U.S. patent number 3,741,709 [Application Number 05/217,003] was granted by the patent office on 1973-06-26 for solid state safety control for fuel burning apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Koehring Company. Invention is credited to Loris D. Clark.
United States Patent |
3,741,709 |
Clark |
June 26, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
SOLID STATE SAFETY CONTROL FOR FUEL BURNING APPARATUS
Abstract
A solid state flame sensing control circuit for a fuel burning
device incorporates a thermal sensitive circuit breaker, a heating
coil to energize the circuit breaker, a variable resistance device
arranged to monitor and respond to a given physical condition or
absence of the flame of the fuel burning device and a thyrister
type unit which when energized permits sufficient current to pass
through the heating coil to trip the circuit breaker. The elements
are so connected that as long as the variable resistance device
senses a proper flame condition the thyrister will be
non-conductive; the thyrister becoming conductive when the variable
resistance device, dependent on its nature, senses an absence of
flame or a flame shift, or a temperature condition of such flame
within the combustion chamber of the fuel burning device indicative
of an absence of or improper burning. In preferred embodiment means
are also provided to render the circuit insensitive to normal flame
flicker.
Inventors: |
Clark; Loris D. (Syracuse,
IN) |
Assignee: |
Koehring Company (Milwaukee,
WI)
|
Family
ID: |
22809289 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/217,003 |
Filed: |
January 11, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/79 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23N
5/082 (20130101); F23N 5/203 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23N
5/20 (20060101); F23N 5/08 (20060101); F23n
005/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/79 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Favors; Edward G.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A safety control circuit for a fuel burning device of the type
producing a flame in normal operation and having electrical power
means, said circuit comprising first and second leads connected to
said electrical power means and connectible to a power source for
energizing said electrical power means, a thermal sensitive circuit
breaker connected to one said lead having in connection therewith
means for tripping breaker contacts included therein, a device of
the thyrister category connected to said tripping means, a variable
resistance device operatively related to said thyrister device and
arranged to monitor and sense a flame condition in the fuel burning
device to which it is applied, means including a device having a
defined firing voltage included to render said thyrister device
non-responsive to said variable resistance device when the latter
is energized by a predetermined flame condition during proper
combustion conditions in the related fuel burning device and
responsive to a deenergizing of said variable resistance device in
instances of improper flame, flame absence or failure, faulty
ignition or improper combustion in said fuel burning device to trip
said tripping means and open said breaker contacts.
2. The structure as set forth in claim 1 characterized by said
device having a defined firing voltage being arranged to render
said circuit insensitive to ordinary momentary changes in flame
condition in the related fuel burning device.
3. The structure as set forth in claim 1 characterized by said
device having a defined firing voltage being a neon tube or other
device having equivalent function.
4. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1 characterized by said tripping
means including a heater type coil in series with said thyrister
and said variable resistance device being connected across said
thyrister.
5. Apparatus as set forth in claim 4 characterized by said
thyrister being a silicon controlled rectifier and said variable
resistance device being a photo-sensitive device.
6. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1 characterized by said device
having a defined firing voltage including means rendering the
circuit insensitive to momentary change in flame condition
connected between a gate of said thyrister device and said variable
resistance device.
7. Apparatus as set forth in claim 6 including complementary
resistor means in said circuit, connected between said tripping
means and said variable resistance device and said tripping means
and said thyrister device.
8. Apparatus as set forth in claim 4 characterized by said
thyrister device bieng inserted in a third lead across said first
and second leads in series with said tripping means and said
variable resistance device being connected between said third lead
and the other of said first and second leads.
9. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 wherein said thyrister device
is a silicon controlled rectifier and said variable resistance
device is a photo-sensitive device sensing flame condition.
10. A structure as set forth in claim 9 including a resistor
interposed between and in series with said heating coil and said
rectifier, a fourth lead containing a second resistor and said
photo-sensitive device in series, one end of said fourth lead being
connected to said third lead between said heating coil and the said
first resistor, the other end of the said fourth lead being
connected to said second lead and the gate of said rectifier being
connected to said fourth lead between said second resistor and said
photosensitive device.
