U.S. patent number 3,749,977 [Application Number 05/102,354] was granted by the patent office on 1973-07-31 for electroluminescent device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Scanning Devices, Inc.. Invention is credited to Lawrence S. Sliker.
United States Patent |
3,749,977 |
Sliker |
July 31, 1973 |
ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE
Abstract
An electroluminescent panel or sheeting requiring minimum power
for acceptable brightness and including luminescent phosphors
imbedded in a dielectric medium between a pair of electrodes
connected to an AC source, the medium being selected to have low
electrical loss as determined by the ratio of its dissipation
factor to its dielectric constant at the operation frequency of the
source. The panel is connected with an inductor in a resonant
circuit with the frequency of the AC source being adjusted to the
resonant frequency of the circuit.
Inventors: |
Sliker; Lawrence S. (Welland,
Fort Erie, CA) |
Assignee: |
International Scanning Devices,
Inc. (Fort Erie, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
22289411 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/102,354 |
Filed: |
December 29, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/276; 345/76;
315/169.1; 315/DIG.7; 315/169.3; 315/283 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
33/08 (20130101); H05B 33/20 (20130101); H05B
33/22 (20130101); Y10S 315/07 (20130101); Y02B
20/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
33/12 (20060101); H05B 33/20 (20060101); H05B
33/08 (20060101); H05B 33/22 (20060101); H05B
33/02 (20060101); H01j 001/64 (); H05b
043/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/276,169,169TV,258,283 ;313/108 ;324/78Q |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
von Hippel, "Dielectric Materials and Applications" MIT Press,
Cambridge, Mass. 1961 QC 585 V.6, page 332. .
Von Hippel, Dieletric Materials and Applications, MIT Press,
Cambridge Cambridge, Mass. 1961, QC 585 V.6, Title Page & pp.
327-328, 335-336, 348-350..
|
Primary Examiner: Rolinec; Rudolph V.
Assistant Examiner: Nussbaum; Marvin
Claims
1. In combination, an electroluminescent panel comprising
electroluminescent material including a dielectric medium between a
pair of spaced electrodes, said dielectric medium having low
electrical loss as determined by a ratio of its dissipation factor
to its dielectric constant not in excess of 0.003 and including
material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene,
polytetrofluroethylene, polypropylene, polysulfone, polyester and
epoxy, said panel being connected with an inductor in a resonant
circuit, and an alternating current source connected in driving
relationship to said resonant circuit and operating at the resonant
frequency of said circuit.
2. In combination, an electroluminescent panel comprising
electroluminescent material including a dielectric medium between a
pair of spaced electrodes, said dielectric medium having low
electrical loss as determined by a ratio of its dissipation factor
to its dielectric constant not in excess of 0.003 and being
selected from the group consisting of polystyrene,
polytetrofluroethylene, polypropylene, polysulfone, polyester and
epoxy, said panel being connected with an inductor in a resonant
circuit, and an alternating current source connected in driving
relationship to said resonant circuit and operating at the resonant
frequency of said circuit.
3. The electroluminescent sheeting of claim 2 wherein said
dielectric medium comprises flexible film and a resin applied to
said film, said film having a D/K ratio not in excess of 0.0016 and
selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polypropylene,
polytetrofluroethylene, and polyester and said resin having a D/K
ratio not in excess of 0.003 and selected from the group consisting
of epoxy, polystyrene, and polyester resin.
Description
This invention relates to electroluminescent devices.
Electroluminescent devices basically comprise luminescent phosphors
suspended in a dielectric medium sandwiched between a pair of
electrodes which are connected to a source of alternating current.
Electroluminescent devices for use as large area panels or signs,
for example, have not enjoyed widespread use for a variety of
reasons, a principal one being that in order to achieve an
acceptable level of brightness a large amount of power is required.
Even if the power cost were not a significant factor, the large
amount of power produces excessive heat with consequent rapid
degradation of the components of the panels so that their useful
life is shortened to such an extent that they are economically
unacceptable for commercial use except as low-power,
low-light-intensity units for such use as night lights and the
like.
The power requirements for an electroluminescent panel can be
reduced by treating the panel as a capacitor and connecting it with
a properly matched inductor in a resonant circuit with the source
being adjusted to the resonant frequency of the circuit. This
arrangement eliminates the reactive load on the source due to the
capacitance of the electroluminescent panel and thus lowers the
power requirement.
The use of an electroluminescent panel as part of a resonant
circuit has been resorted to by the prior art but heretofore the
art has not realized that unexpectedly superior results can be
achieved through a careful selection of the dielectric medium
supporting the luminescent phosphors in the electroluminescent
panel. For example, the prior art has relied on dielectric
suspension media having high dielectric constants such as
cyanoethylated resins apparently because such substances require
less power than low dielectric constant materials when the panel is
directly connected to an AC source in a conventional circuit.
Materials having low dielectric constants have been generally
shunned because of the relatively much higher power requirement
when used in a conventional circuit.
