U.S. patent number 3,751,864 [Application Number 05/242,950] was granted by the patent office on 1973-08-14 for interstitial space frame system.
Invention is credited to Horst Berger, Harry Weese.
United States Patent |
3,751,864 |
Berger , et al. |
August 14, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
INTERSTITIAL SPACE FRAME SYSTEM
Abstract
A building and a method for constructing the building are
disclosed in which prefabricated building modules, formed of
corrugated metal and having finished interior surfaces defining
occupiable spaces therein, are supported on a foundation in a
plurality of layers, each of which provides one story of the
building. The modules are placed in spaced relation to each other
in the layers in order to provide open through passages between
adjacent module side walls, with the corrugations on adjacent side
walls being spaced from each other. The corrugations on adjacent
side walls cooperate with spacers or forms placed therebetween to
define forms in which concrete, in a flowable condition, is poured
to form the vertical structural members or columns of the building.
In one embodiment a concrete slab is poured over the ceiling panels
of each of the modules in a layer to form an integral horizontal
structural member between the vertical structural members and to
provide support for the next layer of modules in the building.
Inventors: |
Berger; Horst (Hastings on
Hudson, NY), Weese; Harry (Chicago, IL) |
Family
ID: |
22916761 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/242,950 |
Filed: |
April 11, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/79.11; 52/251;
52/393; 52/421; 52/745.03 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B
1/348 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E04B
1/348 (20060101); E04h 001/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/79,236,250,251,745,421,393 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Murtagh; John E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A building of modular construction comprising, a foundation
underlying said building, a plurality of layers of prefabricated
building modules in said building, supported on said foundation,
each of said layers forming one story of said building and each of
said modules defining an occupiable space therein, said modules
each including a pair of spaced opposing vertical side walls and a
ceiling; said vertical side walls being formed of corrugated metal
panels having vertically extending corrugations and a finished wall
surface on the sides thereof facing the interior of said module,
said ceiling being formed of corrugated metal extending between
said vertical walls and having a finished ceiling surface on the
side thereof facing the interior of said module, said modules being
arranged in spaced relation to each other in said layers to provide
interstices between adjacent module side walls, with the
corrugations on said adjacent side walls being spaced from each
other, concrete columns formed in predetermined locations, with the
side walls forming permanent forms for said concrete when it is in
a flowable condition and defining guide means for form members
spanning the passage between adjacent side walls to complete a form
for said vertical columns when said concrete is in a flowable
condition; and at least one horizontal concrete structural member
formed between at least some of the vertically adjacent modules in
said building and extending between said vertical columns, to
transfer vertical loads to and provide lateral stability for said
columns.
2. The building as defined in claim 2 wherein said horizontal
structural member comprises a concrete slab covering the corrugated
ceiling portion of each of the modules in said layers, said ceiling
portions providing a permanent form for said concrete slab to
support the concrete when it is in a flowable condition, and
horizontal form means extending between and supported by said
spaced corrugated side walls to support concrete spanning said
through passages when the concrete is in a flowable condition.
3. The building as defined in claim 2 wherein each of said modules
includes a floor formed integrally therewith.
4. The building as defined in claim 3 wherein the floor of each of
said modules is formed from a plurality of spaced wooden joists
extending the length of said module and a finished floor surface
spanning said joists on the side thereof facing the interior of
said module.
5. The building as defined in claim 4 including a plurality of
strips of resilient material spanning said joists on the side
thereof opposite said finished flooring surface, between said
joists and the concrete slab on the ceilings of the module layer
therebelow.
6. The building as defined in claim 5 including reinforcing bars
for said concrete columns secured to said side walls at said
predetermined locations.
7. The building as defined in claim 6 including horizontally
extending support members for said horizontal form means secured to
said side walls.
8. The building as defined in claim 2 wherein said slab forms the
floor in each of the modules in the layer immediately above it.
9. The building as defined in claim 4 wherein selected modules in
each of said layers have openings formed therein defining windows
and doorways providing access between adjacent modules.
10. The building as defined in claim 8 wherein each of said modules
contains substantially all of the electrical wiring and plumbing
required, for the type of occupiable space it is to provide, prior
to installation in said building.
11. The building as defined in claim 1 wherein each of said modules
includes a floor formed integrally therewith.
