuit 20 is across
diode 21 whose voltage drop is almost constant even though the
current through it changes greatly as can be seen on normal
characteristic curves (not shown). Furthermore, the voltage at the
emitter of transistor 13 is lowering at a faster rate than the
voltage drop across resistor 31 due to the voltage - current
characteristics of diode 21 and the regulating action of the
emitter-base diode of transistor 13. Therefore the base-emitter
voltage in transistor 13 increases causing increased conduction in
transistor 13 which further reduces the signal from transistor 16
as explained above.
The voltage on terminal 23 at this time will continue to drop until
it reaches a very low value. The current through series circuit 20
is called the short circuit current and is greatly reduced by the
diode 21 which conducts an output current that is an exponential
function of the voltage across the diode. In the present circuit
when overload conditions occur the output voltage at the emitter of
transistor 16 is so reduced that the diode is capable of both
maintaining a sufficient voltage drop across the emitter-base
electrodes of transistor 13 and inhibiting most of the current flow
through circuit 20.
When the overload at terminal 23 is removed the voltage V.sub.o is
raised thereby increasing the voltage at terminal 28. The voltage
across circuit 20 remains fairly constant as does the current
through resistor 31. The voltage at terminal 33 is raised and
therefore supplies a larger proportion of current from resistor 31
through resistor 32. This reduces the current available to
transistor 13 tending to shut it off. This enables the Darlington
circuit to again supply rated voltage.
In addition to the components shown in FIG. 1, a resistor (not
shown) may be inserted between the base-electrode of transistor 13
and terminal 33 in order to improve the recovery characteristics of
the device after the overload condition has been removed by
reducing the base-emitter voltage in transistor 13.
Looking at the operation of the device in a practical situation
where the voltage drop across resistor 22 is small compared to the
drop across diode 21, it can readily be seen that
F = e .sup.d1 dsc (1)
where foldback current ratio F is equal to the limiting current
divided by the current at short circuit load. V.sub.d1 and
V.sub.dsc are the respective voltages across diode 21 at limiting
current and short circuit current, and c is a constant at room
temperature.
In a typical application using an output voltage of 30 volts and a
limiting current of one ampere, it was found with a 1N4005 diode
for component 21 and a resistor 22 of 0.1 ohms, an F of 200 was
attainable. There is shown in FIG. 2 the voltage - current
characteristics of the output of the circuit of FIG. 1 both for
using a 1N4005 diode and a 0.1 ohm resistor in the control circuit
20 as shown in the solid line curve and for replacing the diode and
0.1 ohm resistor with a resistor of 0.55 ohms as shown in the
dashed line curve.
FIG. 3 shows an alternate embodiment of a portion of FIG. 1 wherein
the letter "a" is used to denote corresponding items in FIG. 1. All
electrical connections of these items are the same as in FIG. 1. In
FIG. 3 there is shown a schematic diagram of a diode 21a and
transistor 13a forming an integrated circuit on the same substrate
40. This arrangement tends to compensate for the temperature
sensitivity of the diode 21a since the temperature sensitivity of
the base-emitter junction of transistor 13a follows the same
thermal relationship. The substrate 40 in addition acts as a heat
sink and should be large enough to prevent significant self-heating
of the components which would change the maximum current and
operating parameters of the circuit.
There has therefore been shown a foldback current limiting voltage
regulator wherein the current limiting has been improved by
magnitudes by making use of the nonlinear voltage-current
characteristics of a diode that is inserted in the output control
circuit of the foldback current limiting device. In addition, the
emitter-base PN junction of a transistor that operates to effect a
shutdown of the device can be mounted on the same substrate as a
diode to temperature track the diode.
It will be understood that various changes in the details,
materials, steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein
described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the
invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the
principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended
claims.
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