I have discovered that previously discarded dielectric media which
may have low dielectric constants produce results superior to the
media usually employed heretofore provided also that the
dissipation factor of a medium is of a magnitude such that the
ratio of the dissipation factor (D) to the dielectric constant (K)
of the medium does not exceed a predetermined low value. When the
D/K factor is low, the electrical loss due to the pure resistance
of the dielectric medium is also low so that when an
electroluminescent panel utilizing such a medium is connected in a
resonant circuit operating at resonance, not only is the capacitive
reactance of the panel cancelled out but because of the low
electrical loss of the medium, the panel requires less power to
produce an acceptable level of brightness than has heretofore been
achieved by panels of the prior art.
Thus the object of the invention is to provide an
electroluminescent panel or sheeting and driving means therefore
which operate at a high level of efficiency to provide acceptable
light levels with minimum power requirements and consequent longer
life than has been possible heretofore.
Referring now to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged broken vertical cross sectional view of an
electroluminescent panel which may incorporate the features of the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an oscillator which may be utilized
to drive the panel of FIG. 1 connected in a series resonant
circuit;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a modified oscillator drive means
for the panel of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the power requirements for
operating at various frequencies electroluminescent panels
utilizing different selected dielectric media.
Referring now to the drawings and particularly to FIG. 1, the
numeral 10 designates a typical electroluminescent sheeting or
panel comprising an integral substrate 12 which may be a flexible
film. For purposes of the invention, the film is selected to have
the electrical loss characteristics on the order of that inherent
in polystyrene or polypropylene film. Applied to one side of the
film 12 is a dielectric medium 14 having characteristics in
accordance with the present invention as will be further described
hereinafter. Imbedded in the dielectric medium 14 are luminescent
phosphor crystallites 16 which preferably have their electrical
axes parallel to each other and generally perpendicular to the
outer or light emitting surface of the sheeting or panel. Applied
to the upper surface of the dielectric material and to the lower
surface of the substrate 12 are respective electrodes 17, 18, at
least one of which is of light transmitting material as, for
example, a transparent thin film. Connected to the electrode layers
17, 18 are respective conductors 20, 22 leading to a source of
alternating current 24 and connected in series between the source
24 and the electrodes is an inductor 26.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the electroluminescent panel 10 is
depicted as comprising a capacitor 28 in series with a resistance
30 which is the normal resistive load or electrical loss of the
dielectric medium. A second parallel capacitor and resistance 32,
34, representing the capacitive reactance and resistance of the
luminescent phosphor materials is shown connected to the resistance
30 and connected in series with the foregoing components is the
inductor 26 already mentioned in connection with FIG. 1.
The panel 10 may be operated by an oscillator circuit including
three transistors 36, 38 and 41. The transistors 36 and 38 form a
part of the series output circuit and require phase inversion which
is provided by a driver transformer 40 having split secondary
windings 42, 44. The transistor 38 operates as an emitter follower
and provides gain of somewhat less than unity while the transistor
36 is connected in common emitter configuration and provides
substantial voltage gain. In the load part of the circuit, the
inductor 26 is connected in series with the panel 10 and cancels
the reactive part of the load. A feed back winding 46 is employed
with the inductor 26 to maintain the circuit at resonance at all
times and to sustain self-oscillation.
In lieu of the series arrangement of FIG. 2 a parallel arrangement
as shown in FIG. 3 may be employed. The oscillator of FIG. 3 is a
self-tuned amplifier arranged to provide an exciting voltage
between the base and emitter of the transistor 48 that is
approximately 180.degree. out of phase with respect to the
alternating voltage developed between the collector and emitter of
the transistor. The phase relation counteracts the phase reversal
produced by the amplifying operation and enables the exciting
voltage to have the polarity required to generate the amplifier
output. The frequency of oscillation is set so that the reactive
load due to the capacitance of the panel 10 is cancelled, or if
desired the panel can be operated at a predetermined frequency by
employing extra capacitance or inductance in series or parallel as
the case may be with the load. As with FIG. 2, a feedback winding
46 is provided to sustain oscillation.
Using known functions, it can be shown that the electrical loss in
a dielectric material is R.sub.d = 9 Dd/ 5 fkA .times. 10.sup.10
ohms,
where:
D = dissipation factor of the dielectric media;
d = thickness of the dielectric media in meters;
f = the operating frequency in Hertz;
K = dielectric constant of the media;
A = useful area in square meters.
Where the physical dimensions of the panel and the frequency of the
electric drive means are constant, the electrical loss is
proportional to the factor D/K. In accordance with the invention,
with the D/K factor of the dielectric medium as small as possible
when an electroluminescent panel employing such a medium is
connected in a resonant circuit operating at resonance,
surprisingly low power is required to operate the panel at an
acceptable degree of brightness despite the fact that the
dielectric medium may have a lower dielectric constant than had
heretofore been considered feasible. In accordance with the
invention, the dielectric constant is not the controlling factor
but rather the ratio of the dissipation factor of the medium to its
dielectric constant which ratio I have determined should not exceed
0.003 at the operating frequency of the source.