12. The building as defined in claim 11 including a plurality of
horizontal structural members formed between the floors and
ceilings of the vertically adjacent modules, at said interstices,
said horizontal structural members comprising concrete beams
extending horizontally between selected modules and said vertical
columns and vertically, over a portion of their height, between the
side walls of the selected modules between which they are formed,
with the side walls of the spaced modules on the lower portion of
said beams forming a permanent lateral form for said concrete beam
when the concrete is in a flowable condition; and horizontal form
means extending between the spaced corrugated side walls of said
modules on the lower side of said beam to support the concrete when
it is in said flowable condition.
13. The building as defined in claim 12 including form means
mounted on the adjacent top edges of said selected modules for
retaining the top portion of the concrete forming the top portion
of said beams when said concrete is in a flowable condition.
14. The building as defined in claim 13 including outwardly opening
angle members secured to the lower corners of said modules, said
angle members being seated on the beam formed in said form means to
support their associated modules on said beam.
15. The building as defined in claim 13 wherein the floor of each
of said modules is formed from a corrugated metal panel having a
finished floor surface on the side thereof facing the interior of
said module.
16. The building as defined in claim 15 wherein the corrugations on
the metal panel forming said floor are approximately twice as deep
as the corrugations of said side wall and ceiling panels.
17. The building as defined in claim 16 wherein selected modules in
each of said layers have openings formed therein defining windows
and doorways providing access between adjacent modules.
18. The building as defined in claim 17 wherein each of said
modules contains all of the electrical wiring and plumbing required
for the type of occupiable space it is to provide, prior to
installation in said building.
19. The building construction method comprising the steps of
initially assembling a plurality of building modules by
interconnecting corrugated metal panels to form a ceiling and side
walls having vertically extending corrugations, forming a floor
between said side walls opposite said ceiling, and defining an
occupiable space therebetween, forming a finished ceiling, wall and
floor surface on the interior surfaces of said ceiling and wall
panels and said floor, forming a building foundation, placing a
predetermined number of said modules in one layer on said
foundation in spaced relation to define a first story in said
building with open through passages between adjacent module side
walls, placing vertically extending form panels in predetermined
locations between said adjacent module side walls to span the
passage therebetween, said panels cooperating with said side walls
at predetermined locations to define a form for a concrete column,
placing horizontal form panels at predetermined locations between
the side walls of adjacent modules adjacent the ceiling panels
thereof, forming columns in said building by pouring concrete in a
flowable condition in said column forms defined by said vertical
form panels and said side walls at said predetermined locations,
forming at least one horizontal structural member between said
columns by pouring concrete in a flowable condition on said
horizontal form panels, allowing said concrete to harden, placing a
predetermined number of modules on the thus formed horizontal
structural member to form another story in said building and
repeating said steps of placing said vertically extending forms,
placing said horizontal forms, pouring said concrete, allowing said
concrete to harden and placing a predetermined number of modules on
the thus formed horizontal member to form subsequent stories of
said building.
20. The method as defined in claim 19, said step of pouring
concrete on said horizontal form panels includes the step of
pouring concrete in a flowable condition on the exterior side of
the ceiling panels of said modules to form said horizontal
structural member as a slab extending between said vertical
columns.
21. The method as defined in claim 20 including the step of forming
said floor of each of said modules from a plurality of joists
extending the length of said modules, with said finished floor
surface spanning said joists.
22. The method as defined in claim 21 including the step of
attaching a plurality of strips of resilient material across said
joists on the side thereof opposite said finished flooring
surface.
23. The method as defined in claim 19 including the step of
securing reinforcing bars for said concrete columns to said side
walls at said predetermined locations.
24. The method as defined in claim 19 including the step of
securing support members for said horizontal form panels to said
side walls.
25. The method as defined in claim 24 including the step of
initially forming openings in said side walls, prior to placement
of said modules in said building, installing windows in selected
openings, with the remainder of said openings providing access
between modules in the completed building.
26. The method as defined in claim 25 including the step of
initially installing in said modules all of the electrical and
plumbing facilities required for the type of occupiable space each
module is to provide, prior to installation in said building.
27. The method as defined in claim 19 including the step of placing
vertically extending form members along the top edges of selected
modules in a layer thereof adjacent said horizontal form panels and
filling the cavities formed thereby between said selected modules
with flowable concrete to form a plurality of said horizontal
structural members as beams between said columns.
28. The method as defined in claim 19 including outwardly opening
angle members secured to the lower corners of said modules, said
angle members being seated on the beam formed in said form means to
support their associated modules on said beam.
29. The method as defined in claim 28 wherein said step of forming
a floor between said side walls comprises the step of securing a
corrugated metal panel to said side walls.
