U.S. patent number 3,744,207 [Application Number 05/141,614] was granted by the patent office on 1973-07-10 for reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures.
Invention is credited to Georgi Oroschakoff.
United States Patent |
3,744,207 |
Oroschakoff |
July 10, 1973 |
REINFORCEMENT FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Abstract
Reinforcing sections which are two-dimensional or angled and/or
C-shaped can be non-positively connected at least in pairs to form
self-supporting reinforcements which have any desired shape and are
rigid and resist tension and compression. The sections are
connected by causing them to extend one into the other, hooking one
onto the other and snapping one onto the other.
Inventors: |
Oroschakoff; Georgi (Vienna,
OE) |
Family
ID: |
22496442 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/141,614 |
Filed: |
May 10, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/664;
52/649.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B21F
27/125 (20130101); E04C 5/16 (20130101); E04C
5/0609 (20130101); B21F 27/121 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B21F
27/00 (20060101); E04C 5/16 (20060101); E04C
5/06 (20060101); E04C 5/01 (20060101); B21F
27/12 (20060101); E04c 002/42 (); E04c
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/664-668,646-653,690,691,723 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
298,221 |
|
Sep 1903 |
|
FR |
|
402,356 |
|
May 1966 |
|
CH |
|
Primary Examiner: Abbott; Frank L.
Assistant Examiner: Ridgill, Jr.; James L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A reinforcement assembly for reinforced-concrete structures such
as slabs, beams, columns and the like, said assembly comprising at
least two reinforcing sections each comprising a plurality of
stirrups lying in respective parallel planes and in mutually spaced
relationship, said stirrups each having at least two legs at
substantially right angles to one another, the ends of one leg of
each of said stirrups being bent inwardly toward the other of said
legs to form a loop, and at least one pair of longitudinal
reinforcing rods lying in a common plane perpendicular to the
planes of said stirrups and permanently affixed to the other leg
thereof; and a further reinforcement member having longitudinally
extending reinforcing rods parallel to the reinforcing rods of said
sections, said sections and said member being interfitted so that
said loops of said stirrups of said sections hook onto said
reinforcing rods of said member.
2. The assembly defined in claim 1 wherein said member is of ladder
construction with said rods thereof forming structures bridged by
spaced apart rungs, said reinforcing rods of said member having a
transverse spacing substantially equal to the distance between the
bights of the loops of said stirrups and said other legs thereof as
measured along said one legs thereof.
3. The assembly defined in claim 2 wherein said stirrups of said
sections interdigitate with one another along said assembly.
4. The assembly defined in claim 3 wherein the stirrups of at least
one of said sections are of generally C-shaped configuration and
having a further leg projecting substantially at right angles from
the other leg thereof and having a hooked extremity engaging one of
the reinforcing rods of the other section.
5. The assembly defined in claim 3 wherein said sections and said
members and dimensioned such that two legs of each stirrup must be
deflected into an angle in excess of 90.degree. upon assembly of
said member and said section whereby said member and said sections
are retained under internal stress against relative
displacement.
6. The assembly defined in claim 3 wherein said longitudinal rods
of each section and said member are transversely spaced by a
distance equal to the product of an integer and in unit
distance.
7. The assembly defined in claim 3 wherein said member is provided
with an eye and enabling manipulation thereof by a lifting
device.
8. The assembly defined in claim 3 further comprising a planar
reinforcement structure consisting of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcing bars permanently fixed together overlying said sections
parallel to said member and a hold-down structure engaging the
longitudinal rods of said sections for locking said reinforcement
structure thereagainst.
9. The assembly defined in claim 8 wherein said hold-down structure
includes a pair of C-profile elements inserted between said
stirrups of said sections from opposite direction and interfitting
to retain said reinforcement structure in place.
10. The assembly defined in claim 3 wherein the stirrups of each of
said sections generally of C-shaped configuration having further
legs extending generally at right angles to their relative other
leg and provided with loops at the extremity of said further legs,
said assembly further comprising another member of ladder
construction having parallel reinforcing rods interconnected by
rungs and engaged by said loops of said further legs.
11. The assembly defined in claim 10 further comprising structures
extending parallel to said members along the respective reinforcing
rods thereof and interconnecting said members together.
12. The assembly defined in claim 11 wherein said structures are
formed by transverse reinforcing stirrups hooked over the
reinforcing rods of both said members and reinforcing rods
extending longitudinally across said stirrups of said structures
and permanently bonded thereto.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a reinforcement for reinforced-concrete
structures, such as slabs, beams, columns or the like, which
reinforcement consists of at least two separate, standardized
two-dimensional or angular reinforcing sections of a modular system
having graded lengths and heights, which sections can be assembled
to form two-dimensional or basket-shaped reinforcements of any
dimensions and any steel cross-section in such manner that the
two-dimensional and/or angled reinforcing sections can be
non-positively interengaged to form self-supporting reinforcements
of any desired shape, which are rigid at least in one
direction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the previous reinforcements, individual rods which were forced
into prefabricated eyes were used as a main tension
reinforcement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In order to enable the reinforcing sections to be rigidly connected
in a manner which is more reliable, simpler and faster by a mere
assembling operation without further joining operations such as
tying and other operations so as to locate the reinforcing sections
relative to each other, and to provide assembled basket-shaped
reinforcements which are not only rigid but resist tension and
compression so that they can be lifted, transported and inserted
into the formwork without need for additional joining work, the
invention provides a main tension reinforcement in the form of
standardized separate elements instead of the previously used
individual rods of the modular system; the system of the invention
also allow an increase of the arrangements in which the elements
can be combined by employing C-shaped reinforcing sections which
can be stacked and wherein all elements are deformed at least at
one end either to form an angle or a reversely bent, open loop.
