U.S. patent number 3,750,961 [Application Number 05/163,435] was granted by the patent office on 1973-08-07 for very high velocity fluid jet nozzles and methods of making same.
Invention is credited to Norman C. Franz.
United States Patent |
3,750,961 |
Franz |
August 7, 1973 |
VERY HIGH VELOCITY FLUID JET NOZZLES AND METHODS OF MAKING SAME
Abstract
A very high velocity fluid jet nozzle comprised of a heavy
walled vitreous body defining a jet orifice circular in cross
section and substantially greater in length than the cross
sectional diameter thereof, the orifice being defined by a smooth
surface blending into an entry chamber defined by the vitreous
body, the nozzle being made by a process including the steps of
pressurizing the bore of a heavy walled vitreous capillary tube,
softening a portion of the tube so as to form a chamber therein,
and severing the tube at the chamber and at points spaced from the
chamber.
Inventors: |
Franz; Norman C. (Vancouver,
British Columbia, CA) |
Family
ID: |
22589992 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/163,435 |
Filed: |
July 16, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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875726 |
Nov 12, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
239/600;
239/596 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24C
5/04 (20130101); B05B 1/10 (20130101); B05B
1/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B24C
5/00 (20060101); B24C 5/04 (20060101); B05B
1/00 (20060101); B05B 1/02 (20060101); B05B
1/10 (20060101); B05b 001/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/589,590,591,596,600,601 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Love; John J.
Parent Case Text
This application is a Continuation of Application Ser. No. 875,726
filed Nov. 12, 1969, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a nozzle assembly, the combination including a holding
element defining a bore and a reduced diameter outlet passageway
communicating with said bore, a nozzle disposed in said bore, said
nozzle including a heavy walled body formed of vitreous material
and defining an elongate capillary orifice circular in cross
section and substantially greater in length than the corss
sectional diameter thereof, said orifice being defined by a smooth
surface and at an end blending into an enlarged entry chamber
communicating with said bore at one end of said nozzle body, said
orifice being throughout its length of lesser cross sectional
diameter than said chamber and the end of said orifice remote from
said chamber terminating at the other end of said body in a sharp
edged exit and communicating with said outlet passageway, a tubular
retaining member disposed in said bore end encompassing said nozzle
body, and an annular sealing member surrounding said outlet
passageway and bearing against said other end of said nozzle body,
said nozzle body being free of rigid connection to said holding
element to be maintained in seating relationship with said annular
sealing member by fluid pressure applied at said one end of said
nozzle body. said one end of said nozzle body.
2. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said sealing
member bears against said holder.
3. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said retaining
member is formed of a semi-rigid material.
4. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said retaining
member is formed of vinyl material.
5. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said nozzle
body has an annular shoulder adjacent said sharp edged exit.
6. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said body is
formed of glass.
7. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said sealing
member bears against said holder, said nozzle body has an annular
shoulder against said sharp edged exit, and said retaining member
is formed of semi-rigid material.
8. The combination as set forth in claim 7, wherein said retaining
member is formed of vinyl material.
9. The combination as set forth in claim 7, wherein said body is
formed of glass.
10. The combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein said nozzle
body is not rigidly affixed to said holder.
11. In a nozzle assembly, the combination including a holding
element defining a bore and a reduced diameter outlet passageway
communicating with said bore, a nozzle disposed in said bore, said
nozzle including a heavy walled body formed of vitreous material
and defining a elongate capillary orifice circular in cross section
and substantially greater in length than the cross sectional
diameter thereof, said orifice being defined by a smooth surface
and blending into an enlarged entry chamber communicating with said
bore at one end of said nozzle body, the end of said orifice remote
from said chamber terminating at the other end of said body in a
sharp edged exit and communicating with said outlet passageway, a
tubular retaining member disposed in said bore and encompassing
said nozzle body and an annular sealing member surrounding said
outlet passageway and bearing against said other end of said nozzle
body, said nozzle body being free of rigid connection to said
holding element to be maintained in seating relationship with said
annular sealing member by fluid pressure applied at said one end of
said nozzle body.
