U.S. patent number 3,736,063 [Application Number 05/061,908] was granted by the patent office on 1973-05-29 for comparison system for determining shape and intensity of illumination of luminous objects.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki. Invention is credited to Mitsuaki Danno, Kiyoto Ohkawa, Eiichi Ohno, Osamu Watanabe, Eizo Yamazaki.
United States Patent |
3,736,063 |
Ohno , et al. |
May 29, 1973 |
COMPARISON SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING SHAPE AND INTENSITY OF
ILLUMINATION OF LUMINOUS OBJECTS
Abstract
A red hot steel strip travels below two elongated photocells
disposed in parallel and in a direction perpendicular to the
longitudinal axes of the latter. A comparator detects a difference
between outputs from both photocells indicating the widths of the
strip end portion and provides a signal upon that difference
reaching a predetermined magnitude. The signals serves to cut the
strip end portion off. One strip sensor is disposed adjacent each
photocell to disable the signal during any erroneous system
operation.
Inventors: |
Ohno; Eiichi (Amagasaki, Hyogo
Prefecture, JA), Danno; Mitsuaki (Amagasaki, Hyogo
Prefecture, JA), Yamazaki; Eizo (Kamakura,
JA), Ohkawa; Kiyoto (Kamakura, JA),
Watanabe; Osamu (Kamakura, JA) |
Assignee: |
Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki
(Kaisha, Tokyo, JA)
|
Family
ID: |
22038920 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/061,908 |
Filed: |
August 7, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/394; 250/548;
356/430; 250/559.39; 250/559.45; 356/390; 356/637 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01B
11/046 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01B
11/04 (20060101); G01b 011/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/160,159,163,167,199,200 ;250/219WD,219DF |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wibert; Ronald L.
Assistant Examiner: Godwin; Paul K.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A comparison system for gaging a luminous body in the form of a
travelling strip comprising, a first, second and third elongated
photoelectric elements disposed transverse to and sequentially
along a path of travel of a travelling luminous strip to be gaged,
said photoelectric elements being disposed parallel to each other
and spaced from said path of travel and from each other along said
path of travel, lens means disposed between said first, second and
third photoelectric elements and the path of travel of said
travelling strip to form in operation an image of the strip
thereon, each of said photoelectric elements having a
light-receiving area whose dimensions are sufficient to receive the
width of that portion of the strip imaged thereon and producing an
output signal proportional to the area of said portion, a first
object sensor disposed adjacent said third photoelectric element to
sense the presence of the travelling strip below the same and
develop an output signal in response to said presence, a second
object sensor disposed adjacent said first photoelectric element to
sense the presence of the travelling strip below the same and
develop an output signal in response to said presence, said first
object sensor and said second object sensor being disposed
sequentially along said path of travel but spaced therefrom, each
of said first and second object sensors comprising a photoelectric
element, end detector means responsive to both said first object
sensor sensing the presence of the strip and to said second object
sensor sensing the absence of the strip to determine the presence
of a leading end portion of the strip and responsive to both said
first object sensor sensing the absence of the strip and said
second object sensor sensing the presence of the strip to determine
the presence of a trailing end portion of the strip, and comparison
circuit means responsive to the detection of the presence of the
leading end portion of the strip senses by said end detector means
comparing the output signals from said first and second
photoelectric elements and responsive to the detection of the
presence of the trailing end portion of the strip sensed by said
end detector means and comparing the output signals from said
second and third photoelectric elements thereby to develop a signal
representative of a measure of a difference in area between those
portions of the strip imaged on the two associated photoelectric
elements.
2. A comparison system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a
third and fourth object sensors, said third, first, second, and
fourth object sensors being disposed sequentially in the path of
travel of the strip in the order named and each developing an
output signal upon sensing of the presence of said travelling
strip, a first inspection circuit receptive of the output signal of
said object sensors for inspecting if said first and second object
sensors sense the presence of the strip when the presence of the
strip is sensed by said third and fourth object sensors and said
first inspection circuit developing an output signal in dependence
upon the output signals of said object sensors, a second inspection
circuit for inspecting if said first and second object sensors do
not sense the presence of the strip as sensed by said third and
fourth object sensors, and a protective circuit responsive to
signal outputs from either of said inspection circuits to disable
said comparison circuit means in response to said signal
outputs.