The reinforcement according to the invention comprises reinforcing
sections which are two-dimensional or angled and/or C-shaped can be
non-positively connected at least in pairs to form self-supporting
reinforcements which have any desired shape and are rigid and
resist tension and compression, the sections being connected by
causing them to extend one into the other, hooking one onto the
other and snapping one onto the other. In a preferred embodiment, a
first reinforcing element has an angled or loop-shaped end portion,
which is hooked onto a longitudinal rod of a second reinforcing
element and has been turned or pressed, or is turned and pressed at
the same time, to snap onto the transverse rod of the second
reinforcing element. The invention also relates to special
reinforcing elements for such reinforcement.
According to another feature of the invention, basket-shaped
reinforcements are made, which are open or closed and have two,
four or more tiers and may have the configuration of a polygon
having four or more corners or a round or rounded configuration,
and wherein a closing ladder (L) is inserted to close the
basket-shaped reinforcement at its upper portion and at its lower
portion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Further features and advantages of the invention will become
apparent from the subsequent description of illustrative
embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawing, in
which
FIG. 1 is an end elevation showing a C-shaped reinforcing
element.
FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 are end elevations showing three modifications of
the reinforcing element of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an end elevation showing an angular reinforcing
element.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing the reinforcing element of
FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing the reinforcing element of
FIG. 3.
FIGS. 8 and 10 show in plan view, reinforcing elements in which the
main reinforcement is combined.
FIGS. 9 and 11 are end elevations showing the reinforcing elements
shown in FIGS. 8 and 10.
FIG. 12 shows an element used to supplement the main
reinforcement.
FIG. 13 is an end elevation showing the component of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 shows a reinforcing section (in plan view) which is
composed of reinforcing elements as shown in FIGS. 8, 10 and
12.
FIGS. 15 and 16 are sectional views taken along lines 15--15 and
16--16, respectively, in FIG. 14.
FIG. 17 is an end elevation showing a modification of the
reinforcing section.
FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 show successive steps in the assembling of two
elements (in side elevation) as shown in any of FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5,
and 6.
FIGS. 21 to 27 show successive steps in the assembling of a
basket-shaped reinforcement (in end elevation) according to the
invention.
FIG. 28 is a perspective view showing a completely assembled,
basket-shaped reinforcement as assembled in the states of FIGS. 21
to 27.
FIG. 29 is an end elevation showing another C-shaped reinforcing
element.
FIGS. 30 and 31 are end elevational views showing the same
reinforcing element with shortened upper and lower legs and with a
shortened upper leg, respectively.
FIG. 32 is an end elevation showing an angle-shaped reinforcing
element.
FIGS. 33 and 34 show modifications of the reinforcing elements of
FIGS. 29 to 31.
FIGS. 35 to 38 are end elevations showing reinforcing ladders or
closing ladders.
FIGS. 39 and 40 are top plan views illustrating the assembling of a
main reinforcing element with the aid of the closing ladder of FIG.
28 and of the main reinforcing rods.
FIG. 41 is an end elevation showing the reinforcing element of FIG.
40.
FIGS. 42 and 43 show in section, modifications of the main
reinforcing element of FIG. 41.
FIG. 44 is a perspective view showing the reinforcing element of
FIG. 40 comprising five U-shaped members.
FIGS. 45 to 50 are end elevations showing successive steps in the
assembling of a basket-shaped reinforcement from the reinforcing
elements of FIG. 29, the main reinforcing element of FIG. 40 and
the closing ladder of FIG. 37.
FIG. 51 shows in and new, a basket-shaped reinforcement which
comprises four vertically spaced tiers and is assembled in the same
manner.
FIG. 52 shows a similar basket-shaped reinforcement, which
comprises reinforcing elements as shown in FIG. 31 and in which a
tie bar has been built into the corresponding reinforced-concrete
elements.
FIGS. 53 to 57 are end elevations showing successive stages in the
assembling of a basket-shaped reinforcement having tiers spaced in
the direction of the width of the element.
FIG. 58 shows (in end view) a modified basket-shaped reinforcement
which has been assembled in a different manner from elements as
shown in FIG. 34.
FIGS. 59 to 61 show in end views, successive stages in assembling
the variations which are enabled by the elements shown in FIG. 29
because the same elements as shown in FIGS. 45 to 50 may be used to
form a basket-shaped reinforcement.
