U.S. patent number 3,743,017 [Application Number 05/246,373] was granted by the patent office on 1973-07-03 for use of fluidic pressure fluctuation generator to stimulate underground formations.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Amoco Production Company. Invention is credited to Clarence R. Fast, Ralph W. Veatch, Jr., Lawrence B. Wilder.
United States Patent |
3,743,017 |
Fast , et al. |
July 3, 1973 |
USE OF FLUIDIC PRESSURE FLUCTUATION GENERATOR TO STIMULATE
UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS
Abstract
This invention concerns the use of a fluidic pressure
fluctuation generator in a well bore to stimulate a subsurface
formation. The generator is connected to the lower end of a string
of tubing or drill pipe and is suspended in a well bore adjacent
the formation interval to be stimulated or fractured. A fluid is
pumped down the tubing string and through the fluidic generator and
returned to the surface through the annulus between the tubing
string and the wall of the well bore. A backpressure is held at the
surface on the returning fluid such that the hydrostatic pressure
P.sub.h of the fluid in the well bore at any level is less than the
hydraulic fracturing pressure but sufficiently great so that
P.sub.h plus the maximum pressure increase P.sub.m caused by said
fluidic pressure fluctuation generator is sufficient to fracture
the formation. Other formation stimulation methods are also
described.
Inventors: |
Fast; Clarence R. (Tulsa,
OK), Wilder; Lawrence B. (Tulsa, OK), Veatch, Jr.; Ralph
W. (Tulsa, OK) |
Assignee: |
Amoco Production Company
(Tulsa, OK)
|
Family
ID: |
22930394 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/246,373 |
Filed: |
April 21, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/249; 166/307;
166/312; 166/308.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/003 (20130101); E21B 43/26 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/26 (20060101); E21B 43/25 (20060101); E21B
43/00 (20060101); E21b 043/25 (); E21b 043/26 ();
E21b 043/27 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/249,250,35R,307,308,311,312,177 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of fracturing a selected formation penetrated by a well
bore which comprises the steps of:
pumping a fracturing fluid down said well bore through a tubing
string;
converting a portion of the energy of said fracturing fluid into
acoustical vibrations at a level adjacent said formation to be
fractured to cause positive pressure variations of P.sub.m ;
transmitting said acoustic vibrations to the fluid in the well bore
adjacent the formation to be fractured;
returning said fracturing fluid to the surface through the annular
space external of said tubing string;
holding a backpressure at the surface on the returning fluid in the
annulus such that the hydrostatic pressure P.sub.h of the fluid in
the well bore at the level of said formation is less than the
hydraulic fracturing pressure but sufficiently great so that
P.sub.m plus P.sub.h is sufficient to fracture said formation.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 including the step of pumping a
slug of formation treating fluid down said tubing string so that at
least a portion of said treating fluid is injected into said
formation by the combination of pressures of P.sub.m and
P.sub.h.
3. A method as defined in claim 1 including the steps of:
reducing the rate of pumping of fracturing fluid through said
tubing string so that P.sub.m plus P.sub.h is now less than the
pressure required to fracture the formation;
stopping the return of fracturing fluid to the surface through the
annular space and thereafter injecting a fracturing fluid down the
annulus at a pressure below the fracture initiation pressure but
above the fracture opening pressure.
4. A method as defined in claim 3 which includes the step of adding
propping agents to the fracturing fluid injected down the
annulus.
5. A method of fracturing a selected formation penetrated by a well
bore which comprises the steps of:
pumping a fluid down a tubing string suspended in said well
bore;
converting a portion of the energy of said circulating fluid into
acoustical vibrations by means of a fluidic pressure fluctuation
generator suspended in the well bore adjacent said selected
formation;
transmitting said acoustic vibrations from the fluidic pressure
fluctuation generator to the fluid in the well bore at the level of
the selected formation so that said fluid at said level has a
positive pressure variation peak of P.sub.m ;
acoustically isolating the acoustic vibrations to the region in the
well bore adjacent said selected formation;
returning said circulating fluid to the surface through an annular
space exterior of the tubing string;
maintaining a backpressure on the returning circulating fluid, said
backpressure being limited such that the hydrostatic pressure in
the well bore at any level is less than the formation breakdown
pressure to which the fluid is exposed but in which P.sub.m plus
the hydrostatic pressure in the well bore adjacent the selected
formation exceeds its fracturing pressure so that said selected
formation is fractured.