12. In a nozzle assembly, the combination including a holding
element defining a bore and an outlet passageway communicating with
said bore, a nozzle disposed in said bore and comprising a nozzle
body provided with nozzle passage means, said nozzle passage means
being adapted to receive fluid at one end of said nozzle body and
communicating with said outlet passageway at another end of said
nozzle body, a tubular retaining member disposed in said bore and
encompassing said nozzle body, and an annular sealing member
surrounding said outlet passageway and bearing against said another
end of said nozzle body, said nozzle body being free of rigid
connection to said holding element to be maintained in seating
relationship with said annular sealing member by fluid pressure
applied at said one end of said nozzle body.
13. The combination as set forth in claim 12, wherein said nozzle
is in closely fitting relationship with said tubular retaining
member, and said tubular retaining member is free of rigid
connection to said holding element.
14. The combination as set forth in claim 12, wherein said ends of
said nozzle body are opposite ends thereof, said outlet passageway
is of smaller transverse dimensions than said bore, and said nozzle
passage means terminates at said other end of said body in a sharp
edged exit.
15. The combination as set forth in claim 14, wherein said nozzle
is in closely fitting relationship with said tubular retaining
member, and said tubular retaining member is free of rigid
connection to said holding element.
Description
This invention relates to fluid jet nozzles and methods of making
the same and, more particularly, to improved high velocity fluid
jet nozzles and improved methods of making the same.
Heretofore, various methods and apparatus have been proposed for
cutting, piercing, separating or otherwise penetrating various
materials such as precipitation-hardening stainless steels,
titanium and titanium alloys, high strength alloy steels, wood,
cardboard and various other materials by means of a supersonic jet
of liquid initially pressurized to thousands of atmospheres of
pressure and subsequently discharged through a nozzle at supersonic
velocities. Representative methods and apparatus are disclosed, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,985,050 and 3,212,378 and in the
applicant's co-pending application, Ser. No. 733,495, filed May 31,
1968, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,367. In apparatus of the indicated
character, difficulties have been encountered in obtaining
satisfactory nozzles capable of forming coherent high velocity
fluid jets. For example, heretofore, small nozzles adapted to be
used at relatively low pressures have been machined from such
materials as sapphire to obtain orifice jewels which have been
utilized in spray guns, and small glass nozzles have been drawn for
low pressure applications such as are encountered in
electro-chemical machining. Nozzles for use with driving pressures
in excess of ten thousand pounds per square inch have also been
proposed, these last mentioned prior nozzles having been machined
from metal alloys and sintered materials. However, the
aforementioned nozzles have been unsatisfactory when efforts have
been made to utilize such nozzles for forming coherent very high
velocity fluid jets by initially pressurizing a working liquid to
thousands of atmospheres of pressure and discharging the
pressurized fluid through the nozzle. Experimentation has shown
that nozzles for obtaining coherent high velocity jets should have
a throat length that is much greater than the orifice diameter and
that the nozzle orifice should have a large smoothly blended entry
into the throat portion, a perfectly circular transverse cross
section, a very smooth surface finish and a sharp edged exit.
Optimization of the aforementioned characteristics becomes
increasingly critical as driving pressures increase and/or orifice
diameters decrease. Prior nozzles formed by the removal of
material, as for example, those formed from sapphires, metal and
sintered materials are extremely difficult and expensive to
fabricate into the required configurations. On the other hand,
while good configurations have been obtained with prior drawn
nozzles, as for example, those formed from glass, such prior drawn
nozzles tend to shatter under high driving pressures, have a very
short useful life, and are difficult to mount in suitable
holders.
An object of the present invention is to overcome the
aforementioned as well as other disadvantages in prior nozzles of
the indicated character and to provide improved fluid jet nozzles
and methods of making the same which enable the development of very
high velocity jets of fluid displaying great coherence upon exit
from the nozzle orifice.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved high
velocity fluid jet nozzles and improved holders therefor which are
economical to manufacture and assemble, durable, efficient and
reliable in operation.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved high
velocity fluid jet nozzles and nozzle assemblies for use in
producing high velocity fluid jets by the employment of driving
pressures in excess of 70,000 pounds per square inch.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved high
velocity fluid jet nozzles which may be easily and inexpensively
fabricated and which may be utilized to generate fluid jets of
excellent quality exhibiting good coherence at high velocities.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method of
making nozzles having orifices as small as 0.002 inches in diameter
and operable at driving pressures of 70,000 pounds per square inch
or greater to provide high velocity fluid jets for use in cutting,
piercing, separating or otherwise penetrating various
materials.