30. The method as defined in claim 29 including the step of
initially forming openings in said side walls, prior to placement
of said modules in said building, installing windows in selected
openings, with the remainder of said openings providing access
between modules in the completed building.
31. The method as defined in claim 30 including the step of
initially installing in said modules all of the electrical and
plumbing facilities required for the type of occupiable space each
module is to provide, prior to installation in said building.
Description
This invention relates to a building and building construction
method, and more particularly, to the construction of a building
with the use of prefabricated modules defining occupiable spaces
therein.
Because of the increased cost of labor in the construction
industry, with the simultaneous increase in demand for low cost
housing throughout the country, it has become increasingly
important to introduce and increase the amount of prefabricated
materials and structural units used in the erection of a building,
particularly high rise buildings such as apartment dwellings and
the like. Some work has been done in this direction in the
construction industry, however, the size of prefabricated
components for use in buildings is limited because of the limited
size of prefabricated units that can be shipped from a factory to
the construction site.
A large portion of the previously proposed prefabrication attempts
have been directed towards the structural components and frame of
the building, however, such components generally amount to roughly
only 20 to 25 percent of the total building cost. Thus, with this
type of approach, only a portion of the building cost can be
transferred to the prefabrication plant from the field. Even by
prefabricating the entire structural frame of a high rise building,
which frame must in any case ultimatley be assembled at the
construction site, only 10 to 15 percent of the building's actual
cost can be handled by industrialized and prefabrication
methods.
On the other hand, the actual rooms and corridors of the building,
particularly apartment buildings for domestic occupancy, including
the interior finished walls and the portions of the electrical and
mechanical systems which are in the walls of such rooms, comprise a
much higher portion (50 to 75 percent) of the total building cost.
Thus, it has been found that if the fabrication of these rooms with
their finished walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, electrical
and plumbing systems, kitchen fixtures, etc. are prefabricated in
an assembly line process at a factory, about 50 percent of the
total construction cost of the building can be shifted to the
factory. The labor costs for assembly line factory procedures are
substantially less than labor costs for consturction laborers, and
moreover, the manufacturing process in the factory is unaffected by
the weather, so that the assembly line process can continue all
winter long, whereas field construction work may not.
Further, the conventional materials which are normally required to
be used for constructing the actual interior rooms or apartments
are those which are least suited for on site construction because
they are readily subjected to weather and on site handling damage.
They are also the most repetitive items utilized in the
construction of a building. That fact cannot be made much use of in
the field, but it can be of a considerable advantage in a mass
production assembly line operation, taking place in an
industrialized plant.
Thus, for all of the above reasons, it is desirable to have as much
of the work related to the building construction as possible
performed in a factory and in an industrialized or assembly line
operation.
At the construction site itself it is also desirable to reduce the
amount of time and labor required to build the structural framework
of the building. The most conventional structure for high rise
apartment dwellings is formed by means of concrete columns and
beams. This type of structure, of course, requires the time
consuming and expensive task of placing and removing formwork and
falsework for the formation of the structural framework. If this
procedure could be eliminated - or substantially eliminated, still
further cost savings in the construction of the building could be
achieved.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to construct
a building by a process in which a substantial portion of the
building is prefabricated in order to substantially reduce the cost
of construction.
Yet another object of the present invention is to construct a
building with prefabricated modules that form the interior spaces
of the building and act as the form work in which concrete in a
flowable condition is poured to form the structural members of the
building.
Yet another object of the present invention is to construct a
multistory building in a relatively simple and inexpensive
process.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a building
is constructed with the use of a plurality of prefabricated
building modules, each of which is formed in the shape of a
generally rectangular box having a floor, ceiling, and side walls
defining an enclosed occupiable space therein. The box is
constructed with the use of corrugated metal panels forming the
ceiling and vertical side walls of each box. In one embodiment, the
floor of the box is formed of wooden joists and in another
embodiment the floor portion of the box is formed from a corrugated
metal panel. In either case, the box is constructed so as to have
enough structural integrity and rigidity to support all of the
interior ceiling wall and floor finishes, to withstand the impacts
of shipping and erection, and to carry wet concrete loads during
erection, as hereinafter described. The corrugated metal panels are
of relatively light weight so that transportation and shipping
thereof is a fairly simple matter and, moreover, they have
sufficient structural stability and rigidity when connected in the
shape of a box to satisfy building requirements.