6. A method as defined in claim 5 which includes pumping the fluid
down the tubing string at a constant rate, holding a constant
backpressure on the returning circulating fluid, measuring the flow
of fluid from the annular space and pumping not over about 20
barrels of circulating fluid down said tubing string after a sharp
drop in flow rate from the annular space occurs.
7. A method as defined in claim 6 including the step of moving said
fluidic vibration generator to the level of a second formation to
be fractured and thereafter repeating the method defined in claim
5.
8. A method as defined in claim 5 in which the amount of fluid
injected after the sharp drop in rate of fluid flow from the said
annular space is in the range of 5-20 barrels.
9. A method of stimulating a selected formation penetrated by a
well bore which comprises the steps of:
positioning a fluidic pressure fluctuation generator at the lower
end of a tubing string in the well bore adjacent the formation to
be treated;
pumping a fluid down said tubing string to convert a portion of the
energy of said fluid into pressure vibrations by means of said
generator having a positive pressure variation peak of P.sub.m
;
acoustically isolating the pressure vibrations to the region in the
well bore adjacent said selected formation;
returning said fluid to the surface through the annular space
external of said tubing string;
holding a backpressure at the surface on said returning fluid, said
backpressure being such that the hydrostatic pressure P.sub.h at
any level is less than the fracturing pressure;
injecting a slug of formation treating fluid down said tubing
string through said generator so that the pressure P.sub.m
generated by the said generator drives a portion of said treating
fluid into said formation.
10. A method as defined in claim 9 in which the sum of the
pressures P.sub.m and P.sub.h is below the fracturing pressure of
the formation.
11. A method as defined in claim 9 in which sufficient formation
treating fluid is injected to fill the tubing string from the
surface to the said generator and then suddenly increasing the
injection rate of fluid into said tubing string so that there is a
sudden buildup of pressure P.sub.h.
12. A method as defined in claim 9 in which a constant backpressure
is held throughout the treatment and then injecting the treating
fluid at an increased rate over the prior injection rate of the
prior fluid.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to stimulating an underground formation
penetrated by a well bore and especially relates to the fracturing
of the formation at a selected controlled interval.
Setting of the Invention
Many oil and gas wells are drilled into formations that are
considered tight, i.e., the formation has low permeability and is
reluctant to give up its fluid. The development of the hydraulic
fracturing techniques, which started in the late 1940's, is
considered to be the outstanding development toward obtaining more
oil and gas from such low permeability tight reservoirs or
injecting fluids into them. The hydraulic fracturing technique
broadly includes injecting a special type fracturing fluid into the
formation at a rate and under sufficient pressure so as to cause
the formation to crack. The hydraulic fracturing fluid may also
carry propping agents which are left in these cracks so that the
cracks will not close when the pressure is relieved. Although the
hydraulic fracturing technique is developed to a high degree, there
still remains some problem areas. One of these is the creation of a
fracture at a selected interval. This can be done in some cases
with present fracturing techniques, but usually involves the use of
several isolating packers. This present invention teaches a novel
way of obtaining hydraulic fractures and also shows how the
fracture can be isolated to a selected interval.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention concerns the use of a fluidic pressure fluctuation
generator in a well bore to stimulate a subsurface formation. The
generator is connected to the lower end of a string of tubing and
is suspended in a well bore adjacent the formation interval to be
stimulated or fractured. A fluid is pumped down the tubing string
and through the fluidic generator and returned to the surface
through the annulus between the tubing string and the wall of the
well bore. A backpressure is held at the surface on the returning
fluid such that the hydrostatic pressure P.sub.h of the fluid in
the well bore at any level is less than the hydraulic fracturing
pressure but sufficiently great so that P.sub.h plus the maximum
pressure increase P.sub.m caused by said fluidic pressure
fluctuation generator is sufficient to fracture the formation.