FIG. 62 is a plan view showing a continuous beam or a portion of a
reinforced-concrete frame. In this view, the holding-down beam
reinforcement is indicated by a solid line. In the previous
arrangements, that hole-down beam reinforcement always had to be
threaded above the columns into the stirrups of the beams disposed
on the left and right of the column.
FIG. 63 is an end elevation showing a reinforcing element which
serves to enclose the hold-down beam reinforcement.
FIG. 64 shows (in end view), the assembling of two elements of the
type shown in FIG. 63 to form a closed basket-shaped
reinforcement.
FIGS. 65 and 66 illustrate how the width of the basket-shaped
reinforcement may be varied.
FIG. 67 is an end elevation showing a hold-down beam reinforcement
which has been assembled with the aid of one or more closing
ladders.
FIG. 68 is an end elevation showing an assembled, open
basket-shaped reinforcement.
FIG. 69 is an end elevation showing the basket-shaped reinforcement
of FIG. 68 with a hold-down reinforcement as shown in FIG. 67
applied and reinforcing elements as shown in FIGS. 63 and 64, which
latter elements are to be inserted as closing elements.
FIG. 70 is an end elevation showing the completely assembled
basket-shaped reinforcement of FIG. 69.
FIG. 71 is a side elevation showing a modification of the hold-down
beam reinforcement of FIG. 67.
FIGS. 72, 73, 75 and 76 are end elevations showing successive the
assembling of an open basket-shaped reinforcement with the aid of a
closing reinforcing ladder of FIG. 74 in an arrangement in which
the longitudinal rods of the closing ladder embrace the assembled
basket assemblies from the outside.
FIG. 77 is a top plan view showing a basket-shaped reinforcement
for a column.
FIG. 78 is a developed top plan view showing a closing ladder which
may be used in a reinforcement as shown in FIG. 77.
FIG. 79 is an end elevation showing the ladder of FIG. 78.
FIGS. 80 and 81 are an end elevation and perspective view showing
the reinforcing section which comprises the elements of FIGS. 78
and 79 and main reinforcing rods.
FIG. 82 shows a basket-shaped reinforcement which comprises on top
the closing ladder arranged according to the invention and two
sections as shown in FIGS. 52 and 53 below said ladder to form a
basket-shaped reinforcement in accordance with the invention, which
reinforcement is similar to that of FIG. 49.
FIG. 83 is an end elevation showing a circular segment element.
FIG. 84 is a perspective view showing the element of FIG. 83.
FIGS. 85 to 87 are end elevations showing successive stages in the
assembling of such elements to form a round basket-shaped
reinforcement.
FIG. 88 is an end elevation showing a round basket-shaped
reinforcement which is a modification of that of FIG. 87.
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5 show a C-shaped reinforcing element. In
accordance with the invention, the dimensions of all elements are
graded in accordance with a modular system. For this reason, the
height and width always are a multiple of a selected grid line
spacing M. This is required to ensure that the reinforcing elements
can be combined with similar and different elements and to enable a
rigid connection of all elements without additional work, such as
tying and the like.
The reinforcing element generally designated I.sub.1 in FIG. 1
consists of C-shaped stirrups 1 and straight longitudinal rods 2,
which extend transversely to the stirrups 1, the latter lying in
parallel prependicular to rods 2. This is also apparent from FIG.
6. The upper end of stirrup 1 has an inwardly angled end portion A
and the lower end has a hook or loop S also open inwardly. The
reinforcing element L.sub.2 shown in FIG. 2 has the same height m M
as that of FIG. 1 and is wider by one selected grid line spacing M.
Hence, the element I.sub.1 has a width n M and the element I.sub.2
a width (n+1) M.
Additional elements of the modular system comprise a third element,
which is wider by 2 M, and a fourth element which is wider by 3 M
than the element shown in FIG. 1. A variation in height is enabled
in that each succeeding element is higher by one grid line spacing
or a multiple thereof. Hence, the element shown in FIG. 5 is higher
and wider by one grid line spacing than the reinforcing element of
FIG. 1.
The storage,transport and generally the stacking or requirements
should be taken into account in the design of such C-shaped
elements. In the reinforcing elements according to the invention,
this is accomplished in that in the stacking direction (arrow S' in
FIG. 5), the rods 2 are provided only in the zone outside of the
loops S or angled end portions A. As an additional measure it is
contemplated to thread the reinforcing elements onto pallets which
are made for this purpose and have vertical rods for guiding the
rods 2 so that a canting or interlocking of the reinforcing
elements in the stack is prevented.
In addition to the C-shaped elements, angular elements may be used,
such as are shown in FIGS. 3 and 7. These elements are generally
designated II and distinguished by some special features,
namely:
The rod Q (FIG. 3) must be provided on the level H of the angled
end portion A of the C-shaped element shown in FIGS. 1, 2. The
angle .DELTA. should preferably exceed 90.degree..
Without changes in dimension, the reinforcing elements II shown in
FIG. 3 may be combined with the reinforcing elements I shown in
FIGS. 1, 2, 4 or 5 to form a basket-shaped reinforcement. This is
indicated in FIGS. 26 and 27.