11. A structure as set forth in claim 10 characterized by said
device having a defined firing voltage including a break-over
device in a fith lead connecting between said gate and said fourth
lead and providing means operable to render said circuit
insensitive to ordinary flame flicker or momentary flame
displacement.
12. A structure as set forth in claim 11 wherein said break-over
device comprises a neon tube or the like having a defined firing
voltage.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a safety control for a fuel burning
device, and more particularly to a solid state flame sensing
control circuit capable of constantly monitoring the operation of
the fuel burning device and of shutting down the fuel burning
device upon the occurrence of faulty ignition, flame loss or
improper burning, irrespective of the cause.
2. Description of the Prior Art
While the control circuit of the present invention is generally
applicable to fuel burning systems, for purposes of an exemplary
illustration it will be described in connection with portable space
heaters of conventional and well known types frequently used, for
example, by contractors for heating and drying purposes.
The nature of the fuel burning portable space heater does not
constitute a limitation on the present invention. In general, such
a space heater typically comprises an outer housing surrounding a
combustion chamber. Means are provided to introduce air into the
combustion chamber. A burner is located at one end of the
combustion chamber. The burner normally has a fuel nozzle,
frequently incorporating eductor means providing jets of air to
draw, mix and atomize the fuel delivered by the nozzle. The nozzle,
together with the eductors, discharge a combustible fuel-air
mixture into the combustion chamber. Means are provided to ignite
the mixture, and after initial ignition continuous burning occurs.
Typically, during the continuous combustion, convection heat
currents issue from the end of the heater opposite the burner and
additional heat radiates from the surface of the heater
housing.
Portable space heaters of the general type described are frequently
provided with an ignition transformer and a motor. The motor
normally runs a fan supplying air to the combustion chamber and the
eductors and operates a fuel pump.
When the portable space heater is functioning properly, fuel
burning will occur near the end of the combustion chamber at which
the burner is located. In the event of improper air flow, however,
the flame will move toward the opposite end of the combustion
chamber, the combustion becoming unsteady and inadequate for proper
heating. Under such a circumstance, it is desirable to shut down
the heater. Inadequate air may result from a malfunction of the fan
or a blocking of the passages for the air into the combustion
chamber.
Inadequate and possibly dangerous conditions may also be indicated
by a lower than normal temperature of the burner flame,
representing improper combustion conditions.
It is also desirable to shut down the portable space heater when
there is a flame failure. This can occur by virtue of faulty
ignition, a blockage of the fuel nozzle or exhaustion of the fuel
supply.
In any case the malfunction can cause insufficient or incomplete
burning or a failure to burn issuing fuel, producing a dangerous
existence of highly flammable liquid or noxious fumes. Prior art
workers have devised a number of safety control circuits for fuel
burning devices proposed to avoid the many and often disastrous
results of improper burning or failure of flame in apparatus such
as portable space heaters. For example, circuits have been proposed
incorporating a thermal sensitive circuit breaker, a heating coil
to energize the circuit breaker and a cadmium sulfide cell to
monitor the flames of the fuel burning device. The heating coil and
the cell were connected in parallel, the cell being shunted across
the heating coil. The theory was that so long as the cadmium
sulfide cell sensed a proper flame, insufficient current would pass
through the heating coil to trip the thermal sensitive circuit
breaker. In such a circuit, however, the cadmium sulfide cell would
sometimes react to flame flicker causing the tripping of the
circuit breaker when shut down of the fuel burning device was not
actually required.
In another prior art embodiment, a thermal sensitive circuit
breaker and heating coil were again used, together with a cadmium
sulfide cell. In this embodiment a relay was provided having
normally closed contact points in series with the heating coil.