After we have fractured at one interval, we can fracture at another
interval simply by stopping the pumping of fluid through the
generator, raising or lowering the fluidic pressure fluctuation
generator to the desired level in the well bore and starting the
pumping of fluid again through the system. We further control the
amount of fracturing we do at any elevation by limiting the amount
of fluid we circulate after fracturing is initiated, which is
indicated at the surface by a sharp drop in flow rate from the
annular space. We can also inject special formation treating
fluid.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a flow schematic of the preferred well hookup
for carrying out our invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates pressure variations in the well annulus opposite
the fluidic pressure fluctuation generator for a constant annulus
backpressure but with different flow rates through the fluidic
vibration generator.
FIG. 3 illustrates showing an input and output rate for the annulus
pressure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Attention is first directed to FIG. 1 which shows in schematic form
the well bore hookup for use in practicing our invention to
fracture an underground formation. Shown therein is a well bore 10
which is shown as having a casing 12 at the upper end and an open
hole at the lower end. A tubing string 14 having a fluidic pressure
fluctuation generator unit 16 connected to the lower end is
suspended in the well bore. This includes fluidic generator A,
upper acoustic filter D, lower acoustic filter E, and acoustic tank
F. A suitable fluidic pressure fluctuation generator unit is shown
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,405,770, issued to Edward M. Galle and Henry B.
Woods, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,520,362, issued to Edward M. Galle,
both patents assigned to Hughes Tool Company, Houston, Texas.
The upper end of annulus 18 between tubing 14 and casing 12 is
closed by sealing means 20 through which the tubing string 14
extends. Annulus 18 has an outlet 22 at the surface connected to
line 26. Line 26 connects to branch 26A having valve 73 which
connects to pump 72 having source 74. The purpose of branch 26A and
pump 72 will be described later.
Line 26 has a vlave 71 which, as will be explained later, is open
except when pump 72 is operated. Valve 73 is closed except when
pump 72 is in use. A pressure gauge 24 is connected into the line
adjacent outlet 22. Also connected into the outlet line 26 is a
regulating valve 28. This valve 28 is used to maintain a selected
backpressure in annulus 18. Valve 28 can be either hand controlled,
or it can be controlled automatically. Valve 28 can be a type which
automatically holds a selected backpressure on the input side.
Suitable valves are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,577 and in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,354,970. A meter 30 and protecting strainer 32 are also
provided in output line 26. Thus, by properly setting valve 28 we
can control the backpressure of the fluid in annulus 18 during
operation of this device.
The output from valve 28 is connected through line 34 to pump 36. A
surge tank 38 is also connected into line 34 in conformance with
good engineering practices. Make-up fluid can be obtained from
source 27 which is connected to the inlet of pump 36 through valve
29. The output of pump 36 is connected through line 40 having
strainer 42 to a meter 44. A valve 46 which can be identical to
valve 28 is connected into a line 48 downstream of meter 44.
Pressure gauges 50 and 52 are provided on either side of flow
control valve 46. Line 48 is the fluid injection line which is
connected into the upper end of tubing string 14. We also provide a
fluid bypass line 54 having control valve 56 which connects from
the downstream side to the upstream side of pump 36. Valve 56
functions to permit bypassing a portion of the fluid output from
pump 36, should this be desirable or necessary to control the rate
of flow into the well.
We shall now briefly describe the operation of the system of FIG.
1. We lower fluidic pressure fluctuation generator unit 16 to be at
the level of interval 58 which has been selected to be fractured.
We then start injecting a fluid down tubing 14. This fluid can be
any suitable fracturing fluid and can even be water. Fluidic
pressure fluctuation generator 16 is capable of generating
oscillating (alternating current type, or AC) pressure in the
interval in the well bore at the same level as it is placed (for a
further description of how the patent of Galle et al tool operates,
reference is made to said U.S. Pat. No. 3,520,362). The maximum
positive AC pressure or positive pressure peaks can be identified
as P.sub.m and is illustrated in FIG. 2. Ordinarily, the pressure
P.sub.m is a function of the pressure drop through generator 16
which also is a function of the rate of flow through the system.