A proper design of the main tension reinforcements in beamlike
reinforcement has not been provided so far. It is virtually
impossible to join the main tension reinforcement to the elements
of the basket-shaped reinforcement in the factory, either because
the tension rods must not be interrupted or because they must be
varied too much. It has been attempted so far to solve that problem
by the use of individual rods. In accordance with the invention,
that problem is solved in that the main tension reinforcement is
also combined in separate reinforcing elements. The main tension
reinforcement may consist of a single, inseparable element, but
desirably consists of two separate elements, which can be
assembled. This is shown in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10, 11, respectively.
Two longitudinal reinforcing rods 7 or 9 are connected by straight
transverse rods 8 or 10, either at their ends (FIGS. 8, 9) or in an
intermediate portion (FIGS. 10, 11). A simple ladderlike element is
also used, which consists of spars 11 and rungs 12 (FIGS. 12,
13).
As a result, these elements may be graded as to steel cross-section
and dimensions in accordance with the modular system so that two
elements may be combined to provide the required reinforcement in
the form of a reinforcing section III, e.g., a basket-shaped
reinforcement, as is shown in FIGS. 14, 15, 16 and 17.
As is apparent in FIG. 14, the reinforcing elements, namely, an
element of FIG. 8 and an element of FIG. 10, can be shifted in the
direction of the rods 7, 9 to provide a reinforcement which has the
required overall length and in which the region between lines
14--14 and 15--15 remains without edge rods 7. For this reason,
that region must be closed with a portion of the ladder like
element of FIG. 12, as is clearly apparent from the transverse
sectional view shown in FIG. 15. The width of each of the resulting
reinforcing sections III is a multiple of the selected grid line
spacing less a tolerance .DELTA.. Hence, the width of the element
of FIG. 15 equals n M - .DELTA.. The next wider element in the
modular system equals (n + 1) M - .DELTA..
FIG. 17 shows an element IIIa in which the distance from the outer
edge of rod 9 to the outer edge of rod 7 as well as the distance
from the outer edge of rod 7a to the outer edge of rod 9a also
equals n M - .DELTA.. This enables the reinforcing element II of
FIG. 3 to be hooked onto the rods 9 or 9a by means of the loops
S.
The assembling of two reinforcing elements I in the longitudinal
direction is illustrated in FIGS. 18, 19, and 20. As shown in FIG.
18, the two elements are assembled at an angle until the rods 1L
and 1R abut. They are then rotated in the direction of the arrows
Pf1 in FIG. 18 about the point of contact between rods 1L and 1R
until the rod 2L engages a rod 1R and a rod 2R engages a rod 1L
(FIG. 19).
The two elements are then pulled in the direction Pf.sub.2 until
the spacing a has been obtained everywhere (FIG. 20). A loop T may
be formed in the factory or during the assembling in order to
ensure rigidity in all directions. The reinforcing section III is
then inserted in accordance with FIGS. 14 to 17 to form the main
tension reinforcement. This insertion may be effected by means of a
handling appliance or, with light reinforcements, by hand. For this
purpose, the lifting device shown in FIG. 21 consists of a carrying
stirrup 13 and is either joined in the factory for use in
prefabricated reinforced-concrete parts or consists of a detachable
part for use in cast-in-situ concrete structures.
To insert the reinforcing section as a main tension reinforcement,
one end is hooked into the loop S of the reinforcing element I and
the section III is then turned in the direction Pf.sub.3, as is
illustrated in FIG. 22. When the reinforcing section III has been
inserted, the reinforcing elements II such as shown in FIG. 3 or
FIG. 23 are hooked in. The design shown in FIG. 23 has the
advantage that when all elements have been assembled the joint A is
completely closed under the slight stress. When the reinforcing
element II is rotated in the direction Pf.sub.4 in FIG. 24 to the
position shown in FIG. 25, the transverse rod Q snaps onto the
angled end portion A of element I. The resulting basket-shaped
reinforcement is entirely rigid and resists tension and compression
although it need not be tied. FIG. 28 is a perspective view showing
the assembled basket-shaped reinforcement which consists of
sections I, II and III.
FIG. 29 shows a reinforcing element B.sub.1, which consists of
transverse C-shaped reinforcing stirrups 21 and longitudinal
reinforcing or retaining rods 22 (see FIG. 44), which are welded or
joined by other means to the stirrups 21 at the crossings.
FIG. 30 shows a reinforcing element B.sub.2, which consists of
transverse C-shaped stirrups 23 and longitudinal reinforcing rods
22. The difference from the reinforcing element shown in FIG. 1
resides in that the horizontal legs differ in length.
The element shown in FIG. 29 has an upper horizontal leg having the
length b.sub.3 = 3M and the element shown in FIG. 30 has an upper
horizontal leg having the length b.sub.2 = 2M. The lengths of the
lower legs equal b.sub.4 = 4M in the element shown in FIG. 29 and
b.sub.3 = 3M in the element shown in FIG. 30. For a combination of
the reinforcing sections shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 in a modular
system, series of such elements must be provided, in which the
width b.sub.n and the height h.sub.n differ in accordance with said
modular system.