The above as well as other objects and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from the following descripti0n, the
appended claims and the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross sectional view of a high velocity fluid
jet nozzle embodying the present invention, showing the same
installed in a nozzle assembly embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal view, with portions broken away,
illustrating one step in the method of making the nozzle
illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal view illustrating another step in the
method of making the nozzle illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the nozzle illustrated in FIG. 1
showing the same removed from the nozzle assembly;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of another embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of apparatus which may be employed in
practicing the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 6,
showing the same during another step in a method employing the
present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of still another embodiment of the
invention.
Referring to the drawings, one embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIG. 1 thereof and is comprised of a nozzle
assembly, generally designated 10, which is particularly adapted
for use in producing very high velocity fluid jets and may be used,
for example, in apparatus of the types disclosed in the
aforementioned United States Letters Patent and in practicing the
methods disclosed in the aforementioned co-pending application of
the applicant, although it will be understood that the present
invention is applicable to other uses.
As shown in FIG. 1, the nozzle assembly 10 is comprised of a high
pressure tubular member 12 which may be formed of steel or other
suitable material having sufficient strength to withstand the high
fluid pressures exerted thereon. The tubular member 12 defines an
inlet passageway 14 which may be connected to a suitable source of
pressure (not shown). The periphery of the end portion of the
tubular member 12 is provided with a frusto-conical surface 16
adapted to mate with a complementary tapered surface 18 provided in
a bore 20 defined by a nozzle holder 22. The tapered surfaces 16
and 18 provide a fluid tight connection between the tubular member
12 and the holder 22 and at the same time permit assembly and
disassembly of the tubular member 12 and the holder 22. It will be
understood that other means may be utilized to connect the tubular
member 12 to the holder 22, as for example, the connecting means
disclosed in the applicant's co-pending application entitled "Means
for Sealing Fittings and Nozzle Assemblies at Extremely High Fluid
Pressures".
The nozzle holder 22 is also preferably made of steel or other
suitable material having sufficient strength to withstand the
pressures exerted thereon and defines a reduced diameter outlet
passageway 24 the inner end of which communicates with the bore 20
and the outer end of which communicates with a flared outlet
26.
A tubular retaining member 28 is provided which is positioned
within the bore 20, the retaining member preferably being formed of
vinyl or other semi-rigid material. As shown in FIG. 1, the nozzle
assembly 10 also includes a precision nozzle 30 which may be formed
from heavy wall glass capillary tubing of close dimensional
tolerances such as round bore thermometer tubing and marine
barometer tubing. It will be understood that the nozzle 30 may be
formed of other vitreous materials such as quartz or alumina. The
body of the nozzle 30 is preferably circular in transverse cross
section and defines an entry chamber 32 communicating with an
elongate throat 34, the length of the throat 34 being substantially
greater than the diameter of the throat and having a smoothly
blended entry with the chamber 32. The chamber 32 and throat 34 are
preferably circular in transverse cross section and have a very
smooth surface finish. The diameter of the throat 34 may be as
small as 0.002 inches but is shown enlarged in the drawings for
purposes of clarity. The exit end 36 of the throat 34 terminates in
a sharp edged exit 38 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, while the chamber
32 is coaxially aligned with the bore 14 of the tubular member 12
and communicates with the bore 20 of the holder 22. The nozzle 30
is positioned within the bore 40 of the tubular retaining member 28
in closely fitting relationship therewith, but as shown in FIG. 1,
the nozzle 30 and retaining member 28 are not either directly or
indirectly threadedly or otherwise rigidly affixed to the nozzle
holder 22.
In this embodiment of the invention the end 42 of the nozzle 30 and
the end 44 of the retaining member 28 are firmly seated on one side
of a ring shaped gasket 46 capable of deforming to effect a fluid
tight seal under pressure without extruding. The left side of the
gasket 46, as viewed in FIG. 1, bears against the shoulder 48 on
the holder 22 defining the end of the bore 20. The gasket 46 may be
formed of cellulose acetate composite or other suitable material
having the desired characteristics. With such a construction, under
fluid pressure, the nozzle 30 seats itself and seals in the zone of
the gasket 46 due to area differential principles.
