U.S. patent number 3,739,596 [Application Number 05/197,295] was granted by the patent office on 1973-06-19 for refrigeration system including head pressure control means.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to James L. Ballard.
United States Patent |
3,739,596 |
Ballard |
June 19, 1973 |
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM INCLUDING HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL MEANS
Abstract
A refrigeration system comprising an air cooled condenser, fan
means for passing outdoor air over the condenser including a first
fan operative only at higher outdoor temperatures, a second,
multi-speed fan and control means responsive to the system high
side pressure for controlling the second fan speed; the control
means including a time delay relay means for assuring a high speed
operation of the fan upon initial operation of the system
regardless of outdoor temperatures.
Inventors: |
Ballard; James L. (Ellicott
City, MD) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(Louisville, KY)
|
Family
ID: |
22728816 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/197,295 |
Filed: |
November 10, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/158; 62/182;
62/226 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25B
49/027 (20130101); Y02B 30/70 (20130101); Y02B
30/743 (20130101); F25B 2600/111 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F25B
49/02 (20060101); F25d 017/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/180,181,182,158,226 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Claims
I claim:
1. A refrigeration system comprising in combination:
a compressor, condenser, capillary flow restrictor and evaporator
series connected to form a closed refrigerant circuit in which the
portion of said circuit from said compressor to said expansion
means defines the high pressure side of said refrigerant
circuit;
fans respectively driven by separate fan motors for passing a
cooling stream of outdoor air over said condenser, one of said fan
motors being a multi-speed motor;
a circuit for controlling the energization of said second
multi-speed motor including an autotransformer having high, medium
and low voltage taps, first and second time delay relays each
including two position switches, and first and second pressure
actuated switch means respectively responsive to lower and higher
operating pressures in said high pressure side of said refrigerant
circuit;
said first switch connecting said second multi-speed motor to said
low voltage tap at a high side pressure sensed by said first
pressure actuated switch means which is below said lower pressure
and to said second switch at pressures above said lower
pressure;
said second switch connecting said second multi-speed motor to said
medium voltage tap at pressures below said higher high side
pressure and to said high voltage tap at pressures above said
higher high side pressure;
said time delay relays having time delays sufficient that upon
initial energization of said compressor, said multi-speed fan motor
will be sequentially connected to said low, medium and high voltage
taps with sufficient delay while connected to said low voltage tap
to permit the high side pressure to reach the highest level for the
existing outdoor temperature.
2. A refrigeration system comprising in combination:
a compressor, condenser, expansion means and evaporator series
connected to form a closed refrigerant circuit in which the portion
of said circuit from said compressor to said expansion means
defines a high pressure side of said refrigerant circuit;
first and second fans respectively driven by first and second fan
motors for passing outdoor air over said condenser, said second fan
motor being a multi-speed motor;
control circuitry for controlling the operation of said fan motors
comprising:
means for energizing said first fan motor only when the outdoor
temperature is above a predetermined temperature;
a circuit for operating said second fan motor at high, medium and
low speeds, including first and second time delay relays and first
abd second pressure actuated switch means respectively responsive
to lower and higher pressures in said high pressure side of said
refrigerant circuit for respectively energizing said first and
second relays;
said time-delay relays having time delays sufficient that upon
initial energization of said compressor, with said second fan motor
operating at low speed, the system high side pressure will go to
the highest level the system will experience at existing outdoor
temperatures before said second fan motor operates at its higher
speed.
