U.S. patent number 3,736,404 [Application Number 05/096,218] was granted by the patent office on 1973-05-29 for combined demisting and defrosting heating panel for windows and other transparent areas.
Invention is credited to Paul Eisler.
United States Patent |
3,736,404 |
Eisler |
May 29, 1973 |
COMBINED DEMISTING AND DEFROSTING HEATING PANEL FOR WINDOWS AND
OTHER TRANSPARENT AREAS
Abstract
Heater panel for application of heat to a transparent area,
demisting and de-icing of vehicle rear windows. A panel form,
adherent to the transparent area, has a transparent base of
plastics material onto which there is made adherent a series of
spaced parallel electrical solid conductor elements in meander
form. The conductor elements are covered with an adhesive for
ensuring sticking of them to the transparent area and to assist
direct heat conduction to the transparent area. For variable rates
of heating selective switching of series or parallel arrangements
of the conductor elements is possible.
Inventors: |
Eisler; Paul (London, N.W. 2,
EN) |
Family
ID: |
27254440 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/096,218 |
Filed: |
December 8, 1970 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 18, 1969 [GB] |
|
|
61,684/69 |
Jan 29, 1970 [GB] |
|
|
4,448/70 |
Jul 18, 1970 [GB] |
|
|
34,971/70 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/203; 219/522;
219/549; 52/171.2; 174/117A; 219/526; 338/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
3/84 (20130101); H05B 2203/014 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
3/84 (20060101); H05b 003/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/203,219,345,520,522,526,541,536,543,544,546-549 ;52/171,203
;338/306-314,210-212 ;161/406 ;174/68.5,117A,117F |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Bartis; A.
Claims
I claim:
1. A combined de-misting and defrosting heating panel for windows
and other transparent areas comprising a thin, transparent,
flexible plastic base panel, a series of narrow, parallel,
longitudinal solid metal heating elements forming a meander pattern
mounted on said base panel and sufficiently distanced from each
other to permit substantially uninterrupted vision, the parallel
heating elements forming at least one electric circuit for heating
the transparent area and are adapted to be connected to a supply of
current and adhesive means applied over and completely covering
said heating elements without said adhesive means covering any
substantial part of the area of the window between said parallel
heating elements so that the transparent panel can be stuck
directly to the inside of the window so as to permit heat to be
conducted directly from the heating elements to the window.
2. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating panel
is applied to the rear window of a motor vehicle.
3. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
elements are in the form of a continuous single strip of metal
foil.
4. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
element is in the form of a single continuous metal wire.
5. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
element is in the form of a continuous single, edge-folded strip of
metal alloy foil.
6. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
element consists of an alloy of aluminum.
7. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
element is in the form of a continuous strip of crimped metal
foil.
8. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the adhesive means
used to stick the base transparent panel to the inside of the rear
window of a motor vehicle comprises double-sided self-adhesive
tapes of slightly greater width than the heating elements, said
tapes being placed over the heating elements.
9. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said adhesive
means comprises double-sided self-adhesive tape of slightly greater
width than the heating elements placed over said heating elements
and somewhat wider self-adhesive tape is placed along the panel
borders and is adapted to be stuck to the inside of the window.
10. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the space between
adjacent parallel heating elements forms thin enclosed air pockets
which are heated by the surrounding heating elements.
11. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heating
elements are connected in two circuits which can be selectively
switched on in series and parallel.
12. A heating panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the parallel
heating elements are arranged horizontally and are joined with
shorter vertical portions to form a continuous circuit in the
meander pattern.
Description
The present invention relates to panel heaters for the heating of
transparent areas such as windows in cars, boats or other vehicles
which have a power source of low voltage to supply the heating
current.
A previously proposed panel heater for use in the heating of the
rear window of a car comprises a film of polyester on the surface
of which conductive lines are printed or painted, the borders of
the film being treated with adhesive for fixing to the car rear
window. In this known construction due to the limit set by the
temperature endurance of the polyester film and due to the
conductive lines which consist of conductive powder and an organic
binder there is a limit to the permissable heating currents and
values of heating current as required for de-icing are to be
avoided. With a gap of air between the conductive lines and the
glass of the window there is inefficiency of transmission of heat
through the airgap to the glass of the window and distortions may
arise by accidental contact of the conductive lines with the car
window.
