U.S. patent number 3,739,393 [Application Number 05/189,297] was granted by the patent office on 1973-06-12 for apparatus and method for generation of drops using bending waves.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Mead Corporation. Invention is credited to Richard H. Lyon, John A. Robertson.
United States Patent |
3,739,393 |
Lyon , et al. |
June 12, 1973 |
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATION OF DROPS USING BENDING
WAVES
Abstract
Apparatus and method for generating drops in a continuous
falling curtain by controlled stimulation of a set of fluid
streams. The streams are formed by forcing a working fluid under
pressure through a set of orifices in an orifice plate, and are
stimulated to produce drops by propagating a series of bending
waves down the length of the plate. It is shown that this method of
stimulation provides regulation of the phase and amplitude of
applied stimulation energy and accurately controls the filament
length of all streams. There is also disclosed an improved jet drop
recording apparatus wherein graphic printing quality is greatly
improved by travelling wave stimulation of a set of digitally
switched jets.
Inventors: |
Lyon; Richard H. (Belmont,
MA), Robertson; John A. (Chillicothe, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Mead Corporation (Dayton,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22696729 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/189,297 |
Filed: |
October 14, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
347/75; 239/3;
239/102.2; 347/94; 347/47 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B41J
2/03 (20130101); D06B 11/0059 (20130101); B41J
2202/15 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41J
2/015 (20060101); B41J 2/03 (20060101); D06B
11/00 (20060101); G01d 015/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;346/1,75,140 ;317/3
;239/3,15,102 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hartary; Joseph W.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Method of generating drops comprising the steps of producing a
set of fluid filaments by forcing a fluid simultaneously through a
set of orifices spaced along a flexible plate, and breaking said
filaments up into drops by generating a series of drop stimulating
bending waves and guiding said waves unidirectionally along said
plate on a path joining said orifices.
2. Method according to claim 1, said bending waves being generated
at constant frequency.
3. Method according to claim 2, said bending waves all being of the
same initial amplitude.
4. Apparatus for generating a curtain of falling drops
comprising:
1. a flexible orifice plate provided with a plurality of spaced
orifices,
2. a fluid supply manifold sealed against said orifice plate and
communicating with said orifices,
3. means for pressurized delivery of a working fluid to said
orifices, the pressure so applied being of sufficient magnitude to
force said fluid to flow through said orifices and form a
corresponding number of parallel streams at the exit sides
thereof,
4. means for generating a series of drop generating disturbances at
a point on said plate, and
5. confining means for causing said disturbances to propagate as
travelling waves from orifice to orifice along said plate without
reflection and repropagation thereof.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, said confining means comprising
means for sealing the fluid supply manifold rigidly against the
orifice plate and creating a clamped joint therebetween.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 said orifices being uniformly
sized and uniformly spaced along a straight line.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 said confining means further
comprising acoustical damping means at both ends of the orifice
plate.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 said acoustical damping means
being of wedge-shaped configuration, and said fluid supply manifold
being provided with a pair of apertures for casting said damping
means in place.
9. In a jet drop recording apparatus comprising drop forming means
for forming a plurality of streams of uniformly sized and regularly
spaced drops, a common pressurized fluid supply manifold for
supplying coating fluid to all of said streams, and means for
selectively deflecting drops within each of the streams; the
improvement wherein said drop forming means comprises:
1. an orifice plate sealed against the supply manifold and provided
with a plurality of orifices arranged at regular intervals along a
straight line,
2. means for launching regularly timed bending waves along the
orifice plate and following said line, and
3. damping means secured to the orifice plate at the end of said
line for absorbing said bending waves and suppressing backwardly
directed reflection thereof.