3. A comparison system for gaging a travelling luminous object,
comprising a pair of first and second arrays of photoelectric
elements disposed spaced from and transversely of a path of travel
of a travelling object, said photoelectric elements in each of said
first and second arrays being equal in number to, aligned, spaced
from each other along the path of travel of the object, and aligned
parallel with those in the other array; each of said photoelectric
elements being capable of having an image of a respective portion
of the object viewed thereby, a first scanning circuit for
sequentially scanning said photoelectric elements in said first
array to take out outputs from said first array photoelectric
elements viewing said image portions, a second scanning circuit for
sequentially scanning said photoelectric elements in said second
array to take out outputs from said second array photoelectric
elements viewing said image portions, each of said first and second
scanning circuits including a plurality of field effect transistors
and a ring counter for driving said field effect transistors, and a
counter circuit connected to said first and second scanning
circuits to count a difference between outputs from said first and
second scanning circuits to provide a measure of the shape of the
luminous travelling object.
4. A comparison system for gaging a luminous body comprising, an
elongated first photoelectric element disposed transversely
relative to and spaced from the path of travel of a luminous body
to be gaged, an elongated second photoelectric element disposed
spaced from said path of travel transversely to said path of
travel, parallel to the first photoelectric element and spaced
therefrom along said path of travel, lens means disposed relative
to the first and said second photoelectric elements and relative to
said path of travel to form in operation an image of a part of said
travelling body on one of said photoelectric elements and a
separate image of another part of said travelling body on the other
of said photoelectric elements, each of said photoelectric elements
having a light-receiving area of a dimension sufficient to receive
light from the entire width of said travelling body for developing
respective electrical output signals, each representative of a
corresponding area of the part of said travelling body imaged
thereon, enabling means comprising amplifying means receptive of
said output signals enabling developing of a difference signal only
when a selected difference value exists between said output
signals, and a comparison circuit connected to receive the output
signals of said enabling means to compare the output signals and
develop said difference signal therebetween when said difference
exists between the areas of said one part and said another part of
said travelling body, whereby said difference signal is
representative of the difference in area between the areas of said
one part and said other part of said travelling body.
5. A comparison system for gaging a luminous body according to
claim 4, in which said enabling means comprising said amplifying
means comprises two amplifiers receiving the individual output
signals of said photoelectric elements respectively, and means to
set a difference in gain in said two amplifiers.
6. A comparison system for gaging a luminous body according to
claim 5, in which the output signals of said photoelectric elements
comprise voltage divider means dividing the voltage output signal
of at least one of said photoelectric elements, and said comparison
circuit comprising means comparing an output of said voltage
divider means with the output signal of the other photoelectric
element to develop said difference signal.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a comparison system for comparing a pair
of luminous portions with each other in terms of the shape and/or
intensity of illumination.
The invention is particularly in the field of steel rolling
techniques. In steel rolling techniques it is generally the
practice to perform a hot rolling operation in such a manner that
the rough rolling process thereof is continuous to the finishing
rolling process. If a leading end of a steel strip has changed in
shape during the rough rolling process then such a change in shape
of the strip can impose uneven loading on the succeeding finishing
rolls leading to damages to the rolls, a failure of the particular
rolling operation. In order to avoid these causes of damage it has
been the practice that the operator visually monitor a steel strip
being rolled and appropriately operate the associated cutting
machine to cut off the deformed portion of the strip. It is very
desirable to automatically sense any deformed portion of a steel
strip being rolled and automatically operate the associated cutting
machine to cut the deformed portion of the strip followed by the
transfer of the sound strip portion to the succeeding finishing
roll mill.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is a general object of the invention to compare a
pair of luminous portions with each other in simple and reliable
manner in terms of the shape or intensity of illumination.
It is another object of the invention to provide a new and improved
comparison system for comparing a pair of luminous portions with
each other in terms of shape or intensity of illumination of one of
the portions relative to the other.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a new and
improved comparison system for comparing a pair of luminous
portions with each other in terms of the shape and also comparing a
pair of luminous portions of the same shape with each other in
terms of the temperature or intensity of illumination.
It is a special object of the invention to provide a new and
improved comparison system for comparing a pair of different
portions of a single luminous object such as a leading end portion
and a middle portion and/or the latter and a tailing or trailing
end portion of a length of a luminous strip, for example, a red hot
steel strip being rolled with each other in terms of the shape or
intensity of illumination.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide in the
comparison systems of the type as described in the preceding
paragraphs an improved protective device for sensing any
malfunction of the comparison system to disable the latter.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a new and
improved comparison system capable of comparing a pair of luminous
portions having different intensities of illumination with each
other in terms of the shape.