Each of the modules or boxes is finished on the interior surfaces
thereof at a prefabrication assembly plant with finished ceiling,
interior wall and floor surfaces. The walls and ceilings may be
formed of a conventional gypsum wall board and the floor may be
covered with conventional wood flooring or tiles and the like. At
the fabricating plant all of the electrical wire and plumbing
facilities required for each module are supplied, in accordance
with the purpose to which the occupiable space within a given
module is to be used, so that during the erection process only the
ends of these electrical and plumbing fixtures will need to be
connected to the main electrical and plumbing facilities of the
building, or to those of adjacent modules. The modules are formed
at the plant with windows and doorway passages cut and placed in
its side walls, interior non-bearing walls, if needed, doors and
substantially all else that may be required to make the interior of
the module a complete room or rooms.
In the erection process, the modules are transported from the
remote prefabrication plant to the construction site at which the
foundation underlying the building has been previously formed. The
foundation may be either a flat slab or alternatively, it may
consist of footings having a grid or horizontal beams extending
therebetween. In either case, a first layer of modules, in a
predetermined number, are set on the foundation in accordance with
a predetermined pattern so as to form the first story of the
building. The modules are arranged on the foundation in spaced
relation to each other in order to provide open through passages
between adjacent side walls so that the corrugations on each
adjacent side wall are spaced from each other. As adjacent modules
are placed in position in the first layer or floor of the building,
vertical form panels are placed in position spanning the open
passage between adjacent side walls, in predetermined locations, in
order to define, with the corrugated side walls of the molules, a
concrete form for a portion of a structural column of the building.
In addition, horizontal plates or forms are placed in position,
near the top edges of the side walls, to form a concrete form work
in these spaces, which forms cooperate with the adjacent module
side walls to retain the flowable concrete during the formation of
concrete beams or of a slab at the top of each module. Preferably,
a concrete slab is poured over the ceilings of each of the modules
to form an integral slab arrangement between each floor of the
building. Simultaneously, concrete, in a flowable condition, is
poured into the forms at the predetermined locations defined
between the vertical form members and the corrugated side walls of
the modules. In this manner the structural columns of the building
are formed for the first story between the modules and are
integrally connected and formed with the slab or beams formed at
the tops of the modules.
After the concrete for the first floor has set, another layer of
modules is placed on the previously poured concrete slab in spaced
relation to each other and the process of placing the vertical and
horizontal form members are repeated so as to continue the
structural columns for the building and to form an additional slab
for the next layer or story of the building. The slab construction
permits a flat and level surface to be formed at the top of each
story of the building so that the next layer of modules can be
merely placed down in correct spaced relation therein without the
requirement for any leveling of the individual modules.
As the boxes or modules are placed in position, the ends of their
electrical lines and plumbing facilities are connected to either
the main lines or the lines in adjacent modules. These main lines
may be placed either in the open passages between modules, as the
building is erected, or may also be placed within the corrugations
of the modules themselves at the prefabrication factory.
As a result, the entire building is constructed almost entirely of
prefabricated module members which not only form the interior rooms
of the building, but which also provide the form work for the
erection of the structural members of the building. Only a minimum
amount of additional formwork is required to close off the sides of
the vertical columns being formed and the bottoms of the slab or
beams at the open spaces or passages between modules. Thus, the
speed of field erection of buildings, by the method of the present
invention, is increased to such a degree that substantially the
total construction time can be cut to about 40 or 50 percent as
compared to conventional construction operations. Obviously, this
results in considerable savings in construction costs.
Further, by the arrangement of the present invention with a metal
or steel deck as the ceiling of one building having a gypsum
ceiling board on one side as the interior ceiling surface and a
layer of concrete on the other, a relatively fire proof structure,
which meets most urban fire codes is achieved without the
requirement of specially constructed fire proofing arrangements.
When the building is completed, it is substantially a conventional
building in that it has completed rooms and a supporting structure
of structural concrete columns and slabs or beams, which can be
designed to satisfy any existing building or fire code
requirements. The finished surfaces of the rooms are of
conventional material and thus give the appearance of a
conventionally constructed building. However, the time sequence and
methods of putting the various components of the building together,
are substantially different from standard construction procedures
and provide savings and advantages which have been heretofore
unavailable to the construction industry.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of this
invention, will be apparent in the following detailed description
of an illustrative embodiment thereof which is to be read in
connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a building being
constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a building module
constructed for use in the building of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1, showing
the concrete slab poured on the ceiling of adjacent modules and
spanning the through passage therebetween;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 3, taken along line
4--4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 1, showing
the construction of a structural column between adjacent modules in
the building;
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a typical module layout, a
portion of which illustrates a typical two bedroom apartment floor
plan in a building constructed in accordance with the present
invention;
FIG. 7A is an enlarged partial perspective view of a corner portion
of the module illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIG. 7B is a partial perspective view, similar to FIG. 7A, of
another embodiment of a building module;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 3, but showing a
structural beam construction in a building in lier of the slab
construction of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 9 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 5, illustrating a
column formed at the intersection between four modules.