10. Jet drop recording apparatus comprising:
1. a flexible orifice plate provided with a plurality of uniformly
sized and spaced orifices arranged along a straight line,
2. a fluid supply manifold rigidly sealed against said orifice
plate and communicating with said orifices,
3. means for pressurized delivery of a working fluid to said
orifices, the pressure so supplied being of sufficient magnitude to
force said fluid to flow through said orifices and form a
corresponding number of parallel streams at the exit sides
thereof,
4. means for inducing periodic localized bending in said orifice
plate and propagating bending waves down the length of said plate
to stimulate streams to break up into drops,
5. an electrically nonconductive charge ring plate positioned
across the path of said streams and provided with a set of charge
ring apertures for passage of the streams therethrough; said charge
ring apertures being coated with electrically conductive material
for selective charging of drops created as aforesaid,
6. charge control means in separate electrical communication with
the coatings in said charge ring apertures,
7. means for maintaining a steady electrical field for deflection
of drops created and charged as aforesaid,
8. means for catching of drops created, charged, and deflected as
aforesaid, and
9. means for suppressing backwardly directed reflection of said
bending waves.
11. Apparatus for generating a curtain of falling drops
comprising:
1. a flexible orifice plate provided with a plurality of uniformly
sized orifices spaced uniformly along a straight line,
2. a fluid supply manifold communicating with said orifices and
rigidly sealed against said orifice plate for creation of a clamped
joint therebetween,
3. means for pressurized delivery of a working fluid to said
orifices, the pressure so applied being of sufficient magnitude to
force said fluid to flow through said orifices and form a
corresponding number of parallel streams at the exit sides
thereof,
4. means for propagating bending waves down the length of said
plate, whereby said streams may be stimulated to break up into
drops by passage of bending waves successively past said orifices,
and
5. acoustical damping means at both ends of the orifice plate for
absorbing said bending waves and suppressing back-wardly directed
reflection thereof.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 said acoustical damping means
being of wedge-shaped configuration, and said fluid supply manifold
being provided with a pair of apertures for casting said damping
means in place.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Reference is made to copending patent applications TWIN ROW DROP
GENERATOR, Ser. No. 189,298, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,701,998 and the
present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of fluid drop
generation and the application thereof to jet drop recorders of the
type shown in Sweet et al U. S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 and Taylor et al
U. S. Pat. No. 3,560,641. In recorders of this type there are one
or more rows of orifices which receive an electrically conductive
recording fluid, such as for instance a water base ink, from a
pressurized fluid supply manifold and eject the fluid in rows of
parallel streams. These recorders accomplish graphic reproduction
by selectively charging and deflecting the drops in each of the
streams and thereafter depositing at least some of the drops on a
moving web of paper or other material.
The above mentioned charging is accomplished by application of
control signals to charging electrodes positioned near each of the
streams. As each drop breaks off from its parent fluid filament, it
carries with it a charge which is in effect a sample of the voltage
present on the associated charge electrode at the instant of drop
separation. Thereafter the drop passes through an electrostatic
field and is deflected in the field direction a distance which is
proportional to the magnitude of the drop charge. In a preferred
embodiment the drops are charged binarily for print-no-print
operation; some drops being uncharged and undeflected for printing,
and all other drops being charged to a fixed level and deflected
into a catcher.
In order to accomplish reproduction with recorders of the above
described type it is necessary to control drop formation with a
great deal of precision. Left to natural stimulating disturbances,
the streams would break up erratically into drops of various sizes
at irregular intervals to produce a recording which at best would
be a poor sample of the input control voltages. Accordingly it is
customary to apply a fixed frequency, constant magnitude
stimulating disturbance to all of the fluid streams. This results
in trains of uniformly sized and regularly spaced drops and enables
reasonably good sampled data recording.
Various types of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers
have been proposed for fluid steam stimulation, and for multiple
channel operation the transducer may be coupled to the structure of
the fluid manifold as shown in the above mentioned Sweet et al.
patent or to a fluid supply line as shown in Taylor et al.
Unfortunately these prior art systems stimulate drop formation in a
phase which varies uncontrollably and unpredictably from stream to
stream. This causes a timing uncertainty which may be approximately
plus or minus one half of a drop repetition period in the drop
charging process and a noticeable drop positional placement error
equal to the paper movement distance during that period.