TABLE 1
h.sub.n b.sub.n upper leg/b.sub.n lower leg 3 M M/2 M 2 M/3 M 4 M
M/2 M 2 M/3 M 3 M/4 M 5 M M/2 M 2 M/3 M 3 M/4 M 6 M 2 M/3 M 3 M/4
M
the steel cross-section of these several types may also be graded.
For instance, the reinforcing element in which h = 3 M and the
upper leg has a length M and the lower leg has the length 2 M is
suitably designed with steel cross-sections Fe.sub.1 and Fe.sub.2,
the next with the steel cross-sections Fe.sub.1, Fe.sub.2,
Fe.sub.3, etc.
FIGS. 31 to 34 show additional modifications of the elements shown
in FIGS. 29 and 30 and provided with stirrups. The reinforcing
elements B3, B4 shown in FIGS. 31, 32 are intended to be assembled
to form open basket-shaped reinforcements and the reinforcing
elements B5, B6 shown in FIGS. 33 and 34 are intended to be
assembled to form closed basket-shaped reinforcements. The upper
leg of the reinforcing element B3 shown in FIG. 31 has, e.g., the
length M.
FIGS. 35 - 38 show reinforcing ladders or closing ladders which are
graded in length and consist of the spars 28 and rings, which are
designated 29 in the reinforcing ladder L.sub.1 of FIG. 7, 31 in
the reinforcing ladder L.sub.2 of FIG. 9, 30 in the reinforcing
ladder of FIG. 8 and 32 in the reinforcing ladder L.sub.4 of FIG.
10. The spars 28 are preferably welded or joined by other means to
the rings 29, 30, 31 and 32 at the crossings.
The requirements of the modular system will be met if the
reinforcing ladders or closing ladders are graded merely in width
in such a manner that L.sub.1 has a width b.sub.1 = M, L.sub.2 has
a width b.sub.2 = 2M, L.sub.3 has a width b.sub.3 = 3M etc.,
L.sub.n has a width n M. The reinforcing ladders may have a
constant length L = m M.
The main reinforcing elements have a different design because all
main reinforcing rods or at least two thereof, the edge rods, are
secured to closing ladders extending one behind the other in
accordance with FIG. 39.
The required length L indicated in FIG. 40 can easily be obtained
because the reinforcing ladders L.sub.4 do not abut but are spaced
by a tolerance dimension .DELTA.. At least the main reinforcing
rods 33 and preferably also the rods 34 (FIG. 40) should be
arranged above the reinforcing ladders L.sub.4 shown in FIG. 39 and
should be joined to the reinforcing ladders L.sub.4. The crossings
between the main reinforcing rods 33 and 34 and the transverse rods
32 of the reinforcing ladders L.sub.4 suitably consist of welded
joints so that the main reinforcing element is rigid. The crossings
in the end axes must be left unjoined so that the main reinforcing
rods can be slightly shifted in the direction of arrows Pf.sub.1 or
Pf.sub.2 when the reinforcement is placed into a formwork.
FIG. 41 is a sectional view showing the main reinforcing element
shown in FIG. 40. FIGS. 42 and 43 are sectional views showing
modifications of these embodiments of main reinforcing elements.
The main reinforcing element shown in FIG. 42 consists of the
closing ladder L.sub.3, main reinforcing rods 35 placed over the
ladder L.sub.3 in accordance with the grid line s of the modular
system, and a rod 36 which is offset by one-half grid line spacing.
The width of this main reinforcing element is, e.g., b.sub.3 = 3 M
+ 2. Another difference resides in this embodiment in the
arrangement of the main reinforcing rods 25, which differs from the
arrangements of FIGS. 40 and 41 in that these rods are secured to
the outside of the spars 28. FIG. 43 shows a main reinforcing
element in which the main reinforcing rods are joined to the
reinforcing ladder L.sub.4 at the edge between two grid lines, in
accordance with a grid which is offset by one-half grid line
spacing.
FIG. 44 is a perspective view showing a reinforcing element as
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The angle .alpha. preferably exceeds
90.degree. so that two reinforcing sections of this type may be
assembled to clamp each other.
FIGS. 45 to 50 show the assembling of a basket-shaped reinforcement
from the reinforcing elements according to the invention. FIG. 45
indicates how the looped end of the reinforcing element B.sub.1l is
hooked over the edge rod 28 or 33 of the main reinforcing element.
The reinforcing element B.sub.1l is then turned in the direction of
the arrow Pf.sub.3 to the position shown in FIG. 46. The same
element B.sub.1, which is designated B.sub.1r in FIGS. 47 to 49, is
then again hooked onto the opposite rods 28 and 33 of the
reinforcing ladder and like the first reinforcing element is
rotated in the direction of the arrow Pf.sub.4 until the rod 21
engages the main reinforcing element.
