U.S. patent number 3,749,546 [Application Number 05/182,008] was granted by the patent office on 1973-07-31 for smokeless flare pit burner and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to John Zink Company. Invention is credited to Hershel E. Goodnight, Robert D. Reed, John Smith Zink.
United States Patent |
3,749,546 |
Reed , et al. |
July 31, 1973 |
SMOKELESS FLARE PIT BURNER AND METHOD
Abstract
This invention involves a method and apparatus for smokeless
combustion of a combustible gas, which is supplied at a flow rate
which varies widely from a low to a high value. It involves
dividing the total flow rate through a manifold into a plurality of
flow lines with each flow line providing gas to a plurality of
burners. The pressure of the gas in the manifold is measured and
valves in each of the flow lines are controlled as a function of
the manifold pressure, so that they open, one at a time, as the
flow increases, thereby supplying gas to each flow line and to its
burners at a much narrower range in flow rate. Thus the velocity of
the gas is always high enough to get proper air mixing and
smokeless combustion.
Inventors: |
Reed; Robert D. (Tulsa, OK),
Zink; John Smith (Tulsa, OK), Goodnight; Hershel E.
(Tulsa, OK) |
Assignee: |
John Zink Company (Tulsa,
OK)
|
Family
ID: |
22666723 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/182,008 |
Filed: |
September 20, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/5; 431/12;
431/202; 431/89; 431/285 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23G
7/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23G
7/08 (20060101); F23G 7/06 (20060101); F23d
013/20 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/5,12,61,89,202,278,285 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Dority, Jr.; Carroll B.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for smokelessly flaring a combustible gas at or above
ground level which gas is supplied at a variable flow rate from a
manifold into a plurality of flow lines, each flow line providing
gas to at least one burner comprising the steps of:
a. passing gas uncontrolled directly into a first flow line to at
least one burner;
b. controlling the gas flow into each of said subsequent flow lines
by means of mechanical valves, each of said valves pre-settable to
desired opening and closing pressures;
c. separately measuring the pressure in said first flow line and in
each succeeding flow line at a point downstream of each of said
valves;
d. sequentially controlling the gas flow into a subsequent flow
line as a function of said measured pressure in its preceding flow
line to maintain optimum gas velocity at each burner for proper
air-gas mixing to provide smokeless combustion.
2. The method as in claim 1 including
opening each of said valves when the gas pressure in said preceding
flow line reaches a selected pressure P1; and
closing each of said valves when said gas pressure in said
preceding flow line drops to a selected pressure P2, where P2 is
less than P1.
3. A system for smokelessly flaring a combustible gas at or above
ground level which is supplied through a supply line at a variable
flow rate, comprising:
a. manifold means for connecting said supply line to a plurality of
flow lines, each flow line having a plurality of vertical burner
lines, burners at the top of each burner line, said burners
comprising a conduit having at least one orifice for jetting said
gas into the surrounding air;
b. valve means in each flow line except the first;
c. means to measure the gas pressure in said manifold; and
d. control means responsive to said manifold pressure to open said
valves, each at a different selected pressure in said manifold to
maintain optimum gas velocity at said burners for proper air-gas
mixing to provide smokeless combustion.
4. The system as in claim 3 in which said control means opens a
first valve at a manifold pressure P1 and closes said first valve
at a pressure P2 and P1 is greater than P2.
5. The system as in claim 4 in which said control means is adapted
to open a second valve to a third flow line at a manifold pressure
P3 where P3 is greater than P1, and to close said second valve at a
pressure P4 where P4 is less than P3 and greater than P2.
6. The system as in claim 3 including a pit in the earth into which
the manifold, valves and flow lines are placed and including an
earthen dike surrounding said pit;
7. The system as in claim 3 including a metal fence surrounding
said burners, said fence including louvers for air flow into the
burner space, said burners and said fence constructed in such a
manner as to cut off luminous and heat radiation to selected areas
around said fence.
8. The system as in claim 3 including at least five flow lines.
9. The system as in claim 3 including from two to five flow
lines.
10. The system as in claim 3 including at least eight burners per
flow line.
11. The system as in claim 3 including from one to eight burners
per flow line.