There is a second and more serious difficulty with the above
mentioned prior art stimulation systems. This is an acoustical
cancellation and reinforcement phenomenon which causes
unpredictable stream-to-stream variation in stimulation energy
amplitude. Such variations do not affect the size or spacing of the
drops, but they markedly vary the lengths of the continuous fluid
filaments which supply liquid for the drops. This difference in
length may be as much as plus or minus 3 times the drop spacing
distance. In high speed photographs the filament-to-filament length
difference presents itself as a sort of cusping pattern.
In order to induce a proper charge in the tip of a filament it is
necessary that there be some charge electrode surface in the
vicinity of the drop breakoff point. Thus it can be seen that the
above mentioned filament length variations result in a requirement
for a very long electrode; something which is difficult to
implement in tightly packed arrays of the type here concerned.
Moreover these length variations produce a relatively large drop
positional placement error.
This error arises from channel to channel differences in drop
flight time; that is, the elapsed time from drop break-off/charging
to impact on the moving web of paper. It is somewhat analogous to a
gunnery problem wherein a projectile must be aimed to hit a moving
target. Here each drop is programmed to hit the paper at a precise
position relative to other drops, and if it must fall a greater or
lesser distance than had been anticipated, it will miss. With a web
speed adjusted for slight overlap of adjacent printed dots, the
above mentioned length difference of plus or minus 3 times the drop
spacing distance will produce a printing error in the direction of
web movement of plus or minus about three printed dot diameters.
Such an error is unacceptably large for printing of graphic arts
quality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to improve the recording quality
of the above mentioned prior art fluid drop recorders. This object
is accomplished by combining a laminated print head of the type
generally disclosed in Beam et al. U. S. Pat. No. 3,586,907 with an
ultrasonic transducer in a manner whereby drop stimulating
vibrations are generated in a continuing series of travelling
waves. More particularly the jet forming fluid is caused to flow
through a row of orifices in a plate sealed against a fluid supply
manifold and concomitantly to be subjected to the drop stimulating
action of bending waves travelling longitudinally down the length
of the plate. At the same time extraneous drop stimulating
disturbances are surpressed by terminating the orifice plate in a
manner precluding reflection and repropagation of the waves.
In accordance with the practice of this invention it will be seen
that each jet will be excited by a drop stimulating disturbance
each time a bending wave passes the jet forming orifice. The time
interval (phase delay) between successive drop releases in adjacent
jets will be seen to depend upon the orifice spacing and the
bending wave propagation speed. Bending waves for this purpose may
be generated by placing the ultrasonic transducer in direct contact
with the orifice plate; preferably at one end thereof. Bending wave
reflection is preferably suppressed by use of absorbing elements at
each end of the orifice plate.
A second object of the invention is to simplify charge electrode
design problems in multiple channel jet drop coating devices by
controlling the mean length of the fluid filaments and minimizing
jet-to-jet variation thereof.
Another object of the invention is to improve drop stimulation in a
row of cooperating fluid streams by regulating the phase and
amplitude of the stimulating energy applied to each stream.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG.. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a recording head
assembly;
FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a supply manifold with portions
broken away;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional through the assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective of an orifice plate and attached
dampers;
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate graphically bending waves which may be
induced in the orifice plate;
FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic representation of drop generation in
accordance with the prior art; and
FIG. 5B illustrates drop generation in accordance with the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A preferred embodiment of this invention is illustrated in exploded
pictorial form in FIG. 1 together with other elements comprising a
complete multiple channel recording head assembly 10. As shown in
the figure, the various elements of the head are assembled for
support by a support bar 12. Assembly thereto is accomplished by
attaching the elements by means of machine screws (not shown) to a
clamp bar 14 which is in turn connected to the support bar 12 by
means of clamp rods 16.