The invention accompanishes these objects by the provision of a
comparison system for a luminous object comprising a first
photoelectric element, a second photoelectric element, each of the
photoelectric elements forming thereupon an image for that portion
of the luminous object facing the same to provide an output
proportional to at least one of the shape and intensity of
illumination of the image and a comparison circuit operatively
coupled to the first and second photoelectric elements to detect a
difference between the outputs therefrom whereby those portions of
the luminous object whose images are formed upon the first and
second photoelectric elements are compared with each other in terms
of at least one of the shape and intensity of illumination.
Advantageously, the first and second photoelectric elements may be
connected to the respective amplifiers one of which is provided
with means for varying the gain thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the comparison system
may comprise a first, a second and a third photoelectric elements
successively disposed in a direction in which the luminous object
travels, in the named order, each of the photoelectric elements
forming thereupon an image for that portion of the luminous object
facing the same to provide an output substantially proportional to
a selected one of the shape and intensity of illumination of the
image. A first object sensor is disposed adjacent the first
photoelectric element; a second object sensor is disposed adjacent
the third photoelectric element. End detector means operate to
detect the lead end portion of the object when the first object
sensor is in operation while the second object sensor is
inoperative and to detect the trailing end portion of the object
when the first object sensor is inoperative while the second object
sensor is in operation. Comparison circuit means are provided and
operative to compare the outputs from the first and second
photoelectric elements with each other for the leading end portion
of the object and to compare the outputs from the second and third
photoelectric elements for the trailing or tailing end portion of
the object.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will become more readily apparent from the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a comparison system constructed in
accordance with the principles of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph plotting a light receiving area against a
shortcircuited output current for a photocell which may be used
with the invention;
FIGS. 3a and b are respectively a schematic perspective and a
schematic side elevational view illustrating the application of the
invention to a steel rolling process;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention
suitable for use in the arrangement of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrating in more detail the
comparison system shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a combined block and circuit diagram of a modification of
the invention applied to a steel rolling process;
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 but illustrating a modification
of the arrangement shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a scanning device used in the
arrangement illustrated in FIG. 6 or 7;
FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 but illustrating a modification
of the scanning device;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a circuit for driving the
scanning device illustrated in FIG. 9; and
FIG. 11 is a truth table for the flip-flop illustrated in FIG.
10.
Throughout the several Figures like reference numerals designate
the identical or corresponding components.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings and FIG. 1 in particular, there is
illustrated the generic form of the invention. The arrangement
illustrated comprises a pair of photoelectric elements 1 and 2 such
as photocell having focussed thereon images 3 and 4 of individual
luminous objects to be compared and providing the respective output
currents in accordance with the areas of the images, and one
current detection circuit 5 or 6 connected to each of the
photoelectric elements 1 or 2 to detect the output current provided
by the latter. The outputs of both current detection circuits 5 and
6 are connected to a comparison circuit 7 where the currents
detected by the circuits 5 and 6 are compared with each other to
provide an output at an output terminal 8.
The photocell serving as the photoelectric element 1 or 2 has the
light receiving area to output current characteristic such as shown
in FIG. 2 wherein the axis of abscissas represents logarithmically
a light receiving area in square millimeters and the axis of
ordinates represents logarithmically a shortcircuited output
current in microamperes with the parameter being an intensity of
illumination in luxes on the photocell. From FIG. 2 it is seen that
the shortcircuited output current from the photocell is directly
proportional to both the light receiving area and the intensity of
illumination. In other words, the photoelectric elements 1 and 2
each provide an output current in accordance with the area and
intensity of illumination of an image of an object focussed
thereon. Therefore, if the output currents from the photoelectric
elements 1 and 2 are detected by the associated current detection
circuits 5 and 6 and then compared with each other by the
comparison circuit 7, the output terminal 8 has developed thereat
an electric quantity indicating a difference in shape and also a
difference in intensity of illumination between the objects to be
compared.
While the invention has a variety of its applications it is
particularly suitable for use with steel strip roll mills and will
now be described in conjunction with such a roll mill.
FIGS. 3a and b show the manner in which the invention is applied to
a steel rolling process. In FIG. 3 a red hot steel strip 9 is shown
as including its leading end leaving the associated roll mill (not
shown) and has just entered into a field of vision of a focussing
lens 11. The strip 9 is assumed to be traveling at a predetermined
speed in the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 3a. Light emitted
from the leading end of the strip is focussed by the focussing lens
11 as shown at line 10 to form an image 9' upon a comparison
apparatus according to the invention designated by the reference
numeral 12. The comparison apparatus 12 may preferably take a
configuration as shown in FIG. 4.