12. The system as in claim 7 including a refractory coating on at
least part of the surface of said fence exposed to the radiation
from said burners.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said optimum gas velocity
substantially approaches or is of critical or sonic.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention lies in the field of gas combustion and is directed
specifically to the burning or flaring of huge quantities of
emergency-vented, and smoke-prone hydrocarbons, so as to avoid
smoke production of widely variable supply rates, from a low to a
very high rate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It has been found that hydrocarbons, when burned tend to produce
black smoke as a function of the hydrogen to carbon ratio. For
instance, propane will tend to produce about 8 percent carbon
escaping as black smoke while the acetylenes will produce about 50
percent. In the art of burners and the burning of gases to avoid
smokey flames it is necessary to have an adequate velocity of gas,
so that proper induction and mixing of air will be obtained. In
other words there is an optimum minimal velocity for a particular
hydrocarbon and air demand which is governed by but not
proportional to the weight ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the
particular hydrocarbon. Although the optimum is usually at the
critical (sonic) velocity state, i.e., when the absolute pressure
upstream of a burner orifice is twice the value of the absolute
pressure downstream, that is not limiting in this invention as
substantial smoke suppression occurs at values less than critical
depending upon the particular hydrocarbon. As used herein "optimum
velocity" means that velocity of flow across a burner orifice for a
given hydrocarbon's hydrogen to carbon weight ratio that will
produce sufficient turbulence mixture with air, or other combustion
supporting gases, for smokeless combustion. If the gas is supplied
at such a low rate that this mixing cannot take place, then there
will be smoke produced, unless a smoke suppressant such as steam is
supplied. Conventionally, it takes about one-half pound of steam to
burn, without smoke, one pound hydrocarbons, and in cases where the
hydrocarbons burned may be as great as two hundred thousand pounds,
as an example, the steam demand at 100,000 pounds represents a cost
figure averaging about $80.00. There may be as many as 500 of these
relief periods per year, for example, so the annual cost of steam
can be as great as $40,000.00. It becomes important, therefore, to
find a means of burning this gas without smoke in compliance with
air-pollution regulations and without or at least minimal use of a
smoke suppressant.
In most prior art flow systems, the huge volume of gases is vented
from a single point and typically at pressures ranging from a
fraction of an inch of water to just under one pound gauge. The low
venting pressures are often the result of limitations in the
processing system from which these gases are derived. Where a
severe pressure limitation, such as this, exists there is no escape
from the use of smoke suppressant. However, where venting pressures
can be significantly higher, say 30 p.s.i. as an example, there is
no longer need for smoke suppressant. With these pressures a high
velocity flow of gas can be derived (approaching and including
critical or sonic velocity) with its attendant turbulence, which
permits discharge from a relatively large plurality of points in
the presence of adequate air mixture with the vented hydrocarbons.
Thus, burning departs from the smoke-prone, low-pressure discharge
from a single point, with very slow burning, to the extremely
rapid, turbulent, combustion typical of burner practice, with
lesser volumes of hydrocarbons, from a relatively large number of
discharge points. Under these conditions a suppressant is not
required.
However, in the case just described, there is a secondary problem
of considerable magnitude in that great quantities of heat are
radiated from the burning gases and means for interception of the
radiation to adjacent areas, people and plant life, as well as
structures, is demanded. To accomplish this, the area of burning
must be largely enclosed.
The calorific value of hydrocarbon gases varies considerably. For
example, methane has a heat value of 910 BTU per cubic foot, ethane
has 1,620; propane: 2319; butane: 3,014; pentane: 3,714 and so on
up to octane with 5,802 BTU per cubic foot. Hence, burning millions
of cubic feet per hour involves a tremendous amount of heat. There
is a further problem in that from 5 to 40 per cent of this heat is
emitted as infrared radiation, which can travel considerable
distances and still heat objects upon which it falls.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The weaknesses of the prior art and the objectives of this
invention are accomplished by having a plurality of burners, some
of which are burning continuously and others of which are switched
in to the gas supply as the flow rate increases. Thus there is
maintained at each burner a flow rate sufficient to burn the gas
without smoke. The gas goes to a manifold from which a plurality of
flow lines carry the gas, each to one or a plurality of burner
pipes, which rise up from the flow lines and terminate in burners
at their top.
One flow line is connected permanently to the manifold. The other
flow lines are connected to controlled valves. The pressure in the
manifold is measured and control means are provided, which
selectively open one or more of these valves in accordance with the
pressure measured in the manifold. Thus, as the flow rate, and
therefore the pressure, increases in the manifold, a first valve is
opened and there are now two flow lines carrying gas to two
pluralities of burners. As the flow rate increases further, a
second valve will open carrying gas to a third flow line and to its
burners, and so on.
As the flow rate decreases, these valves are selectivey closed and
thus the number of flow lines are reduced providing sufficient flow
rate for each of the burners.