Before the two reinforcing elements B.sub.1l and B.sub.1r are
closed, the closing ladder L.sub.2 (FIG. 48) should be inserted in
the interior of the reinforcing basket. The ladder L.sub.2 is first
inserted on one side with an inclination into the loops of the
upper legs of the stirrups until the spar 28 engages one
reinforcing element B.sub.1r at the left-hand end in FIG. 48 of the
upper leg, as is shown in FIG. 48. Hence, one end of the closing
ladder L.sub.2 must be inserted in the direction of the arrow
Pf.sub.5. The reinforcing elements B.sub.1l and B.sub.1r are then
pushed one into the other in the direction of arrows Pf.sub.7 (FIG.
48) until the position of FIG. 49 is reached.
The second end of the closing ladder L.sub.2 is then rotated in the
direction of the arrow Pf.sub.6 (FIG. 48) to the position of FIG.
49. When the reinforcing elements B.sub.1l and B.sub.1r have been
released, the looped stirrup ends thereof resiliently engage both
sides of the spars 28 of the closing ladder L.sub.2, as is shown in
FIG. 50, which illustrates the completely assembled basket-shaped
reinforcement. To enable an increase of the resilient clamping
force, it is desirable, as has been mentioned, to select an angle
.alpha. which exceeds 90.degree. (FIGS. 29 to 32 and 44).
FIG. 51 shows a basket-shaped reinforcement which consists of four
vertically spaced tiers. When it is desired to assemble that
reinforcement, a basket-shaped reinforcement as shown in FIG. 50 is
assembled first. In such cases it will be desirable to arrange the
longitudinal rods (which are designated 22 in the reinforcing
elements B.sub.1) on the inside rather than on the outside, like
the rods 39 of the reinforcing elements B'.sub.1l and
B'.sub.1r.
When the two-tier basket-shaped reinforcement has been assembled in
the manner described with reference to FIG. 50, the looped stirrup
ends of the reinforcing elements B.sub.1l and B.sub.1r are hooked
onto the longitudinal rods 39, which replace the closing ladders.
The basket-shaped reinforcement is closed like the two-tier
one.
FIG. 52 illustrates a special design. The width of the upper legs
of the reinforcing elements B.sub.3 equals only one grid line
spacing M so that the basket-shaped reinforcement may be closed
with one closing ladder L'.sub.1 as previously. The reinforcing
elements B.sub.3 are pushed one into the other until the closing
ladder L.sub.1 can be connected to the looped ends of the upper
legs. This embodiment is highly desirable for beam reinforcements
which do not require closed stirrups, or for column reinforcements,
in which inserts must be provided, such as Jordal bars, which are
designated H in FIG. 52.
FIGS. 53 to 57 show the assembling of a basket-shaped reinforcement
which comprises four tiers spaced apart in the direction of the
width of the reinforcement. The main reinforcing element must be
prepared in accordance with FIG. 40 or in another manner. It is
important that the longitudinal rods 33, 34 should lie on the grid.
The lower leg of the reinforcing section B.sub.21 is first threaded
between the rods 33 and 34. The reinforcing element B.sub.21 is
then rotated in the direction of arrow Pf.sub.8 to the position
shown in FIG. 54. When the looped stirrup end has been hooked onto
the spars 28 of the ladder element L.sub.4 and the longitudinal rod
33 of the reinforcing element HL, the reinforcing section B.sub.21
must be turned back in the direction of the arrow Pf.sub.9. The
other section B.sub.2r must be secured in the same manner on the
other side of the closing ladder and the main reinforcing element.
The basket-shaped reinforcement is closed as is indicated in FIGS.
48 to 50. To provide the four-tier basket-shaped reinforcement,
another reinforcing element of the type B.sub.1l must be hooked
onto the spars 28 of the ladder element and on the rod 33 of the
main reinforcing element and must then be turned in the direction
of the arrow Pf.sub.10, as shown in FIG. 55. When the rod 21 has
engaged the longitudinal rods of the main reinforcing element, the
reinforcing section B.sub.1l must be forced forwardly in the
direction of the arrow Pf.sub.10 until the loops of the upper leg
snap in over the spar 28 of the upper closing ladder L.sub.2. FIG.
56 shows the insertion of the other element B.sub.1r.
When the two reinforcing elements B.sub.1l and B.sub.1r have been
forced in until the upper stirrup legs hook onto the spars 28 of
the closing ladders L.sub.2, the basket-shaped reinforcement having
four tiers has been completed, as is shown in FIG. 57.
FIG. 58 shows a two-tier, basket-shaped reinforcement which has
been assembled from reinforcing sections B6 such as are shown in
FIG. 34. This embodiment is desirable when a down-holding beam
reinforcement is to be inserted, as is shown in FIG. 58. The
down-holding reinforcement is secured to the closing ladder L.sub.4
and can easily be inserted from above.
FIGS. 59 to 61 show the advantage of the modular system because the
same reinforcing sections B.sub.1 may be used to assemble a
basket-shaped reinforcement having the width b.sub.4 32 4 M in FIG.