3. A refrigeration system comprising in combination:
a compressor, condenser, capillary flow restrictor and evaporator
series connected to form a closed refrigerant circuit in which the
portion of said circuit from said compressor to said expansion
means defines the high pressure side of said refrigerant
circuit;
first and second fans respectively driven by first and second fan
motors for passing a cooling stream of outdoor air over said
condenser, said second fan motor being a multi-speed motor;
control circuitry for controlling the operation of said fan motors
comprising:
an outdoor thermostat for energizing said first fan motor when the
outdoor temperature is above a predetermined temperature and for
de-energizing said first fan motor when the temperature falls below
said predetermined temperature;
a circuit for controlling the energization of said second fan motor
including an autotransformer having high, medium and low voltage
taps, first and second time delay relays each including two
position switches, and first and second pressure actuated switch
means respectively responsive to lower and higher operating
pressures in said high pressure side of said refrigerant
circuit;
said first switch connecting said second fan motor to said low
voltage tap at a high side pressure sensed by said first pressure
actuated switch means which is below said lower pressure and to
said second switch at pressures above said lower pressure;
said second switch connecting said second fan motor to said medium
voltage tap at pressures below said higher high side pressure and
to said high voltage tap at pressures above said higher high side
pressure;
said time delay relays having time delays sufficient that upon
initial energization of said compressor, said second fan motor will
be sequentially connected to said low, medium and high voltage taps
with sufficient delay while connected to said low voltage tap to
permit the high side pressure to reach the highest level for the
existing outdoor temperature.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the operation of modern refrigeration systems, such as those
employed for cooling an enclosure, it is not uncommon for cooling
to be required even when the outdoor temperatures are relatively
low. When outdoor air is used to cool the system condenser, low
outdoor air ambient termperature conditions may result in over
cooling so that the high side pressure of the system is at an
extremely low level thereby reducing the amount of refrigerant flow
from the condenser through the expansion means to the evaporator
which in turn reduces the system capacity.
In order to maintain the required high side pressure in the system
at low ambient temperatures so that the expansion means can
properly control the refrigerant flow and maintain capacity, it has
been a common practice to provide means for decreasing the air flow
across the condenser when the outdoor temperature falls below a
predetermined minimum. Various means for decreasing the total air
cooling of the condenser at low ambient temperatures are described
and shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,952,991-Pierre;
3,112,620-Steward; 3,152,455-Ware and 3,293,876 -Geisler. These
known systems involving either means for varying the number of fans
operating or the speed of one of the fans have decreased the air
flow under conditions which, with full air flow, would result in
unacceptably low high side pressures, but under some conditions
they fail to provide the constant air flow required for optimum
cooling operation.
For example, in the initial start up of these known systems, under
low ambient temperature conditions, the air flow called for by the
controls is low. If the air flow is controlled only by ambient
temperature, the head pressure may become too high for optimum
cooling operation. If it is controlled by head or high side
pressure or temperature, the air will increase as the head pressure
and temperature increase but may hunt or oscillate due to the
system pressure or temperature lag at start up and still level off
at a lower fan speed than that giving optimum cooling operation.
Thus the system may continue to operate at either a lower or higher
head pressure than its design is intended for so that it will
operate for a longer or shorter optimum time. Substantial icing of
the system evaporator may take place due to such inefficient
operation of the system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a refrigeration
system including an air flow control means designed to quickly
enable the system to find its optimum cooling operating level under
various ambient temperature conditions.
Another object of the invention is to provide a refrigeration
system including an improved head pressure control means which
during the initial start up causes the system to quickly operate at
a higher system high side pressure level than will be required and
thereafter regulating to the desired air flow and high side
pressure for proper cooling operation of the system.
In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the present
invention provides a refrigeration system comprising a compressor,
a condenser, expansion means and evaporator series connected to
form a closed refrigerant circuit and air flow control means which
is responsive to both outdoor ambient air temperature and system
high side pressure or single fan air flow control responsive to
system high side pressure and which assures a maximum air flow for
optimum cooling operation. To this end, the illustrated system is
provided with two fans for passing a cooling stream of outdoor air
over the condenser. The operation of one of the fans is controlled
by an outdoor thermostat which de-energizes the fan whenever the
outdoor temperature falls below a predetermined temperature. The
second fan on a dual fan system or the only fan on a single fan
system is a multi-speed fan, the speed of which is controlled
through an autotransformer having high, medium and low voltage taps
and first and second time-delay relays operated by the first and
second pressure actuated switch means responsive to different high
side pressures for connecting the fan to one of these three taps.