The flow system is placed in the bottom of a pit surrounded by a
dike. On the ridge of the dike is a metal fence adapted to shield
the area around the fence from the direct luminous and heat
radiation from the flames. Louvers are provided in the bottom
portion of the fence in order to permit air flow into the interior
of the fence, for the combustion of the gas.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system of manifold,
flow lines, controlled valves, and control means for burning or
flaring a large and variable quantity of hydrocarbon gases. It is a
further object of this invention to efficiently burn the gas in a
smokeless manner by controlling the number of burners receiving gas
in accordance with the pressure of the gas in the supply line, so
that a specific range of flow rates will be available for each
burner. Thus, proper combustion can take place ans so minimize the
smoke formed.
These and other objects of this invention and a better
understanding of the principles of the invention will be evident
from the following description, taken in conjunction with the
appended drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1 and 2 show top elevational and cross-sectional views
respectively, of the burner system, the pit, the dike, and the
protective heat shield.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show some detail of the vertical burner lines and
burners.
FIG. 5 shows a top plan view of the burner assembly.
FIG. 6 shows a vertical section through the burner along line 6--6
of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 shows a horizontal section through the burner along line
7--7 of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 shows a general assembly, plan view of the supply line, the
manifold, flow lines, control valves, and control means.
FIG. 9 shows a vertical section through the dike and the
anti-radiation fence.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2,
there are shown the overall assembly of manifold, flow lines,
burners, pit, dike, and fence.
The numeral 10 generally indicates the manifold system, numeral 16
the valves, numeral 18 the flow lines to the burners.
The gas to be flared enters the supply line 12, branches into the
manifold 14, and into the flow lines 18, through the dike and into
the pit 34. The dike is preferably made of earth and has a crown 29
(on which a fence 32 stands) with an outer slope 28 and an inner
slope 30.
The dike itself forms a very good heat and light shield, however,
it is important that air be available to the burners and there is,
therefore, a limit to the elevation of the dike, beyond which, it
is desirable to provide a metal fence, illustrated generally as 32.
The upper part carries a metal plate which will be described in
more detail, and the lower portion of the fence provides louvers
that will shield against direct visible and infrared radiation, but
will permit air flow into the pit for the burning of the gas.
The flow lines going into the burning pit are horizontal pipes from
which there are a plurality of risers 20A1, 20A2... 20AN, as shown
in FIG. 3.
A burner pipe is shown in more detail in FIG. 4, which is a section
taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3. The burner pipes 20 are capped
with a burner 38 which is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 5, 6,
and 7.
The whole purpose of this system is to provide a plurality of
points at which gas issues and at which it mixes with air in order
to be burned without smoke. Therefore, the single inlet flow line
12 goes to a plurality of flow lines 18, each of the flow lines
carries a plurality of burner lines. As shown in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7,
each burner has a plurality of small openings through which the gas
can issue at a velocity dependent upon its pressure, and so in a
turbulent mixture with the air supply, will burn without smoke.
Referring to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 the burner is in the form of a pipe
cap 40 mounted on the top (as by welding) of a gas burner pipe 20.
There are a plurality of openings 42 circumferentially arranged
around the top of the burner and another plurality of openings 44
arranged around the side of the burner where the streams of gas
issuing from the openings 44 impinge upon the wall 50 of a burner
flange which has openings 47 in its horizontal surface and a
plurality of openings 48 in its vertical surface. The flange 50
flares out, 46 at the top end of the burner. FIG. 5 shows a top
view while FIG. 7 shows a sectional view taken along the line 7--7
of FIG. 6.
While the particular details of the burner are not critical in this
invention, it is desirable to have a flange such as 50 surrounding
the burner in order to provide turbulent mixing of the gas with the
air. The burners are also raised to a considerable height above the
bottom of the pit, on pipes 20, so that there will be a continuing
supply of air from beneath the burners, that can flow up through
the openings in and around the flange 50, to mix with the gas
issuing from the orifices 42 and 44 in the burner. Because of the
large amount of heat which is provided by the combustion of the
gas, there will be a strong rising current of air over the flame
and correspondingly a large inflow of outside air through the
louvers, down the inside slope of the dike, and into the pit in the
area of the burners.
While not shown in the drawings, it would be clear that pilot
lights will be needed that will burn continuously at each of the
burners so that as the flow valves (shown in more detail in FIG. 8)
are turned on, and the gas issues from the burner, there will be
instant ignition and burning.
FIG. 8 shows in plan, a general view of the piping. It comprises an
inlet flow supply line 12 which contains the gas to be flared. This
branches into a gas manifold 14 from which a plurality of flow
lines 18A, 18B...18N are connected. One of these flow lines 18A is
permanently connected to the manifold without a valve, and there is
a continual flow of gas through flow line 18A and into the burners
lines 20. Each of the other flow lines 18B, 18C...18N have a valve
16B, 16C...16N. These are the type that can be remotely controlled
by means of a pressure controller, indicated by numbers 56B, 56C,
56D, 56N.