When the cadmium sulfide cell sensed a proper flame, the armature
of the relay would react so the normally closed contact points
would open removing sufficient power from the heating coil to
prevent tripping of the circuit breaker. Such a circuit, however,
has proven expensive to manufacture, requiring a relay (a
relatively large component) and was subject to mechanical failure
of the relay.
The safety control circuit of the present invention is a solid
state circuit which is very small in size as compared to those of
the prior art making it easy to apply in the most convenient manner
and is very inexpensive to manufacture. The circuit is reactive,
and more effectively in any case, both to improper burning and loss
of flame, irrespective of the cause. Nevertheless, the circuit is
so designed that in preferred embodiment it is not reactive to
ordinary flame flicker so that unnecsary and sometimes highly
damaging shut down of the fuel burning device will not occur. The
circuit contains no relays or similar devices of prior art
apparatus which have been often subject to mechanical failure.
Finally, the circuit is extremely simple, containing a small number
of elements and is characterized by quick response in the event of
improper burning or flame loss lending it a high safety quotient.
Its use will obviate the high incidence of problems such as noted
above to occur in prior art apparatus.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The device providing the solid state flame sensing control circuit
of the present invention comprises first and second leads capable
of providing its connection to a power source. The electrical power
means of the fuel burning device is connected across the first and
second leads in parallel. Such electrical power means may comprise,
for example, a motor and an ignition transformer.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention here illustrated a
thermal sensitive circuit breaker has the contacts thereof
connected in the first lead and across the first and second leads
is connected an additional lead incorporating, in series, a heating
coil for actuating the circuit breaker, a first resistor and a
silicon controlled rectifier. Yet another lead is provided
incorporating a second resistor and a cadmium sulfide cell.
This last mentioned lead is connected at one end to that lead
containing the heating coil, first resistor and silicon controlled
rectifier at a position between the heating coil and the first
resistor. The other end of the lead containing the second resistor
and the cadmium sulfide cell is connected to the second lead.
Finally, the gate of the silicon controlled rectifier is connected
by a lead to that lead containing the second resistor and the
cadmium sulfide cell, at a position between the last two mentioned
elements. The silicon controlled rectifier gate lead contains a
break-over device.
The circuit is such that when the cadmium sulfide cell senses a
proper flame, sufficient voltage for firing the break-over device
does not exist and the gate of the silicon controlled rectifier is
not energized. Therefore, the silicon controlled rectifier will,
under such conditions, be rendered non-conductive and the heating
coil will then carry an insufficient amount of current to trip the
thermal sensitive circuit breaker. Upon the occurrence of a flame
failure or improper burning, the resistance of the cadmium sulfide
cell will responsively increase to produce the firing voltage of
the break-over device. Once this occurs, the gate of the silicion
controlled rectifier will be energized and the silicon controlled
rectifier will be rendered conductive, thereby permitting a flow of
current through the heating coil sufficient to cause it to trip the
thermal sensitive circuit breaker. As provided, the break-over
device insures that the circuit will not react to normal flame
flicker.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a diagram illustrating the circuit of the present
invention in the aforementioned preferred embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the Figure leads 1 and 2 are connectable to a suitable source of
power (not shown). This connection may be made through the use of a
simple plug. In addition, one of leads 1 and 2 may be provided with
a conventional start switch.
In the Figure, the fuel burning apparatus is not shown, but
exemplary electrical power means for the fuel burning apparatus are
represented by the motor 3 and the ignition transformer 4. The
motor 3 and transformer 4 are connected in parallel across the
leads 1 and 2 by leads 5 and 6, respectively. As mentioned above,
the transformer 4 will serve in the ignition of the air-fuel
mixture. The motor 3 will operate a fan providing air for the
combustion chamber and the eductors. The motor may also drive a
fuel pump, as the fuel burning device is provided with one.
A thermal sensitive circuit breaker and heating coil unit are
generally indicated at 7. The thermal sensitive circuit breaker 8
thereof is located in lead 1 while the heating coil 9 is located in
a lead 10 connected across leads 1 and 2. Lead 10 also
incorporates, in series following relation, a first resistor 11 and
a silicon controlled rectifier 12.