The recording head comprises an orifice plate 18 soldered, welded
or otherwise bonded to fluid supply manifold 20 with a pair of
wedge-shaped acoustical dampers 22 therebetween. Orifice plate 18
is preferably formed of a relatively stiff material such as
stainless steel or nickel coated beryllium-copper but is relatively
thin to provide the required flexibility. Preferably dampers 22 are
cast in place by pouring polyurethane rubber or other suitable
damping material through openings 24 while tilting manifold 20
(orifice plate 18 being attached) at an appropriate angle from the
from the vertical. This is a two step operation as dampers 22
require tilting in opposite directions (See FIG. 1A).
Orifice plate 18 preferably contains two rows of orifices 26 and is
simulated by stimulator 28 which is threaded into clamp bar 14 to
carry stimulation probe 30 through manifold 20 and into direct
contact with plate 18. Orifice plate 18, manifold 20, and clamp bar
14 together with a filter plate 32 and O rings 34, 36 and 38 (see
also FIG. 2) comprise a clean package which may be preassembled and
kept closed to prevent dirt or foreign material from reaching and
clogging orifices 26. Conduit 40 may be provided for flushing of
the clean package. Service connections for the recording head
include a coating fluid supply tube 42, air exhaust and inlet tubes
44 and 46, and a tube 48 for connection to a pressure transducer
(not shown).
Other major elements comprising the recording head are a charge
ring plate 50, an electrically conductive deflection ribbon 52, and
a pair of catchers 54. Catchers 54 are supported by holders 56
which are fastened directly to fluid supply manifold 20. Spacers 58
and 60 reach through apertures 62 and 64, respectively, in charge
ring plate 50 to support holders 56 without stressing or
constraining charge ring plate 50. Deflection ribbon 52 is also
supported by holders 56 and is stretched tightly therebetween by
means of tightening block 66. Ribbon 52 extends between catchers 54
as best shown in FIG. 2.
Catchers 54 are laterally adjustable relative to ribbon 52. This
adjustability is accomplished by assembling the head with catchers
54 resting in slots 68 of holders 21, and urging them mutually
inward with a pair of elastic bands 70. Adjusting blocks 72 are
inserted upwardly through recesses 74 and 76 to bear against faces
78 of catchers 54, and adjusting screws 80 are provided to drive
adjusting blocks 72 and catchers 54 outwardly against elastic bands
70. Holders 56 are made of insulative material which may be any
available reinforced plastic board.
The fully assembled recording head is shown in cross section in
FIG. 2. As therein illustrated coating fluid 82 flows downwardly
through orifices 26 forming two rows of streams which break up into
drops 84. Drops 84 then pass through two rows of charge rings 86 in
charge ring plate 50 and thence into one of the catchers 54 or onto
the moving web of paper 88. Switching of drops between "catch" and
"deposit" trajectories is accomplished by electrostatic charging
and deflection as hereinafter described. Coordinated printing
capability is achieved by staggering the two rows of streams in
accordance with the teachings of Taylor et al. U. S. Pat. No.
3,560,640. As taught in that patent, the drops in the forward row
of streams (i.e. the row most advanced in the direction of web
movement) are switched in a time reference frame delayed from that
of the rear row by a time d/V where d is the row spacing and V is
the web speed. This produces a coherence such that the two rows of
streams function as a single row with an effective stream spacing
equal to half the actual spacing in either of the real rows.
Formation of drops 84 is closely controlled by application of a
constant frequency, controlled amplitude, stimulating disturbance
to each of the fluid streams emanating from orifice plate 18.
Disturbances for this purpose are set up by operating transducer 28
to vibrate probe 30 at constant amplitude and frequency against
plate 18. This causes a continuing series of bending waves to
travel the length of plate 18; each wave producing a drop
stimulating disturbance each time it passes one of the orifices 26.
Dampers 22 prevent reflection and repropagation of these waves.
Accordingly each stream comprises an unbroken fluid filament and a
series of uniformly sized and regularly spaced drops all in
accordance with the well known Rayleigh jet break-up
phenomenon.