The pressure controllers 56 are devices which are well known in the
art and are available on the market. They comprise devices which
have a pipe such as 70B leading into the flow line, or gas
manifold, to measure the pressure in the manifold. They have an
input line such as 72B which comprises a compressed air supply for
the operation of the valves, and they have an outlet pipe such as
58B which is the air supply to operate the valve 16B, for
example.
The controller 56B works on the basis that when the pressure as
measured by line 70B indicates that the valve should open, the
control air pressure in line 72B is switched to line 58B and
presented to the valve 16B and this pressure causes the valve to
open. Thereafter, gas will flow from the manifold 14 through flow
line 18A and through flow line 18B. In the same way the controller
56C controls the valve 16C and so on.
The operation of this control system is as follows. When the gas
flow rate is low, then the number of burners which share this gas
should be reduced to a minimum in order that there may be
sufficient gas supply to each burner to get sufficient turbulence
for clean burning.
As the flow rate (or flow pressure) increases, it soon gets to the
point that there is more flow then can be handled by one flow line
and one corresponding set of burners. When this condition is
reached, the pressure measured by the first controller reaches a
preset limit and that controller, 56B for example, switches in the
valve 16B.
There are now two flow lines carrying gas from the manifold. The
pressure in the manifold originally measured by the controller 56B
will drop, in view of the two flow lines carrying gas. The
controller is designed so that it has a drop-out or valve-closing
action at a much lower pressure than its valve opening pressure so
that even though the pressure in the manifold drops when the second
flow line is connected, the valve will still stay open until the
pressure and flow rate drop considerably. When this pressure
condition arises, the controller will then close valve 16B and the
remaining flow then will issue only through the flow line 18A.
Typically, the control pressures might be set, for example, as
follows: For pressures of gas supply from just above atmospheric up
to 10 p.s.i. gauge there is only one flow line 18A in operation. On
further increase in the flow rate, or flow pressure, the controller
56B switches in flow line 18B by opening valve 16B. This doubled
the flow rate out of the manifold and will drop the manifold
pressure from the ten pounds per square inch at which the valve 16B
opens to a valve of 2.5 p.s.i.
Now as the gas flow rate increses the pressure will rise and when
it increases to a value of 15 p.s.i. controller 56C will cause
valve 16C to open and switch in flow line 18C. This increase of
outflow will drop the manifold pressure from a value of 15 p.s.i.
to a value of 6.7 p.s.i. Then as the pressure rises further, say to
20 p.s.i. the fourth valve is switched in. At this time with four
flow lines the pressure will drop back to 11.3 p.s.i.
approximately, and then as it increases further to 25 p.s.i., flow
line 5 is connected in by opening valve 16N and the manifold
pressure will drop back to 16 p.s.i.
The reason for this sequence of control is to maintain manifold
pressure at a minimum of 2.5 p.s.i. At this pressure approximately
13 percent of the volume for venting at 25 p.s.i. is being
discharged, in order to maintian the state of air turbulence for
avoidance of smoke production. The pressures are higher in all
other cases.
The velocity of discharge from pressure at 2.5 p.s.i. is
essentially 17 percent of critical (or sonic) velocity for the gas
being discharged. For propane, this is essentially 140 feet per
seond, for methane, 256 f.p.s. and for ethane, 173 f.p.s.
The pressure sensing instruments 56 will cause the valve to remain
open despite the drop in pressure as they operate. When the supply
volume and pressure starts to drop, the various valves will close
in reverse sequence as they did in opening in sequence. The
decrease and increase in flow rate may be quite rapid or it may
occur over a period of approximately 20 to 30 minutes. There must
be no smoking at any flow stage, therefore the controllers and the
valves must operate promptly as the pressure changes.
In FIG. 9 is shown a detail of the fence and louvers mounted on the
top of the dike. The fence is constructed of a plurality of pipe
units 68 set into the earth, connected by vertical walls of steel
64 from the top down to an intermediate level and 64 ft. at the
bottom. The bottom portion of the fence comprises a group of
louvers 68 set so as to admit air into the pit. They are slightly
overlapping so that there is no opportunity from the burner and
flame area for luminous or infrared radiation to pass through the
louver openings.
The inner surface 66 of the wall comprises refractory material
which is attached to the sheet 64 and serves to protect it from the
direct thermal radiation from the flame. All orther parts are
generally painted with aluminum paint or other reflecting coating,
in order to minimize the heat absorption.
While the invention has been described with a certain degree of
particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the
details of construction and the arrangement of components. It is
understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific
embodiment set forth herein by way of exemplifying the invention,
but the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the
attached claim or claims, includng the full range of equivalency,
to which each element or step thereof is entitled.
* * * * *