An additional lead is indicated at 13, connected at one end to the
lead 10 between the heating coil 9 and the first resistor 11. The
other end of lead 13 is connected to lead 2. The lead 13
incorporates, in series relation, a second resistor 14 and a
cadmium sulfide photo conductive cell 15.
Finally, the gate of the silicon controlled rectifier 12 is
connected by a lead 16 to lead 13 at a point 17 between the
resistor 14 and the cell 15. The lead 16 incorporates a break-over
device such as a neon tube 18.
The operation of the circuit of the present invention may be
understood from the following. Leads 1 and 2 are connected to a
source of electrical current. This, in turn, will normally cause
energization of the motor 3 and the ignition transformer 4. Since
at the very outset there is no flame for the cadmium sulfide cell
15 to sense, the cell will have a very high resistance. Therefore,
a voltage will appear at point 17 sufficient to fire the neon tube
18. This, in turn, will energize the gate of the silicon controlled
rectifier 12, rendering the silicon controlled rectifier
conductive. Since the silicon controlled rectifier 12 is in a
conductive state, current sufficient in a very short period to heat
the coil 9 to the point of tripping the circuit breaker 8 will
begin to flow. However, if ignition takes place properly, the
cadmium sulfide cell will be energized by the light of the flame
and its resistance will drop substantially. Consequently, the
voltage at 17 will drop below the break-over voltage of the neon
tube 18 and the gate of the silicon controlled rectifier will be
deenergized. Therefore, if proper ignition occurs quickly, the
silicon controlled rectifier 12 will be rendered non-conductive
before the heating coil 9 will have attained a temperature
sufficient to trip the circuit breaker.
As long as proper burning continues, the cadmium sulfide cell 15
will remain energized by exposure to the light of the flames, the
silicion controlled rectifier 12 will remain in a non-conductive
state and the circuit breaker 8 will remain closed. However, should
the flames shift due to improper burning or extinguish for any
reason, the cadmium sulfide cell will no longer be properly
energized by exposure to the light of the flames, its normally high
resistance will be reinstated causing the break over voltage of the
neon tube 18 to be reached. In this manner the silicon controlled
rectifier is rendered conductive once more. If the apparent
malfunction does not immediately self correct, this, in turn, will
cause the coil 9 to almost immediately heat to a sufficiently high
temperature level to trip the thermal sensitive circuit breaker 8,
and the motor 3 and ignition transformer 4 will be deenergized.
The neon tube 18 adds a safety element of important significance.
Since it has a definite firing voltage, the variation in resistance
of the cadmium sulfide cell 15 due to a normal type of flame
flicker will have no effect on the gate of the silicon controlled
rectifier 12. This is true for two reasons, the inherent slight
delay in the response of the cadmium sulfide cell and the fact that
the firing voltage of the neon tube will not be reached at point 17
when the position of a displaced flame is quickly reestablished. It
will be understood by those skilled in the art that the neon tube
18 could be any appropriate break-over device such as a diac or the
like.
The selection of components of the proper characteristics and
ratings for the circuit of the present invention will depend upon
the application of the circuit and, having the benefit of the
present disclosure, the same can be made by the worker skilled in
the art. The cadmium sulfide cell 15 must be located in a position
to properly sense the flames so as to receive the proper amount of
illumination from them. For example, the cell 15 may be mounted on
the casing of the portable space heater adjacent a port in the
combustion chamber. The port in the combustion chamber should be
located at a position adjacent the position the flames would
normally assume in the combustion chamber when proper combustion is
taking place. The resistor 14 should be chosen in conjunction with
the cadmium cell 15 and the break-over device 18, based on their
respective characteristics. Note in respect to the resistance
involved, if any perceptible current should flow through the
heating coil 9 during normal operation of the space heater, it will
be in an extremely small amount. The rectifier as above described
and here employed in conjunction with the heater coil 9 and
resistor 11 is an element of such a nature that it will bring a
cold coil 9 to a tripping condition in about 15 seconds. The
resistor 11 should have a rating such as to assure the presence of
a gate voltage when the silicon controlled rectifier 12 is in the
conductive state. The silicon controlled rectifier 12 must be
capable of carrying sufficient current to enable the proper heating
of coil 9. It should also be of such sensitivity as to properly
respond when combined with the other components of the circuit.