The time delay provided by the relay means is sufficient so that
during initial energization or start-up of the compressor the
increase in fan speed will lag behind that actually called for by
the pressure actuated switch means so as to permit the high side
pressure to reach a level higher than that at which it will
ultimately be required to operate the fan to maintain optimum high
side pressure. This will provide the highest fan speed operation
and hence maximum cooling under the existing ambient
conditions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the accompanying drawing:
The single FIGURE is a schematic view of a refrigeration system
including the control circuitry of the present invention. The
FIGURE denotes a dual outdoor condenser fan system and is
considered to illustrate a single outdoor condenser fan system
using high side system pressures in the same manner as
described.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference to the accompanying drawing, there is illustrated a
refrigeration system comprising a motor driven compressor 1, a
condenser 2, a capillary flow restrictor 3, and an evaporator 4
series connected to form a closed refrigerant circuit. The
refrigerant compressed by the compressor 1 is discharged at high
pressure through the discharge conduit 5 to the condenser where it
is condensed into liquid form. The liquid refrigerant then passes
through the expansion device in the form of the capillary 3 to the
evaporator 4 where at a lower pressure it evaporates to extract
heat from indoor air passed over the evaporator by means of fan 7.
In terms of refrigerant pressure conditions, such a system is
frequently described as having a head or high side or high pressure
side extending from the compressor outlet to the expansion means
and a suction or low side or low pressure side from the expansion
means to the compressor.
For the purpose of cooling the condenser 2, outdoor air is passed
over the condenser by the operation of one or the other of two fans
11 and 12 respectively driven by motors 14 and 15.
Power for the operation and control of the compressor and fans is
supplied through leads L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 connected to a suitable
source of electrical power. The control circuitry includes a
plurality of switches operated by a thermostat 17 responsive to
indoor temperatures. These switches include compressor switch means
18 for connecting the compressor across the leads L.sub.1 and
L.sub.2 when the thermostat 17 calls for cooling and switches 19
and 20 respectively connecting the first fan motor 14 and the
second fan motor 15 to the lead L.sub.2. The circuit for the fan
motor 14 is completed by an outdoor thermostat switch 21 for
connecting motor 14 to the lead L.sub.1 ; this switch 21 being
closed at higher outdoor temperatures and being open at lower
outdoor temperatures. Preferably, this outdoor thermostat 21 opens
to de-energize the motor 14 when the outdoor temperature falls to a
predetermined temperature, as for example 50.degree. F, and resets
or closes to energize the fan motor 14 when the temperature again
increases.
During operation of the compressor 1, the operating speed of the
fan 12, or more specifically, its motor 15 is controlled by the
head or high side pressures in the system. This control circuitry
includes a first time delay relay 22 comprising a two-pole switch
23 and a relay coil 24, the energization of which is controlled by
a pressure responsive switch 25 sensing pressure in the discharge
line 5. A second time delay relay 26, a two-pole switch 27 and a
coil 28 is operated by a second pressure sensitive switch 29 which
is also operated by the pressures within the discharge line 5.
Depending upon the operating positions of the switches 23 and 27,
the fan motor 15 is connected either to a low voltage terminal tap
31, an intermediate voltage tap 32 or a high voltage tap 33 of an
autotransformer 34 connected across the supply lines L.sub.1 and
L.sub.2. Low voltage power for operation of the relay coils 24 and
28 is provided through a transformer 35 the primary of which is
connected across supply lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2.
As previously indicated, the first and second relays 22 and 26
include time delay means for delaying the operation of the switches
23 and 27 following operation of the pressure responsive switch
means 25 and 29. Such time delay relays are well known, and
include, for example, a heated bimetal switch means delaying the
actual operation of the relay switch following energization or
de-energization of the relay coil. In addition, pressure operated
or actuated switches 24 and 28 are responsive to different high
side pressures, the switch 24 closing at a lower pressure than
switch 28. However, both of these pressures are preferably higher
than the lowest non-operating pressure within the discharge line
5.