In operation, fluid such as water initially pressurized to
thousands of atmospheres of pressure, for example, 70,000 pounds
per square inch, flows through the inlet passageway 14 of the
tubular member 12 and into the bore 20 defined by the holder 22.
The highly pressurized fluid enters the chamber 32 of the nozzle 30
and issues from the throat 34 in the form of a coherent high
velocity fluid jet traveling at supersonic velocity. The nozzle 30
is throughout this operation held seated on the gasket 46 by the
highly pressurized fluid supplied against the rearward or right
hand (as viewed in FIG. 1) end of the nozzle 30; and, as during the
operation the nozzle 30 is virtually surrounded by the fluid
pressure, the internal forces and stresses remain low thereby
preventing shattering of the glass nozzle when it is subjected to
the extremely high fluid pressures.
The present invention also contemplates an improved method of
making the nozzle 30 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4. In accordance
with the present invention a length of heavy wall glass capillary
tubing 50 of close dimensional tolerances, such as round bore
thermometer tubing or marine barometer tubing, is closed at one end
with a suitable plug 52, as illustrated in FIG. 2, and slight air
pressure is applied through the bore 54 of a tube 56 to the other
end of the bore 58 of the capillary tubing 50. Careful heating of a
short portion of the tubing 50 softens the vitreous material
permitting a spindle shaped bubble to form which may be drawn out
as shown in FIG. 3 to form the chamber 60 while maintaining
approximately the original outside diameter of the tubing.
Separation of the tubing at the bubble chamber 60 and at
undisturbed adjacent points of the tubing yields the nozzles 30 and
130 as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The shape of the nozzle 30
illustrated in FIG. 4 results when the tubing is cut completely
through while the shape of the nozzle 130 shown in FIG. 5
displaying a short projection 62 results when the exit end of the
nozzle is cut to form a circumferential groove after which the
small core of vitreous material is fractured. The embodiment of the
invention illustrated in FIG. 5 has the advantage of producing an
ample flat surface or shoulder 64 for subsequent sealing while
producing a clean sharp edged exit 138 from the throat 134 of the
nozzle 130.
Another method of making high velocity fluid jet nozzles is
illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 wherein the heavey wall capillary
tubing 50 is inserted into a forming die 70 defining a flared bore
72 of the desired configuration. The bore 58 of the capillary
tubing 50 is then plugged and pressurized in the manner previously
described and the portion of the capillary tubing within the
forming die 70 is heated. The pressurized and heated capillary
tubing is then expanded to fill the bore of the die 70 as
illustrated in FIG. 7 to form the nozzle 230. Such method provides
control of the bore contour and allows the diameter of the throad
234 to be enlarged a predetermined amount by providing clearance 74
between the outside diameter of the tubing and the forming die 70
prior to expansion.
The method described in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7 may also be
used to produce expansion nozzles 330 of the type illustrated in
FIG. 8. Such nozzles have an entry chamber 332 smoothly blending
with a minimum diameter throat portion 334, the throat portion 334
in turn smoothly blending with a diverging expansion portion 336
and may be produced by heating a pressurized thick walled capillary
tubing in a forming die having the desired configuration.
While nozzles of the types illustrated in FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8
may be formed from commercially available glass capillary tubing,
it will be understood that such nozzles may be formed of other
materials such as quartz or alumina.
Fluid jets developed by nozzles embodying the present invention and
made in accordance with the above described methods display great
coherence upon exit from the nozzle orifice capable of effectively
piercing, cutting, separating or otherwise penetrating materials of
the type hereinbefore described. It has also been found that
nozzles embodying the present invention and made in accordance with
the above described methods are capable of withstanding driving
pressures in excess of seventy thousand pounds per square inch
without shattering when assembled in nozzle assemblies as
hereinbefore described.
While preferred embodiments of the invention and methods of making
the same have been illustrated and described, it will be understood
that varoius changes and modifications may be made without
departing from the spirit of the invention.
* * * * *