As each drop 84 is formed it is exposed to the charging influence
of one of the charge rings 86. If the drop is to be deflected and
caught, an electrical charge is applied to the associated charge
ring 86 during the instant of drop formation. This causes an
electrical charge to be induced in the tip of the fluid filament
and carried away by the drop. A static electrical field is set up
between deflection ribbon 52 and the faces of each of the catchers
54 (by opposite polarity electrical charging thereof), and when the
drop traverses this field it is deflected to strike the face of the
appropriate catcher. Thereafter the drop runs down the face of the
catcher, is ingested, and carried off. Drop ingestion may be
promoted by application of a suitable vacuum to the ends 90 of
catchers 54. For drops which are to deposit on the web 88, no
electrical charge is applied to the associated charge ring.
Appropriate charges for accomplishment of the above mentioned drop
charging are induced by setting up an electrical potential
difference between orifice plate 18 (or any other conductive
structure in electrical contact with the coating fluid supply) and
each appropriate charge ring 86. These potential differences are
created by grounding plate 18 and applying appropriately timed
voltage pulses to wires 92 in connectors 94 (only one connector
illustrated). Connectors 94 are plugged into receptacles 96 at the
edge of charge ring plate 50 and deliver the mentioned voltage
pulses over printed circuit lines 98 to charge rings 86. Charge
ring plate 50 is fabricated from insulative material and charge
rings 86 are merely coatings of conductive material lining the
surfaces of orifices in the charge ring plate. Voltage pulses for
the above purpose may be generated by circuits of the type
disclosed in Taylor et al, and wires 92 receiving these pulses may
be matched with charge rings 86 on a one-to-one basis.
Alternatively the voltage pulses may be multiplexed to decrease the
number of wires and connectors. For such an alternative embodiment
solid state demultiplexing circuits may be employed to demultiplex
the signals and route the pulses to the proper charge rings. Such
solid state circuits may be manufactured by known methods as a
permanent part of charge ring plate 50.
The printing head as above described is adapted to be employed in
combination with another such head further in accordance with the
teachings of Taylor et al. Such a combination will produce solid
printing coverage with the streams in each row on 16 mil centers,
which is within the state of the art for current orifice plate and
charge ring plate manufacturing techniques. The effective stream
spacing for the equivalent single row is 4 mils, and this will
produce solid printing coverage if each drop makes a printed dot in
the order of about 5 mils. Suitable drops for such printed dots may
be produced with 1.5 mil orifices, an fluid pressure of about 11
p.s.i. and a stimulation frequency of about 60 KHz. To achieve
similar solid coverage in the direction of web travel the speed of
web 88 should be set at about 1200 ft. per sec.
Unexpectedly it has been found that solid printing coverage may be
obtained by operating a single printing head as above described but
at a reduced web travel speed. In particular, a web speed of about
450 ft. per sec. has been found to be satisfactory. This reduction
in web speed results in a decreased longitudinal (i.e. web movement
direction) spacing of drop deposit points. In fact when two
consecutive drops in one stream are both deposited they tend to
pile up and spread in all directions. They behave much like one
drop of larger volume, and they fill the laterally adjacent marking
cell left empty by omission of the second recording head. This, of
course, degrades the resolution of the resulting "print", but a
recording head has been saved. For operation in such a mode it is
necessary to slow down the rate of the input drop switching data
for avoidance of dimensional scaling distortion in the longitudinal
direction. Thus a signal which would cause catching of (or permit
deposition of) one drop in the faster two head system is stretched
to catch on the average about 2.7 drops in the single head system.
Catching or deposition of a single drop is not meaningful for the
above mentioned single head recorder unless it is desired to make
gray scale reproductions as taught for instance in Sweet it al.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437.
The travelling waves which are a central feature of this invention
are illustrated pictorially in FIG. 3. As shown therein the waves
100 originate in an area 102 of orifice plate 18, passing orifices
26 as they travel. Area 102 receives vibrations for generation of
the waves by physical contact with the probe 30 of stimulation
transducer 28. Orifice plate 18 is bonded to fluid supply manifold
20 in the region of the shaded area 104. Reflection and
repropagation of waves 100 are prevented as mentioned above by use
of acoustical dampers 22.