50 or a basket-shaped reinforcement having the width b.sub.5 = 5M
as shown in FIG. 61. It will be sufficient if a closing ladder
having a suitable width is selected. The main reinforcing element
shown in FIG. 59 has been assembled from the closing ladders
L.sub.5. The closing ladder L.sub.5 consists again of two spars 28
which are connected by rungs 44..sup.+/(.sup.+/ The main
reinforcing rods are designated 45 to 50.) The end of the lower leg
of the reinforcing element B.sub.1l is first threaded between the
rods 49 and 50 and then rotated in the direction of the arrow
Pf.sub.12. When the position shown in FIG. 60 has been reached, the
end of the other section B.sub.1r is hooked onto the rod 46 and
these two parts are then turned in the direction of the arrow
Pf.sub.13. As has been described, the basket-shaped reinforcement
is closed in that the closing ladder L.sub.1 is inserted, as is
shown in FIG. 61.
A special difficulty in practice arises at the crossings between
beam and beam or between a beam and columns etc. This difficulty
resides in that the down-holding beam reinforcement must be
threaded over the column on the site. Because the moments usually
reach their maximum in this range, a lot of reinforcing material
must be concentrated in this area so that the placing of the
concrete becomes more difficult. FIG. 62 shows a continuous beam or
a portion of a floor frame. The structure comprises beams Tr,
columns St, a beam stirrup reinforcement Bk and a down-holding beam
reinforcement N. The section taken on line 70--70 through the beam
reinforcement is applicable where the reinforcement elements
according to the invention and as shown in FIG. 70 are used.
It is desirable to provide an arrangement in which the down-holding
column reinforcement need only be placed from above, without being
threaded, and can yet be joined to the stirrup basket. This object
is accomplished by the use of reinforcing sections such as are
shown in FIG. 63. These elements are generally designated K and
consist of U-shaped rods 52 and retainers 53, which are transverse
to the rods 52. These retainers may consist of rounds of steel
having the same quality or of a different material. The elements
shown in FIG. 63 may be made as flat two-dimensional reinforcements
and may then be angled twice. The assembling of two such
reinforcing elements K is shown in FIG. 64. Two identical elements
are pushed one into the other until the intermediate rods 53 abut,
and the elements are then rotated in the direction of the arrows
Pf.sub.14 and Pf.sub.15 until the rods 52 of one element engage the
rods 53 of the other element. The completely assembled basket which
is thus obtained is shown in FIG. 65. The elements which have thus
been assembled can be varied as shown in FIG. 66. The assembled
element shown in FIG. 65 has a width of, e.g., 6 M and the element
shown in FIG. 66 has a width of 8 M; in this case the increment of
the modular system is 8 M - 6 M = 2 M.
The assembling of a basket-shaped reinforcement for a beam is shown
by way of example in FIGS. 67 to 70. FIG. 67 shows an assembled
main reinforcing element for taking up the uplifting moments. This
element consists of juxtaposed closing ladders, which comprise
spars 54 and rungs 55. The carrying rods 56 to 62 are secured as
required on top of the closing ladders, which have been juxtaposed
in accordance with FIG. 39. This main reinforcing element is
generally designated HL.sub.s.
The main reinforcing rods 56 to 62 are preferably arranged in
accordance with the grid of the modular system and this grid may be
offset by 0.5 M, as is apparent from FIG. 67. The overall dimension
6 M of the main reinforcing element is disclosed only by way of
example. Another dimension of the modular system may readily be
used.
FIG. 68 shows an open basket-shaped reinforcement which is
assembled from the reinforcing sections B.sub.4r and B.sub.41, the
main reinforcing element HL.sub.1 and the closing ladder L.sub.2.
The main reinforcing element shown in FIG. 67 is simply placed from
above in the direction of the arrow Pf.sub.16 onto the assembled
basket shown in FIG. 68. The negative main reinforcement HL.sub.s
is enclosed as shown in FIG. 64 in that the reinforcing sections K
are fitted one into the other and rotated in the direction of the
arrows Pf.sub.17 and pushed one into the other in the direction of
the arrows Pf.sub.18 as far as is desired.
It is apparent from FIG. 69 that the use of modular dimensions has
the result that all rods of the main down-holding reinforcement are
orderly arranged in the area between the stirrups and these rods
are placed as an entire element. The upper edge of the main
reinforcing rods is aligned with the upper edge of the
basket-shaped reinforcement.
FIG. 70 shows the basket-shaped reinforcement which has been
completely assembled in this manner and indicates that the
reinforcing sections K serve also to take up peak uplifting moments
which are effective in the slab.
A modification of the main reinforcing elements HL'.sub.s of FIG.
67 is shown in FIG. 71.
The offsetting of the rods 65 and 66 by one-half grid line spacing
enables an additional coordination of the main reinforcing rods at
the node with those of the column reinforcement so that a desirable
design of that node, which comprises a lot of steel, can be
obtained.