For different flow rates one can accurately predict the pressure
drop through a particular tool and thus also predict P.sub.m.
If we know the density of the circulating fluid and the
backpressure held on it we can determine the hydrostatic pressure
P.sub.h at any given depth. We maintain a backpressure with valve
28 such that the hydrostatic pressure at any level caused by the
fluid of column in the well bore and the backpressure is less than
the probable fracturing pressure for any interval in the well bore.
However, we do maintan the hydrostatic pressure sufficiently high
so that when it is added to the pressure P.sub.m developed by
generator 16 the resulting pressure is sufficiently high to
fracture the interval. One unique, desirable aspect about this
system is that the pressure in the well bore is raised above the
fracturing pressure only at the interval immediately adjacent the
fluidic generator and between acoustic filters D and E. As
explained in U.S. Pat. No. 3,520,362, the AC pressure is isolated
to this interval. Thus the isolated interval of tool 16 is the only
interval fractured. We ordinarily limit the extent of this fracture
by limiting the flow of fluid through the system after fracture
initiation has occurred. An indication of fracture initiation can
be detected when the output rate through meter 30 is abruptly
reduced. We like to limit the vertical extent of our fracture. This
is often possible by limiting the amount of fluid which we inject
after fracture initiation to between about 5 and about 20 barrels,
for example. This is especially important if the formation 58
(which is being fractured) is adjacent to an aquifer, as we do not
wish any fracutre to reach the water-bearing formation.
Evaluation tests of this technique were conducted at Amoco
Production Company's Bird Creek test site, Tulsa County, Oklahoma.
The well was drilled into the Oologah Limestone, which is located
near the surface. This particular Oologah Limestone formation has
been utilized in evaluating many different hydraulic fracturing
techniques. This is possible because the Oologah Limestone here
reacts very much like rocks in deep wells to hydraulic fracturing,
acidizing and the like. In one test a well bore was drilled into
the Oologah Limestone to a total depth of about 90 feet. Before the
test was initiated the well bore was inspected with a television
camera and pressure tested with water to 400 psi. In one initial
test, the formation was inadvertently broken down by a pressure
surge which occurred when the tool started to oscillate. This was a
result of having improper backpressure control which permitted the
hydrostatic pressure to exceed the formation fracturing pressure
throughout the exposed portion of the formation. The well was
repaired by squeeze cementing and the well bore was then examined
by television camera and by pressure tests to assure that there
were no fractures in the well bore wall. A subsequent test was
conducted which is now reported. The diameter of the borehole was
77/8 inches and the size of the tubing used was 23/8 inches OD.
During this test the circulating fluid used was water. We used a
fluidic generation unit as described above which had a maximum
diameter of 71/8 inches and had 231/2 feet between acoustic filters
D and E. During maximum oscillation, the injection rate through the
system was 120 gallons per minute. A backpressure of 380 psi was
held on the annulus by valve 28. During this time the pressure in
the well bore opposite tool 16 was oscillating at about 160 cycles
per second from 0-750 psi. The pressure drop across tool 16 during
this maximum oscillation was approximately 2300 psi. The maximum
pressure peak of 750 psi was isolated to the portion of the well
bore adjacent fluidic generator 58. Acoustic tank F was about 20
inches in vertical length. The maximum and minimum pressure for the
generator used in the isolated portion of the borehole is equal to
P.sub.h + or - one-half maximum pressure variation. During this
test the depth of the top of tank F was at about 69 feet in the
well bore. Upon the injection of 120 gallons per minute with the
backpressure at 380 psi the formation fractured. A horizontal
fracture approximately one inch wide was made at a depth of 65 feet
in the zone where the oscillating pressure was effected. Although
there were no propping agents in the fracturing fluid, this
horizontal fracture was propped with small rock fragments that were
apparently broken from the fracture faces. A vertical fracture
extending from a depth of about 32 feet to about 62 feet was also
induced. These fractures were detected by inspection of the bore
with a downhole television camera. The vertical fracture was
apparently induced first at a lower pressure than that required for
the horizontal fracture which was initiated during the latter
stages of injection when the flow rate through the fluidic
oscillator was highest and when the P.sub.m pressure was at a
maximum.