Referring to the drawing in detail, and initially to FIG. 1
thereof, it is seen that a building 10, embodying the present
invention, as shown therein, is erected by the placement of a
plurality of individual modules 12 in a predetermined relation with
respect to each other and in a plurality of layers 14, 16, 18,
forming the various stories of a high rise building. The building
is constructed and supported upon a foundation 20 which consists of
a plurality of footings 22 located at predetermined positions in
the ground beneath the building. In the embodiment of the invention
illustrated in FIG. 1, an integral slab 24 is placed across the
entire area of the building on footings 22 in order to support the
first layer 14 of modules 12. However, it is to be understood that
the modules may be supported solely by the footings and by beams
extending between the footings, rather than by being seated on slab
24. Alternatively, slab 24 may be poured in place, directly on the
ground, so that footings 22 may be eliminated. Of course, still
other foundation structures would occur to those skilled in the art
and the specific construction of the foundation itself does not
form any substantial portion of the present invention.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, modules 12,
as seen in FIG. 2, are formed from corrugated metal panels 25 which
are secured together in any convenient manner, as for example by
welding, bolting, riveting or the like (including the use of sheet
metal screws) to form the top or ceiling and side wall portions 26,
28 of the modules. (Panels 25 are preferably formed of steel,
however, it is contemplated that other materials can be used, such
as for example, corrugated fibreboard, gypsum and the like.) For
the side walls, the corrugations of the metal panels extend in a
generally vertical direction, for reasons more fully explained
hereinafter. As shown in detail in FIG. 7, the floor 30 of each
module 12 is formed from a plurality of joists 32, which extend the
width of the module, and a conventional floor surface 34 of wood,
plywood, masonite, tile or the like is secured across the joists 32
and to the side walls 28 of the module to form an integral box type
structure. Alternatively, it is contemplated that the floor of the
moudle may be eliminated or left open so that when the module is
seated on slab 24, the slab itself forms the floor of the
module.
The ends 36, 38 of the module may be opened or closed as desired,
depending upon the particular location of these ends in the
building. For example, as seen in FIG. 1, the exterior end 36 of
each of the modules 12 is open at the front of the building so that
a glass facure wall can be placed across the front of the building
to provide room sized bay windows in the building. Alternatively,
other types of facure walls can be used to fully or partially close
open ends 36. The rear or interior ends 38 of modules 12, may be
closed by an end wall panel of corrugated metal or opened,
depending upon their location in the building. It is contemplated
that the facure wall can be formed in sections at the plant and
secured to the open exterior ends 36 of the modules to close these
ends prior to transportation. By these arrangements, dirt and dust
are prevented from entering the modules during transportation
thereof.
Modules 12 are fabricated at a plant, preferably remote from the
construction site, so that they may be manufactured in an assembly
line process. The interior surfaces of the ceiling and wall panels
26, 28 are finished with conventional gypsum or sheet rock panels,
painted and finished so as to take the form of an occupiable
finished room or rooms. In one embodiment, the modules 12 are
formed in dimensions of 15 by 30 feet, with an interior height of
8', so that a single efficiency apartment, or a pair of rooms, can
be formed within a single module. At the fabrication plant, any
interior non-bearing walls which may be required within a given
module, depending upon its location in the building, will be placed
within the module, finished and painted as required. In addition,
all of the electrical fixtures, wiring and plumbing required for
the particular type of occupancy space to be provided by a given
module are installed in the walls or in the floor 30 between joists
32 so that in the ultimate construction, only the ends thereof need
be connected to the main lines in the building or the lines of
adjacent modules. Accordingly, a substantial amount of the work
normally required at a construction site in completing the
fabrication of interior apartments or the like is avoided, with the
result that labor costs are substantially reduced.