The reinforcing element shown in FIG. 71 consists again of the same
closing ladder L.sub.6, which is composed of the spars 54 and the
transverse rungs 55. The main reinforcing rods may be secured on
top of this closing ladder as desired and as shown in FIG. 71. An
offsetting of the grid has also been shown in this case; the offset
grid lines are designated R'.
A modification for open basket-shaped reinforcements is shown in
FIGS. 72 to 76. The reinforcing sections B.sub.7r (FIG. 72) consist
of angled rods 69, which are provided with hooks at both ends, and
of transverse rods 70. The angle .alpha. preferably exceeds
90.degree. so that the assembled baskets are rigid as a result of
the internal stress.
FIG. 73 shows how the reinforcing section B.sub.7 is hooked around
the rod 76 at the main reinforcing element HL.sub.1. The main
reinforcing element HL.sub.1 consists of the closing ladders
L'.sub.3, which comprises spars 72 and rungs 71, and of the main
reinforcing rods 73 to 76, which are secured to the ladders L.sub.3
as required. The reinforcing section B.sub.7 is turned in the
direction of arrow Pf.sub.19 until the rod 69 engages the rods 72.
Another section B.sub.7 is then hooked onto the main reinforcing
element on the other side and is turned until both reinforcing
elements are in the position shown in FIG. 75. The ends of the
reinforcing sections B.sub.7, or B.sub.71 and B.sub.7r, are then
approached to each other in the direction of arrows Pf.sub.20 to
such an extent that the closing ladder L'.sub.3 consisting of the
rods 77 and 78 (FIG. 74) can be applied in the direction of the
arrow Pf.sub.21 onto the basket to form the open basket-shaped
reinforcement TR.sub.1 of FIG. 76.
FIG. 77 shows a conventional column which is heavily reinforced.
The basket-shaped reinforcement is generally designated S.sub.1 and
consists of the stirrups 79 and 80 and the main reinforcing rods 81
to 92. The stirrup 80 serves in known manner to prevent a buckling
of rods 86, 87, 91, and 92. The column reinforcement shown in
FIG.77 is only an example and has a width of 4 M and a height of 6
M. The same column reinforcement may be made from the modular
system elements according to the invention, as shown in FIGS. 78 to
82. FIG. 78 shows a reinforced closing ladder L.sub.5 consisting of
the spars 28 and rungs 44. The ladder is reinforced by additional
rungs 44a, which are aligned with the grid lines.
The closing ladder L.sub.5 is angled about the axes I--I and II--II
in FIG. 78. This is shown in FIG. 80. FIG. 79 is a sectional view
showing the closing ladder. The main reinforcing rods 86 are
secured on top of closing ladders L.sub.5, which have been
juxtaposed as required and have been angled. This is apparent from
FIG. 80 and from the perspective view in FIG. 81.
The resulting main reinforcing ladder is designated U. The distance
between the reinforcing rungs 44a corresponds to the effective
length of the main reinforcing rods 86 and 92.
FIG. 82 shows the assembled column reinforcing basket-shaped column
reinforcement, which consists of the reinforcing sections B.sub.1l
and B.sub.1r. The main reinforcing ladders U and U.sub.1 bear on
the longitudinal rods 22 of the reinforcing sections B.sub.1. The
main reinforcing ladders U and U.sub.1 can thus be fixed by simple
manipulations.
The same concept has been embodied in the reinforcing sections
which are shown in FIG. 83 and intended for elements of
construction which are round in cross-section. The reinforcing
sections consist of the circular rods 93, which are joined to the
retaining rods 94 at the crossings. The reinforcing sections are
generally designated R and may be prefabricated as mesh elements
and be subsequently bent. These reinforcing sections may be used in
circular basket-shaped reinforcements.
FIG. 84 is a perspective view showing such reinforcing section. The
spacing l.sub.k between the rods 93 corresponds to the effective
length of the carrying rods and may be selected to meet the
requirements of a hooped column.
The assembling of the reinforcing sections R as shown in FIG. 83 to
form circular basket-shaped reinforcements is shown in FIGS. 85 to
88.
It is apparent from FIG. 85 how the reversely bent, hook-shaped end
portion of an element R is hooked onto the edge rods 28 of the
above-described main reinforcing ladder or closing ladder L.sub.2.
The main reinforcing sections R are then rotated in the direction
of the arrow Pf.sub.22 until the rods 73 engage the spars 28 of the
closing ladder L.sub.2. The other section is hooked onto the
closing ladder L.sub.2 on the other side, as described, and is
turned and the sections are thereafter pushed one into the other in
the direction of arrows Pf.sub.23 until the closing ladder L.sub.2a
can be inserted in the upper portion of the reinforcing basket, as
is apparent in FIG. 87.
To illustrate how the assembly of the reinforcing section may be
modified in this case too, FIG. 88 shows a column reinforcement
which is made from the same reinforcing sections R but is smaller
in diameter (D.sub.2 = 5 M) than the reinforcement shown in FIG.
87, where the diameter D = 6 M. The additional reinforcement is
added as may be required either in the form of main reinforcing
ladders designated L.sub.2a in FIG. 87 or of an individual rod
designated 96 in FIG. 88.
* * * * *