According to the present invention there is provided a combined
demisting and defrosting heating panel for windows and other
transparent areas comprising a thin, transparent, flexible, plastic
base panel, a series of narrow, parallel, longitudinal solid metal
heating elements forming a meander pattern mounted on said base
panel and sufficiently distanced from each other to permit
substantially uninterrupted vision, the parallel heating elements
forming at least one electric circuit for heating the transparent
area and adapted to be connected to a supply of current and
adhesive means applied over and completely covering at least said
heating elements so that the transparent panel can be stuck
directly to the inside of the window so as to permit heat to be
conducted directly from the heating elements to the window.
The parallel solid heating elements are preferably in the form of
metal foil strips forming either one or two electrical circuits
which permit a current to pass through all foil strips forming a
circuit in series, while, in case of two circuits, the circuits
themselves can be connected in series or parallel or switched on
separately. The parallel horizontal heating elements or foil strips
of a circuit cohere together in a meander pattern, preferably by
being part of a continuous single conductor or foil strip which is
folded, bent, or otherwise shaped into a 180.degree. turn from one
horizontal line into the next. The conductor or strip ends in
terminals preferably at the lower corners of the panel. The
terminals are preferably formed by a short copper-, brass- or other
well conductive metal foil strip being welded to the circuit
forming metal conductor or foil strip. The well conductive foil
strip may carry a press button or tab. The circuit forming solid
metal conductor is usually a thin aluminum alloy-, or a steel foil
strip of approximately 0.1 inch width or less and may be crimped. A
preferred production method for this strip is to slit from a thin
wide foil, say approximately of 0.002 inch thickness, strips of say
1/8 inch width and fold the edges of these narrow strips up and
back onto the strip so that they form new reinforced edges and
narrow the strip down to 0.1 inch or less. (See British Patent No.
1,020,311). The folding stage may be followed by a crimping
stage.
The solid conductor or foil strip may be coated with an adhesive in
order to adhere it to the polyester film forming the transparent
base panel (and subsequently to the glass of the car rear window).
The adhesive, at least for the latter task, is preferably a
pressure sensitive adhesive which complicates application to the
conductor or foil and then of the foil to the polyester film. These
difficulties however can be overcome by special application devices
in the factory producing the base panels, but the difficulty the
motorist has to apply this panel to the inside of the usually
curved glass of the rear window of the car cannot be solved
satisfactorily without forcing him to use special gadgets, which is
objectionable. In order to ensure firm adhesion, the thickness of
the adhesive cannot be negligibly small and must be precisely
controlled so that under the relatively heavy application pressure
it does not ooze out and make an unsightly smear next to the foil
line. The present invention solves this problem as hereinafter
described.
A difference between the panels of the present invention and those
in use at present lies in the nature of the narrow electrically
conductive strips and the heat transfer to the glass of the window.
By the present invention the conductors may be solid metallic foil
strips or round wires and provision is made for these conductors to
stick to the glass and thus transfer their heat by thermal
conduction to the glass.
Panels as previously used on the other hand, have conductive lines
printed or painted on the polyester film and the wide borders of
the panel are treated to be adhesively fixed to the glass of the
car's rear window. The conductive lines are not stuck to the glass
and there is thus a thin airgap between them and the glass at least
over most of their length.
For de-icing purposes this conventional design imposes a limit to
the heating current which can be passed through the lines. This
limit is set by the temperature endurance of the polyester film and
by the nature of the conductive line, often consisting of
conductive powder and an organic binder. Consequently the de-icing
performance of the convention panel is rather poor, because of the
limit of heat it is capable of generating and the inefficiency of
transmitting this insufficient heat through an airgap to the
glass.
It has already been pointed out that conductive heating elements or
foil strip firmly stuck to the glass uses the efficient and quick
conductive transfer of heat to the glass. What has not been pointed
out is the fact that the intimate heat conductive adhesion of the
conductor or foil to the window which under de-icing conditions is
naturally cold keeps the temperature rise of the conductor down in
spite of the relatively high wattage generated. This "cooling"
effect on the conductor or foil while it is heating the cold glass
of the window is a feature of a panel according to the present
invention.