It will be appreciated that this invention reduces the stimulation
problem to a matter of acoustical waveguide design. Accordingly the
dimensions for orifice plate 18 and acoustical dampers 22 may be
established by solution of classical wave equations. In this regard
it should be observed that the most significant calculation
involved is that of the resonance frequencies in the orifice plate
widthwise direction. Application of this technique to surface wave
generation is discussed in Seidel et at U. S. Pat. No. 3,488,662.
For a rigorous treatment of the mathematics and the general
structural mechanics involved, reference may be made to Vol. 3
Chapter 11 of Electromechanical Dynamics by Herbert H. Woodson and
James R. Melcher, John Wiley & Sons, 1968.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the two lowest widthwise resonance modes
for orifice plates which are constrained respectively by pinning
and clamping at their edges. The figures represent cross sections
across the width of the orifice plates. In each case the first
order resonance mode is represented by the Roman numeral I, and the
second order resonance mode is represented by the Roman numeral II.
For a given unsupported or resonating width there is a minimum
stimulation frequency below which each of the illustrated resonance
modes may not be excited. For satisfactory stimulation in
accordance with the practice of this invention it is desirable to
excite mode I for propogation down the length of the plate, but to
avoid excitation of mode II. Orifice plate 18 as illustrated in
FIG. 1 has clamped edges, and has been satisfactorily operated at
60 KHz stimulation with a thickness of 10 mils. a length of 5
inches, and an effective resonating width of 0.25 inches.
FIG. 5B illustrates typical observed results of tests conducted
upon clamped orifice plates stimulated as above described at 60
KHz. The acoustical dampers used for these tests were about 1 inch
long. Corresponding results for stimulation by prior art methods
are illustrated in FIG. 5A. In each case the illustrations show a
section of the orifice plate as it may be observed under
magnification and stroboscopic illumination. Each stream of FIGS.
5A and 5B comprises a series of spaced drops 84 and an unbroken
fluid filament 106. Each filament 106 has some nominal length and
varies cyclically about that length each time a drop is formed.
During drop formation that filament lenghtens, pinches off to form
a drop, and then shortens a distance about equal to the spacing
between downstream drops.
For stimulation by prior art methods, it will be observed that
different streams exhibit a marked difference in nominal filament
length. This results in a cusping pattern as illustrated in FIG. 5A
with the shortest filament being about 6 drop separation distances
shorter than the longest filaments. In contrast thereto the streams
stimulated in accordance with the practice of this invention have a
nearly uniform nominal filament length; the only significant
variation being a slightly longer length for filaments displaced
along the plate in the direction of bending wave travel. This
lengthening is the predictable result of bending wave attenuation
during propagation, and the relatively small printing errors
associated therewith may be corrected by introducing fixed time
delays in the charge ring circuits. The charge ring plate may also
be inclined slightly to maintain the charge rings in positional
alignment with the fluid filament tips. Spacers 58 and 60
facilitate inclination of the charge ring plate without distorting
the plate or disturbing other head elements.
The significance of uniform filament lengths is best understood by
reference again to the prior art stimulation of FIG. 5A wherein two
charging signals 108a and 108b are simultaneously fed to lines 92a
and 92b. The charge rings thereupon charge filaments 106a and 106b
for charging of drops then in the act of breaking off. This results
in a sizeable vertical separation between drops which are
correlated in time. Thus drops 84a and 84b are correlated in time,
but drop 84a will strike the moving web 88 six drop repetition
periods later than drop 84b. Movement of web 88 during that period
of time will necessarily produce a large printing error.
Additionally, as shown, charge rings 86 must be quite long to
accommodate the large prior art variation in filament length. These
difficulties are all avoided by the practice of this invention.
While the method and form of apparatus herein described constitute
preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that
the invention is not limited to this precise method and form of
apparatus, and that changes may be made therein without departing
from the scope of the invention.
* * * * *