The amount of cooling air circulated over the condenser 2 depends
upon whether one or both of the fan motors 14 and 15 are energized
as well as the speed in which the motor 15 is operating. After an
idle period, that is, at a time when the room thermostat 17 first
calls for cooling, refrigerant pressures within the system are
substantially equalized or, in other words, the high side pressure
is at a low level. If the outdoor temperature is above the
operating temperature range of the outdoor thermostat 21, fan motor
14 will be energized. If the temperature is below that value, motor
14 will not be energized and fan 11 will not be operating.
In either case, the high side pressure in the discharge line 5 is
usually below operating pressure for either of the pressure
switches 25 and 29, both of these switches will be open so that
relay coils 24 and 28 are not energized. Under these conditions,
switches 23 and 27 will be in their illustrated positions with
switch 23 completing an energizing circuit for the notor 15 through
contact 37 to the low voltage tap 31 with the result that the fan
motor 15 will operate at its lowest speed providing a minimum air
flow over the condenser 2. The operation of the compressor 1 then
continuously increases the head pressure or high side pressure, and
this increase initially closes pressure switch 25 to complete the
energizing circuit for the relay coil 24. Due to the time delay
built into the operation of this relay, there will be a short
delay, as for example about 45 seconds, before the switch 22
operates to engage contact 39 and allows the pressure switch 29 to
complete the energizing of time delay relay coil 28. At this time,
fan motor 15 is energized through a circuit including contact 39 of
switch 22, contact 40 of switch 26, and the medium voltage tap 32
so that the motor 15 runs at an intermediate speed thereby with an
increase in the air flow over the condenser 2.
The high side pressure continued to increase, depending upon the
outdoor air temperatures, the pressure switch 29 closed to complete
a circuit to the relay coil 28 forming part of the second time
delay relay 26 and after a short period of time, as for example 10
to 15 seconds after the time delay relay 22 had been energized,
switch 27 engages contact 41 to connect the fan motor to the high
voltage tap 33 for operation of the fan motor 15 at maximum
speed.
By this built in time delay in the switching of the variable speed
motor 15 from its low to higher speeds, the head or high side
pressure is allowed to go to the highest level that the system will
experience under ambient conditions before regulating to the
desired motor speed required, predetermined by the opening and
closing pressure setting of the pressure switches 25 and 29, for
the proper operation of the system. This assures continuing
operation of the highest fan speed, or in other words, the highest
air flow required for the operation of the system under the
existing ambient temperature conditions. As a result, the system
will operate at maximum efficiency insofar as cooling rate is
concerned. Unless the head pressure and outside ambient temperature
conditions require high speed operation of the fan motor 15, the
motor will modulate to the next lower speed. In other words, during
initial start up, the fan speed will normally be increased at least
one step beyond that ultimately required to maintain the proper
operating head pressure for the existing conditions thus assuring
that the system does not level off at an air flow below that needed
for maximum cooling efficiency. Under these conditions, minimum
icing or frosting of the evaporator is also obtained as well as
allowing the expansion means to properly control and provide
maximum efficiency.
A further advantage in the use of time delay relays is the
substantial elimination of false signals effecting a change in air
flow. With known systems, gusts of wind which materially change the
amount of condenser cooling can cause an undesired decrease or
increase in fan speed particularly when the controls are operating
close to a change over pressure condition. With the time delay, the
false signal will usually disappear before an actual change over to
a different fan speed has taken place.
While there has been shown and described a specific embodiment of
the present invention, it is not limited thereto and it is intended
by the accompanying claims to cover all modifications falling
within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the head
pressure control means of the present invention obviously could
also be used to provide head pressure control in cooling operation
for an air conditioner of the heat pump variety.
* * * * *