It has also been pointed out further above that the conductor or
foil strip may have folded edges which reinforce the strip of
metal. They may be compared to seams in a textile strip.
Furthermore this reduces the danger of fatigue cracks which usually
start at indents or other irregularities of the slit edge.
The foil may be crimped and this allows it to expand and contract
on getting hot or cold without itself suffering unduly under stress
and strain, nor itself subjecting its bond to the glass and to the
polyester film to such forces.
The problem of sticking the solid metal conductor or foil strip,
may be overcome by use of double-sided self adhesive tape. This
tape must be a little wider than the conductor or foil strip for
most lines while it can and should be much wider on the four sides
of the panel where it forms the panel borders. This tape is
commercially available in width from 1/8 inch upwards in the form
of a tissue paper or polyester film coated on both sides with a
pressure sensitive adhesive and covered with a release paper. For
applications to special windows much narrower adhesive tapes and
foil strips can be produced, but for car rear windows an adhesive
tape of 1/8 inch (0.125 inch) width and a foil strip of 0.1 inch
width are a suitable combination. For the borders of the panel the
adhesive tape may be 3/8 inch or 1/2 inch wide. The preferred
adhesive is crosslinking and becomes stronger by the heating and is
not affected by water nor by ultra-violet radiation. The production
of the panel proceeds by first applying the two 1/2 inch and say
seven 1/8 inch wide double coated tapes on the whole web of
polyester film in the longitudinal web direction which will be the
horizontal direction. Then the web movement is reversed, stopped,
and the vertical 1/2 inch double coated tapes are applied. Next the
release paper is stripped and the 0.1 inch wide metal conductor or
foil is guided from its reel onto the center of the sticky 1/8 inch
wide tape lines, folded, taken along the vertical 1/2 inch tape,
folded again to go back within the next 1/8 inch wide horizontal
tape until the whole pattern is completed, including the foil path
within the 1/2 inch horizontal border tapes. Both ends of the
conductor or foil are soldered or welded to copper or brass foil
strips carrying a convenient terminal such as a tab or press stud
which is led through a hole in the polyester film and fixed to the
film mechanically for instance by a double coated adhesive
patch.
Next a second layer of double coated self-adhesive tape is placed
in exact register over the first layer of tape which is stuck to
the polyester film and carries the 0.1 inch wide foil strip within
its width. Thus the narrow foil strip is sandwiched between the two
slightly wider tapes which extend over its edges and enclose it.
The foil strip is consequently protected against corrosion, during
storage or while on the window. The release paper stays on until
the panel is to be mounted on the rear window of the car.
The curvature of the rear window of the car can be taken up by the
thin polyester film. In order to ease the placing of the panel, it
may have a masking tape along its bottom border which is lightly
fixed on the window by way of a try-out for the correct position.
When the position is judged satisfactory then the release paper is
stripped and the panel is stuck to the glass horizontal line by
line, beginning with the bottom line and pressing from center
outwards. This results in cleanly and firmly adherent foil strips
without smear. Only the thickness of a tissue remains between the
foil and the glass. A near perfect heat conduction takes place.
The polyester film between the tape lines remains spaced from the
glass by say eight very thin air gaps each between two horizontal
foil lines and the vertical border tapes. When the metal conductor
or foil strip gets warm a little of its heat also flows into this
air gap and the air expands a little. This helps in demisting the
film.
As a variant of the guidance of a single metal foil strip into a
meander form and fixing it on the polyester film already covered by
adhesive lines the production method described in British Pat. No.
905,867 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,020,378 can be used, where the metal
foil pattern is produced directly from a wide foil and expanded.
However for medium quantities the method hereinbefore referred to
is preferred. The method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,406 may also be
used.