In the embodiment utilizing wood joists 32, a plurality or Neoprene
or rubber strips 40 are secured to the underside of the joists 32
opposite the floor 34 in order to protect the joists from moisture,
and to prevent and absorb vibrations in the building and to isolate
vibrations in the finished building from the modules. In this
manner, the joists rest on the Neoprene strips and are raised
slightly off the surface of the concrete slab 24 when placed in the
completed building.
Walls 28 of modules 12 may be formed, where required, with a
variety of openings therein, such as are illustrated in FIG. 1. For
example, openings 41 which can be completed with windows of
conventional construction, and openings 42 which serve as access
passages or doorways between rooms in adjacent modules.
When a module 12 is completed in this manner at the fabrication
plant, the openings in the ends thereof and the doorways and
windows therein, if any (and the floor if that is left open so that
slab 24 forms the floor) may be covered to protect the interior
surfaces of the module during transportation. The modules are then
shipped in any convenient manner, such as for example, by barge or
truck to the construction site. Where trucks are used to transport
the modules, the modules will normally be formed with only a 14'
width so that it is small enough to fit safely on a truck and move
over most roadways. In either case, the module has sufficient
strength and structural stability, as a result of the use of
corrugated metal panels, to withstand the strains and stresses of
transportation.
Prior to the arrival of the first module, the construction site is
prepared by grading and placing of the foundation 20, described
above. In addition, a central core 44 for elevators, emergency
stairways, garbage disposals and the like may be partially formed
and having a lifting crane 46 mounted therein. The central core 44,
illustrated in FIG. 1, may be formed by a slipform method of
construction, as is well known in the art, at the center of the
building, with appropriate openings 48 therein to provide access
between the central core and each individual module or apartment.
The invention is not limited to the use of buildings having such
central cores, and in fact, it is contemplated that the core itself
can be formed by other conventional construction methods. Moreover,
it is contemplated that core 44 may also be formed with the use of
modules 12, appropriately modified to permit passage of elevators
and stairwells therethrough. All that is required for modification
of the modules is provision of openings in the ceiling 26 and floor
30 to permit passage of these elements. However, for illustrative
purposes, the description of the invention will proceed with
respect to the slipformed central core 44.
When the first group of modules arrive at the construction site,
crane 46 is utilized to lift the modules, as seen in FIG. 1, into
their predetermined positions. Each of the modules will have a
predetermined locating on slab 24, in accordance with a
predetermined floor plan, depending upon how its interior has been
finished. The modules are simply seated on slab 24, which has a
flat finished surface, so that no leveling or adjustment of the
modules is required. The modules are placed on the slab in slightly
spaced relationship, as seen in FIGS. 3 and 5, so as to define
through passages or interstices 50 between the side walls 28 of
adjacent modules.
As adjacent modules are placed on slab 24, vertical form members
52, of rigid form board, such as for example, masonite or plywood,
are placed in position between the vertical corrugations 54 of
adjacent side walls 28. These forms cooperate with the portions of
side walls 28 therebetween in order to provide a complete form 55
for receiving concrete in a flowable condition. The corrugations in
side walls 28 serve as guides for forms 52 and no special
connection of the forms to the corrugations is needed, since, as
seen in the right at FIG. 5, the flowable concrete will apply
sufficient pressure to the forms to bias them outwardly of the
column space 55 and hold it against the adjacent corrugation. Thus,
escape of the concrete from the interior of form 55 is avoided. It
is noted that at predetermined locations between the points of
insertion of form members 52, conventional reinforcing mesh, or
rods 53, may be welded to the exterior surfaces of side walls 28 to
provide the required reinforcement for the columns. If additional
reinforcing is required, because of the height of the building,
this may be placed in the space or form 55 at the site. The
concrete ultimately placed in forms 55, when hardened, forms one
story portions of the structural columns utilized in the completed
building. The columns, of course, are located throughout the
building as required by the size and structural design thereof.
Similarly, horizontal form members 56 are placed in the passages 50
adjacent the top of modules 12, as seen in FIGS. 3 and 4. These
forms members have fingers 58 which extend between the corrugations
in side walls 28 and rest upon supporting rods 60 welded to the
side walls. These forms serve to support the concrete used to form
the beams and/or concrete slabs which provide portions of the
structural framework of the building.
When all of the modules in the first story are in position, the
roofs of the modules form a working platform for subsequent
operations and concrete in a flowable condition is poured into the
forms 55, provided by forms 52 and corrugated side walls 28
therebetween, in order to form the columns or vertical structural
members as described above. As the form spaces 55 become filled,
the concrete is also poured across the top surface of the module
ceilings 26 and into the passages 50, upon forms 56, spanning these
passages. In this manner a flat concrete slab 62 is placed across
the top of the modules and integrally joined to the columns formed
in spaces 50.