As mentioned above, for a constant annulus backpressure, the peak
AC pressure P.sub.m is a function of the rate of flow through the
tool. As an example, attention is directed to FIG. 2 wherein we
held a backpressure on the annulus of 300 psi and the backpressure
was a direct function of the flow rate. In curve 60 with a low flow
rate of 60 GPM (gallons per minute) the generated pressure P.sub.m
was about 200 psi; curve 62 has a pressure P.sub.m of 300 psi for
an intermediate rate of 90 GPM; curve 64 illustrates a pressure
P.sub.m of 380 psi for a high rate of 120 GPM.
FIG. 3 merely illustrates how one can tell at the surface when a
fracture has been initiated. In FIG. 3 the abscissa is annulus
pressure and the ordinate is rate of flow. Assume an input rate of
lineal increase as indicated by curve 66. The output rate, before
fracturing, is also typically a constant lineal increase of lesser
rate because of loss of fluid to the formation as indicated by
curve 68. However, the instant that rate and pressure have been
increased to the point where the fracture occurs, the output rate
takes a sudden and sharp decrease as illustrated by curve 68A.
Thus, by merely plotting the input rate and the output rate versus
the annulus pressure, one can detect the instant of fracture.
An alternative application of the tool for fracturing is to
position the tool at the desired fracture initiation point and
first initiate a fracture with the appropriate combination of
hydrostatic P.sub.h and maximum P.sub.m pressure. The total
pressure (P.sub.h + P.sub.m) is then reduced to below the
fracturing pressure. Valve 71 is closed and valve 73 opened. We
then use pump 72 to inject a fracturing fluid from source 74 down
the annulus at the fracture treating or fracture opening pressure,
which is lower than the fracture initiation pressure. This can be
done by either no flow through the tool or with flow of a fluid
through the tool and flow of either the same fluid or a different
fluid down the annulus.
We can use the system described in connection with FIG. 1 for
stimulating subsurface formations in ways other than by fracturing.
For example, we can inject other stimulating fluids such as acids,
water block removal solutions, scale removal liquids, and the like.
When using these particular types of fluids we ordinarily will wish
to avoid fracturing. It is usually desired that these fluids be
injected in only a particular interval of the well bore. This
objetive can be accomplished with our system. For example, we
determine the interval at which we wish to treat. Then we position
fluidic generator A at that level. We start injecting a liquid
through the system. We next inject a slug of treating fluid from
source 37 through pump 36 after closing valve 35 and opening valve
33. The fill-up volume of the system from fluidic generator A to
the top of tubing 14 is known. When sufficient treating fluid is
pumped into tubing 14 to completely fill it above the fluidic
pressure fluctuation generator, we immediately increase the pump
rate so that there is a sudden buildup of pressure P.sub.h in
acoustic tank F so that the treating fluid is forced into formation
58. By continuing measuring the output from annulus 18 we can
quickly determine the rate and amount of fluid being injected into
the formation 58. We keep the total pressure of P.sub.m + P.sub.h
below the fracturing pressure.
In a preferred system of operation of the use of this system for
injecting stimulating fluids (other than fracturing) we circulate
at a relatively low rate in an attempt to get a constant return
from annulus 18 through outlet 22. We inject our slug of treating
fluid at an increased rate, e.g., 11/2 to 3 times, but maintain the
constant backpressure with valve 28. We are then reasonably certain
that any additional loss of fluid caused by the increased pressure
of the fluidic generator A is caused by the stimulating fluid being
forced into formation 58 as selected. By loss of fluid we mean the
difference between the input rate into tubing 14 and the output
rate to outlet 22. In the absence of fluidic generator A, this
fluid loss is largely determined by the hydrostatic pressure in the
borehole which is at least partially controlled by the amount of
backpressure held thereon. After sufficient stimulating fluid has
been injected, we can then inject, if needed, an inert cleaning
fluid through the system.
While the above invention has been described with considerable
detail, it is possible to make many modifications thereof without
departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention.
* * * * *