The window heating panel as herein described is permanently stuck
to the glass. In countries where de-icing requirements are rare a
readily detachable rear window heating panel is desired, and in
countries where the winter is very severe a detachable front window
heating panel is desired. This detachable panel may be pivoted on a
horizontal axle above the window and swung down for attaching it to
the inside of the glass. For the front window it may be fixed to
the sun visor. Its construction would differ in a number of
features from the stick on panel of the present invention. It would
have a relatively substantial soft rubber frame; it would use for
the second layer of adhesive tape covering the metal foil strip not
a double coated tape but a single sided one or one which is readily
detached from the glass without leaving a mark, and the whole panel
is pressed onto the glass by it having an opening from which air
trapped between the film and the glass is pumped out. Alternatively
the film can be made to act like a suction fitting, the trapped air
being manually pressed out and prevented to come in again by the
tight fitting of the soft rubber frame to the glass.
Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate
embodiments of the present invention here given by way of example.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a heating panel for the rear
window of a car;
FIG. 2 illustrates an enlarged view around a corner of the panel
the mode of construction;
FIG. 3 illustrates a modification for selective circuit
switching.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, a heating panel is
indicated by the general reference numberal 10 of overall
dimensions 11 inches vertical height and 28 inches horizontal
width. The panel has as base a thin, transparent, flexible, plastic
material which may be 0.005 inches in thickness clear or anti-glare
tinted polyester film and may be formed of clear material made by
Imperial Chemical Industries under the registered trade mark
"MELINEX". This base is indicated by the reference numeral 11. On
this base 11 on one surface thereof there is put down a pattern of
double-sided adhesive strips of "MELINEX" of appropriate width
indicated at 12 FIG. 3 and by the full lines 12 of the pattern in
FIG. 1, the "MELINEX" strips 12 being made to adhere to the plastic
base 11.
The backing paper of these adhesive strips 12 is stripped off
exposing the second sticky surface. The heating element is
preferably in the form of a single continuous metal wire or
conductor. A length of edge-folded aluminum foil strip or round or
flattened metal wire indicated at 13, FIG. 3 and by the dashed
lines 13 of FIG. 1, is laid down to adhere to this so-exposed
second sticky surface of the strips 12. The lay out of the aluminum
foil or metal wire thereby achieved provides a run of electrical
conductor 13 in meander form adhering to the surface of the
transparent base 11.
Towards the lower left hand side of the base 11 in FIG. 1 there is
indicated a terminal contact 14, with circuit connection for earth,
while towards the lower right hand side of the base 11 in FIG. 1
there is indicated a terminal contact 15 indicated with a circuit
connection for the positive terminal of a car battery. A further
terminal contact 16 may be provided as shown towards the extreme
bottom left of FIG. 3, the circuit connections as shown on FIG. 3
being the terminal contact 16 to earth and to mid-left hand side of
13, terminal contact 14 to positive terminal and/or to terminal
contact 15 towards the bottom right-hand side of the base 11.
Selective switching means, not shown, enable the two circuits
indicated in FIG. 3 to be utilized in series, to constitute an
arrangement as indicated in FIG. 1, or to constitute a parallel
circuit arrangement whereby each of the two circuits indicated in
FIG. 3 can be switched on separately or a parallel circuit
arrangement can be made.
As shown in FIG. 2 the terminal contact 15 is in the form of an
L-shaped copper strip. The longitudinally extending limb of the
copper strip 15 is connected to the appropriate part of the run of
electrical conductor 13 indicated to the right hand side of FIG. 2
at 17 by ultrasonic or resistance welding. The terminal contacts 14
and 16 are likewise connected to appropriate parts of the run of
electrical conductor 13 by ultrasonic or resistance welding or by
soldering.
The profile of the run of electrical conductor 13 in meander form
protruding from the base 11 which is thereby produced is then
covered by strips 12a of the same "MELINEX" material as for the
strips 12 of double sided adhesive, only this time the backing
paper, indicated at 18 in FIG. 2, is not removed. Press studs as
indicated at 19 in FIG. 2 are inserted in each of the respective
contacts 14, 15, 16. The release backing paper is allowed to stay
on until the panel is to be mounted on the rear window of a car
when it is stripped off.
Instead of strips 12a of flat form as the strip 12 there may be
utilized for the covering strips 12a a strip of curvilinear profile
to envelop a run of conductors also of curvilinear form such as
solid wires of round section. The run of conductors 13 may be of
circular cross-section and the covering strips 12a of partly
circular cross-section with their edges flat to the underlying flat
strip 12.