In an exemplary form of the circuit of the present invention, not
intended to constitute a limitation on the present invention,
excellent performance was achieved where the resistor 11 was chosen
to have a rating of 400 ohms, the resistor 14 was chosen with a
rating of 100,000 ohms and the breakover device 18 was a readily
available neon tube of the designation NE2A.
Modifications may be made in the invention without departing from
the spirit of it. For example, the circuit of the Figure may
incorporate a thermal sensitive switch which will open the circuit
should too high a temperature be achieved in the combustion
chamber.
In some instances, while not preferred, where the problem of
momentary flame flicker or shift is not of serious concern, the
neon tube 18 may be eliminated from the circuit which will then
function in an obvious manner with highly desirable results which
have the aforementioned advantages.
The illustrated use and application of a variable resistance device
and the thyrister in the form of the rectifier described in any
case contributes a significant advance to the art of safety
controls of the type described.
The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment and application
of the invention concept highlights its advantages and distinct
features of novelty. However, as indicated previously, it is not
intended that the invention embodiments be thereby limited to the
elements as comprised in the described circuit nor to a control
circuit wherein only a photo-sensitive control cell is employed as
a sensing element. For example, while in the preferred embodiment
here illustrated the sensing device exposed to the heater flame has
been described as a cadmium sulfide cell, it may be an equivalent
device having the criteria to meet the requirements of a variable
resistance of the nature characteristic of the cadmium sulfide
cell. Thus, the flame sensing device may be another type of light
sensitive unit. Provided it has the variable resistance
characteristic, it even may be a unit which is temperature
sensitive, reacting to change its resistance when the temperature
sensed indicates a dangerous condition. Therefore, the invention
contemplates a flame sensing unit which on the one hand may respond
to light or absence of light or on the other hand to a given
temperature level or its absence to vary its resistance in the
circuit provided and thereby react similarly to the cadmium sulfide
cell above described. In either event, the presence or absence of
flame light or the inadequacy of or the non-existence of a
predetermined flame temperature level will be a criteria indicative
of faulty heater operation and possible dangerous conditions.
To carry the concept a bit further, it is noted that the silicon
controlled rectifier is a unit in the thyrister category. On this
basis, one can substitute a Triac which will function
similarly.
The potential scope of the invention and the variables in applying
the same should now be self-evident. Of course, the embodiment
illustrated and described has been found to have most significant
and effective benefit in use and lends particular advantage in its
novel application to the art described.
In any case, the physical embodiment of the invention will be
highly economical and the resulting package so small in size as to
facilitate its application. As a matter of fact the cost of the
invention embodiment is in many cases as little as about one third
that of prior art packages of similar usage.
Moreover, the response of the unit is such as to make it
substantially fail safe and to ignore false signals. It obviates
the chance of disaster due to incomplete fuel burning or flame
failure.
From the above description it will be apparent that there is thus
provided a device of the character described possessing the
particular features of advantage before enumerated as desirable,
but which obviously is susceptible of modification in its form,
proportions, detail construction and arrangement of parts without
departing from the principle involved or sacrificing any of its
advantages.
While in order to comply with the statute the invention has been
described in language more or less specific as to structural
features, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited
to the specific features shown, but that the means and construction
herein disclosed comprise but one of several modes of putting the
invention into effect and the invention is therefore claimed in any
of its forms or modifications within the legitimate and valid scope
of the appended claims.
* * * * *