Dissipation factors and the dielectric constants are known or
ascertainable for substantially all dielectric materials and
provided the dissipation factor is sufficiently low with respect to
the dielectric constant that a maximum D/K value of 0.003 at the
operating frequency is not exceeded, any dielectric material may be
used so long as it also possesses other necessary characteristics
suiting it to use as a component of electroluminescent sheeting.
Some of these characteristics are cohesiveness and adhesiveness,
low moisture absorption, workability, curability and light
transmitting and abosrbing qualities. Dielectric materials having
these qualifications are: polystyrene resins,
polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and polysulfones.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated there the plots of
volt ampere power requirements to product 50 foot-Lamberts of
brightness at the indicated frequencies for panels of identical
dimensions but using different dielectrics. The graph designated by
the numeral 50 illustrates the power requirements for a panel
employing a high dielectric constant material composed of a
cyanothylated resin having a D/K ratio of 0.0043 and supporting a
copper activated chlorine co-activated, green emitting
electroluminescent phosphor. The dielectric media and the phosphor
particles were mixed and coated to a thickness of 35 microns on a
conductive substrate serving as one electrode. The panel is 0.1
square meter and after the application of a second electrode the
panel had a capacitance of 0.32 microfarads. The essentially
straight line of the graph 50 was obtained with the panel directly
connected to an alternating current source and shows that about 723
volt amps are required to produce a light output of 50
foot-Lamberts at 1,000 Hertz. Cyanoethylated resin has a high
dielectric constant and the power requirements of 723 volt amps at
1,000 Hertz is substantially less than the power requirements shown
by graph 52 for similarly connected and constructed panel employing
a low dielectric constant medium composed of polystyrene resin. As
can be seen, the polystyrene resin requires 3,200 volt amps at
1,000 Hertz to produce the same light intensity as was produced by
723 volt amps for the cyanoethylated resin and this clearly
demonstrates why the prior art selected the latter in preference to
the former.
In addition to a low dielectric constant, polystyrene resin also
has a low dissipation factor with a ratio of D/K equal to 0.00013
as compared to 0.0043 for the cyanoethylated material. Thus when
the same panel employing polystyrene resin as the dielectric medium
was placed in a resonant circuit with the parameters of the
circuit, including an inductor of 365 millihenries, being selected
to produce resonance at 1,000 Hertz there is, as indicated by the
graph 54, a marked and dramatic drop in the power requirements to
42.7 volt amps to produce the same 50 foot-Lamberts of light output
as was produced by 3,200 volt amps for the directly connected
panel.
Though connecting a panel using cyanoethylated material in a
resonant circuit would also lower the power requirements,
experiments have shown that this would at best lower the power to
between 70 and 80 volt amps which is not as great an improvement as
achieved by the polystyrene resin with its significantly lower D/K
factor.
In another experiment, an epoxy resin having a D/K factor equal to
0.0025 was used as a suspension medium for phosphor particles. The
resin was coated to a dry thickness of 25 microns on a polyester
film having a thickness of 12 microns and a D/K factor of 0.0016.
The panel had an area of 0.1 sq. meter and when electroded on both
sides had a capacitance of 0.087 micro farads. It was found that in
a direct connection with an AC source, 2,650 volt amps were
required at 1,000 Hertz to produce a light output of 50
foot-Lamberts whereas when the same panel was connected in a
resonant circuit with an inductance equal to 292 millihenries, 58.7
volt amps were required to produce the same foot-Lamberts of light
intensity.
When materials were used having better D/K factors than those used
in the example immediately above, the results were markedly
improved. For example, a polystyrene resin having a D/K factor
equal to 0.00013 was used in place of the epoxy on a polypropylene
film having a D/K factor equal to 0.00014. All dimensions and other
materials were the same and when this panel was electroded it had a
capacitance equal to 0.06 microfarads. When used in a direct
circuit 3,830 volt amps were required to produce a light output of
50 foot-Lamberts but when an inductor equal to 420 millihenries was
added to the circuit only 43.8 volt amps were required to produce
the same light output.
As a final example illustrating again the significance of the low
D/K factor, when a 2-micron-thick electroluminescent layer was
evaporated directly on a 6-micron-thick polypropylene film having
an area of 0.1 sq. meter, the panel thus produced had a capacitance
of 0.28 microfarads and required 820 volt amps to produce 50
foot-Lamberts of light output at 1,000 Hertz. When a 90 millihenry
inductor was added to the circuit, the volt amp requirement for the
same light output dropped to 12.7.
Though one specific electroluminescent panel has been shown and
described, it should be understood that the invention is not
limited to this type of panel but may be used with the same results
with panels or sheeting of other configurations. What is claimed
is:
* * * * *