The panel as hereinbefore described may be stored for vending
purposes in a carton. This carton may have printed on it a pattern
corresponding to the conductive lines of the run of conductors of
the panel. When installing the panel heater on the rear window of a
car, this carton is temporarily affixed to the rear window from the
outside. This helps the panel heater to be properly aligned with
respect to the rear window and installation of the panel heater is
facilitated.
It will be appreciated that for demisting purposes a series
arrangement of a circuit or of the circuits provided by the run of
electrical conductors may be utilized while for deicing purposes a
parallel arrangement of circuits provided by the run of electrical
conductors may be utilized. Switching to one or other of these
modes of use may be a suitable form of selector switch provided for
use with the panel heater. A thermostat, or time switch, or both
such devices, may be incorporated in the switch arrangement for use
with the panel heater.
In a device as hereinbefore described the transfer of heat by
direct conduction from the conductors of the panel heater to the
glass of the vehicle rear window is facilitated. The conductors of
the panel heater may be in the form of a wire or a strip of
aluminum alloy, forming metallic heating elements as distinct from
powders or deposited metal embodied in a printed circuit. The
heating elements formed by the conductors are stuck to the vehicle
rear window and conduction of heat to the glass of the rear window
can take place in a direct manner over the whole width of the
conductors. The self-adhesive tape covering the conductors is of
larger dimension than the maximum width of the respective
conductors.
The adhesive material covering the conductors may be stuck to the
glass of the rear window of the vehicle such that it envelopes the
respective conductors. With a solid wire completely enveloped in
the adhesive material firm adherence to the glass and conduction of
heat to the glass is attained. This tends to ensure intimate
contact with the glass despite high current values with avoidance
of hot spots.
Use of an edge folded aluminum alloy foil gives additional strength
and avoids cutting when the tape is handled manually. The aluminum
alloy strip may be utilized in the form of a reel on which there is
wound a strip of width 85 thousands of an inch, the minimum width
of the adhesive strip being 125 thousands of an inch, there thus
being a possible overlap on each side of 20 thousands of an inch.
Ideally the aluminum strip should be centered on the pressure
adhesive tape and it should not show at all after the second layer
of adhesive tape has been applied.
The heating of a rear window of a car by 85 watts from a 12 volt
battery has been found to result in quick de-icing. The heating
circuits should not have a power consumption of more than 200 watts
to avoid excessive drain on the vehicle battery. With a panel
heater designed to consume 80/200 watts it never gets really too
hot to be unsafe to touch.
With a view to making the whole panel adherent to the rear window
of a vehicle, with the practical exclusion of air and, therefore,
moisture, the conductor heating foil is first stuck to a thin film
of "MELINEX". The film carrying the conductor heating elements can
be attached to the rear window of a vehicle in various ways:
1. The "MELINEX" film is coated with a uniform layer of
pressure-sensitive solvent based acrylic adhesive, and dried until
all the solvent has evaporated. The uniform application of the
adhesive is essential for the optical clarity and lack of
distortion expected from the assembly. When attaching the film to
the window it is advisable to warm the window first in order to
free it from any traces of moisture which normally adhere to
glass.
2. The "MELINEX" film is coated with a uniform layer of a
non-tacky, solvent based acrylic adhesive capable of being
plasticized. The window is painted or sprayed with a uniform ayer
of a plasticizer capable of combining with the acrylic adhesive.
When the film is pressed against the window, it will at first
adhere merely through the liquid film of plasticizer. After a
limited time, as plasticizer and acrylic resin combine adhesion
will become positive.
3. The "MELINEX" film is coated only immediately prior to applying
it to the window with an acrylic resin of low molecular weight
which has been mixed with peroxides and unsaturated monomers of the
type of "SARTOMER" resins (supplied by Anchor Chemical Co. Ltd.,
London). The coated film is pressed against the window and curing
starts forthwith. By using low molecular weight resins a liquid
solvent-less system results. Acrylic resins are recommended as they
combine optical clarity, resistance to ultraviolet light,
resistance to heat and to yellowing. Solvent based systems exhibit
good water resistance as well.
* * * * *