By properly adjusting the location of form 56 in the space 50, a
beam 65 can be formed where necessary, integral with the slab 62 to
provide additional structural stability to the building. After the
concrete is completely poured for the slab 62, the top of the slab
is leveled and the wet concrete is permitted to set. Accordingly,
the first portion or story of the structural framework of the
building is thus formed.
It is contemplated that for a building of the size illustrated in
the drawing, the modules for one floor and the required form work
and additional reinforcement if necessary, can be placed in one
work day. On the second work day the concrete columns and slabs can
be poured and leveled. Overnight, the concrete will harden
sufficiently for another layer of modules to be placed thereon.
After the concrete has hardened sufficiently, usually the next day,
as mentioned above, the next layer 16 of modules 12 can be placed
thereon. The process for placing these modules is the same as for
placing the first layer of modules, since slab 62 is level and the
modules need merely be placed thereon in spaced relation to each
other in accordance with the predetermined pattern. As the modules
are placed in position, the required form work is inserted between
the corrugations of the side walls in order to provide the forms
for the columns, slabs and beams as described above. This procedure
is repeated for each story of the building, until the required
number of stories thereof are completed.
It is noted that the passages 50 between side walls 28 provide an
air space which forms an insulation between adjacent modules, and
which also forms a chase in which the mechanical components of the
building may be placed. For example, the main sewer and waterlines
can be placed in these chases without requiring space being used
from the interior of the rooms. The plumbing facilities already
placed in the modules need merely be connected to these main
plumbing facilities. Similarly, the main electrical circuits can be
placed in passages 50 as the building is erected, with the
electrical circuits already in each module being connected to the
main as the modules are seated on the previously formed slab.
It is thus seen that a relatively simple and inexpensive process
for erecting a building is provided in which a substantial portion
of the building is complete prior to erection at the site. During
the erection process, the building modules themselves which are
lightweight for transportation and relatively inexpensive, form a
substantial portion of the form work required for pouring of the
concrete columns, slabs and beams of the building, thereby
eliminating further additional materials normally required with
conventional construction process and substantially reducing the
amount of labor and time required for erection of the building.
The arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 provides a sufficient
fire rating to satisfy most urban codes. That construction provdes
one layer of gypsum 64 for ceiling 26, a metal panel 25 forming the
corrugated ceiling, the concrete slab 62 poured thereover, and the
air space formed by joists 32 beneath floor 34 above. This type of
construction has been approved by fire rating boards and is
achieved by the construction of the present invention without the
requirement for any special construction procedures. This is in
addition to the advantages of the arrangement as already
described.
Referring now to FIG. 6 of the drawing, a typical floor plan for a
three bedroom apartment is illustrated in plan view of a building
constructed in a manner similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1 but
having only 16 modules in each layer. The core section 40 provides
the area for location of the elevators 67, emergency stairway 66,
and also provides a central corridor 68 from which access is
provided, through openings 48, to the modules placed in the
building.
The three bedroom apartment illustrated in FIG. 6 consists of three
modules 69, 70 and 72. Module 69 is open at its exterior end 36, as
manufactured in the fabricating plant, with a facure wall 74
closing the front end thereof and providing a large window
therefor. The inner wall 38 is formed from a corrugated metal panel
78, but has openings 76 and 78 therein which provide access to the
module 69, from corridor 68, through the opening 48 in the central
core 40.
Modules 69, being approximately 15 feet wide by 30 feet long,
provides more than adequate room for the living room and dining
facilities of the apartment. Access to adjacent module 70, which
forms one of the bedrooms of the apartment, is through the openings
42 (FIGS. 1 and 6) formed in side walls 28 of both modules 69 and
70. Each of the interior non-bearing walls 89 illustrated in module
70, which provide for the toilet and closte facilities, along with
the doors therefore, have already been placed in the module at the
prefabrication plant. Thus, once the module is in place next to
module 69, the apartment is substantially ready for occupancy.
Similarly, module 72 provides an additional two bedrooms for the
apartment and access thereto is from module 70 through the openings
42 in the walls 28 of those modules. Once modules 70, 72 are in
place, adjacent module 69, the electrical and plumbing facilities
connected, and the structural framework of the building completed,
the apartment is substantially completely ready for occupancy. The
only remaining work required is the provision of the facure wall 74
and the finishing of the edges at the openings 42 of walls 28,
unless the facure has been previously applied at the plant.
In another embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in
FIGS. 7B and 8, a module 90 is provided which is of substantially
the same construction as module 12, illustrated in FIG. 2, with the
exception that in lieu of the wooden floor 34 provided by joists 32
in module 12, the floor 92 of module 90 is formed by a corrugated
metal panel 94 to which a finished wooden floor is applied on the
interior surface thereof. The depth of the corrugations of floor
panel 94 are approximately twice the depth of the corrugations of
the side walls 28 and ceiling 26 of the building since, these
corrugations serve to carry the weight of the peopel and objects in
the room and will act as beams in the completed structure.
This arrangement may be utilized in lieu of the above-described box
arrangement or in construction of a building in which the slab 62
is not utilized. That is, with this type of module, a simple beam
and column building construction is permitted.
For this type of building construction, illustrated in FIG. 8,
which is a view similar to FIG. 4, the lower modules 90' are
provided at their corners 96 with irregularly shaped form members
98 integrally secured thereto. These forms may be secured to the
module at the fabrication plant or at the site as desired and may
be made of metal or the like. Forms 98 cooperate with side walls 28
of module 90' and with the horizontal form 56 placed between side
walls 28 of modules 90', so as to form a completed form for a
concrete structural beam. The beam is poured with the columns in
the manner described above for the arrangement of FIG. 3, in lieu
of slab 62. The beam spans the space between adjacent columns and
acts to support the building and provide additional lateral
stability thereto.
The bottom of the modules, in this embodiment, have angle members
100 secured at their corners and extending along the length thereof
as seen in FIG. 8. These angular members form a bearing surface
which can be seated upon the beam 101 formed with form 98. In one
embodiment, spaces 102 can be positioned on forms 98 to support and
slightly space modules 90 on beam 101.
Angle members 100 may be secured to the modules 90 by welding them
to side walls 28 to corrugations 103, although that is not
required. In fact, it is contemplated that the angle members and
the form may be formed of other materials and need not be metal, as
it need not be utilized to support the upper modules in the
completed building. It is also contemplated that floor 94 of
modules 90 can be provided with leveling legs, of the screw thread
type, as is well known in leveling arts, so that modules 90 may be
supported on and leveled with respect to modules 90.
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a cross-shaped column at a point in
the building in which four modules 12 meet. While this arrangement
does not occur in the building illustrated in FIG. 1, it would
occur, for example, at point 110 (FIG. 6) if the central core were
formed as a module construction rather than a slipform core. The
method of forming the column in FIG. 9 is substantially the same as
shown in FIG. 5. Vertically extending forms or panels 52 are
inserted between the corrugations and side walls 28 to cooperate
therewith and provide the form 55 for the cross shaped column. In
addition, the structural reinforcing 53 is welded to the base of
the corrugations in walls 28 to form the reinforcing for the
column. This welding is preferably done at the fabricating plant so
that additional labor is not required at the site. In addition, it
is noted that the reinforcing bars 53 in both the construction of
the columns in FIG. 5 and FIG. 8 may extend above the top surface
of the modules in order to provide a good joint between adjacent
stories of each column. However, the continuity between column
sections can be provided in other ways, preferably by inserting
metal rods or dowels into the top of the concrete while it is still
wet.
In the arrangement of FIG. 9 adjustment blocks 57 are illustrated
for use with form panels 52. These blocks may be provided as part
of forms 52, in order to assure accurate length dimensions in the
columns and accurate spacing between opposed forms 52; however,
these spacing blocks are not essential since the flowable concrete
will hold the forms 52 against the corrugations 54 as described
above.
Accordingly, it is seen that a relatively simple and inexpensive
building construction is provided in which a substantial portion of
the work is completed prior to erection of the building at the site
and a substantial portion of the labor and materials normally
required at construction sites is eliminated. Most importantly, the
method and building of the present invention eliminates the need
for form falsework in the erection of a structural concrete
building and substantially reduces the requirement for concrete
formwork in the construction of the building. This, of course,
represents a substantial cost savings. Moreover, when the building
is completed it is conventional in the sense that it has a
reinforced concrete structural framework of generally conventional
characteristics and the interior or occupancy spaces are
conventionally finished with gypsum ceilings and walls and with
conventional wooden floors.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have
been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings,
it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those
precise embodiments and that various changes and modifications may
be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing
from the scope or spirit of this invention.
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