From FIG. 4 it is seen that a sensor unit SU includes a plurality
of elongated photoelectric elements 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 disposed
in spaced parallel relationship with their axes substantially
perpendicular to the direction of the traveling strip's image 9' as
shown at the arrow in FIG. 4. The photoelectric elements 13, 14 and
15 correspond to the photoelectric elements 1 and 2 as shown in
FIG. 1 while the remaining photoelectric elements 16 and 17 are
intended to be used for the purpose of sensing the presence of an
object which will be described later. It is assumed that the
photoelectric elements 13 through 17 are photocells such as
previously described in conjunction with FIG. 2 although they may
be of any other desired type.
As shown in FIG. 4, the sensor unit SU further includes three hot
metal sensors 18, 19 and 20 disposed along the longitudinal axis of
the traveling image 9'. That is, within the sensor unit SU the
sensors 18 and 19 are located on both sides of the set of the
parallel photoelectric elements 13 through 17 and spaced away
therefrom while the sensor 20 is located upstream of the sensor 18
with respect to the travel of the strip's image 9' for a purpose
which will be apparent hereinafter.
The photoelectric elements 13, 14 and 15 are connected to high gain
amplifiers 21, 22 and 23 high in input impedance respectively and
the remaining elements 16 and 17 are connected to similar
amplifiers 24 and 25 respectively. All the amplifiers 21 through 25
are preferably identical in construction and of the feedback type.
The amplifiers 21, 22 and 23 each form the current detection
circuit 5 or 6 as shown in FIG. 1.
As the red hot steel strip travels in the direction of the arrow in
FIG. 4, the image 9' therefor is first formed on the photoelectric
element 15 and then on the photoelectric element 17. Before the
photoelectric element 17 receives light from the strip, relay
contacts 30 and 32 are arranged to be interconnected under the
control of a gate circuit 26 having inputs connected directly to
the amplifiers 24 and 25, and the sensors 18 and 19 and through
relay contacts 31 and 32 to the amplifiers 21 and also through
relay contacts 30 and 32 to the amplifier 23.
A further travel of the strip's image 9' in the upward direction as
viewed in FIG. 4 causes the image to fall upon the photoelectric
element 14. At that time the image formed on the element 15 or 17
will have its width equal to its steady-state magnitude and
therefore does not correspond to the deformed leading end of the
strip. Under these circumstances, the output currents from the
photoelectric elements 14 and 15 are applied to a comparison
circuit 27 through the amplifiers 22 and 23. The circuit 27
corresponds to the comparison circuit 7 as shown in FIG. 1. Since
the photoelectric elements 14 and 15 are the photocells, the output
currents therefrom are proportional to areas and intensities of
illumination of the image portions upon the elements respectively
as previously described. Assuming that the steel strip is
maintained everywhere at a fixed temperature, the image portions
can be considered to have a constant intensity of illumination.
Also since the photoelectric elements 14 and 15 are elongated and
disposed widthwise of the traveling strip, the outputs from those
elements and therefore from the amplifiers 22 and 23 are
proportional to the widths of the corresponding portions of the
strip.
The output from the amplifier 22 is now applied directly to the
comparison circuit 27 and the output from the amplifier 23 is
through the now interconnected relay contacts 30 and 32 to the same
comparision circuit 27 where both outputs are compared with each
other. If the circuit 27 determines if the output from the
amplifier 22 is equal to that from the amplifier 23, the same is
adapted to supply an operating signal to a time dealy circuit 49
and after a predetermined time delay the signal is applied to a
cutting machine 50 disposed downstream of the field of the vision
of the comparison apparatus 12 in the strip traveling direction as
shown in FIG. 3b. Therefore the cutting machine is operated to cut
fully the deformed leading end portion of the red heat strip 9
off.
By properly adjusting the gains of the amplifiers 22 and 23, for
example, by setting the gain of the amplifier 23 to 90 percent of
the gain of the amplifier 22, the comparison circuit 27 determines
the equality of the outputs from the amplifiers 22 and 23 when the
width of the image 9' formed on the photoelectric element 14
reaches 90 percent of the width of the image 9' formed on the
element 15. Then the cutting machine 50 can be operated on that
portion of the strip having its width approximately equal to 90
percent of the steady-state width to remove the deformed leading
end portion of the strip from the remaining portion thereof.
The strip continues to travel in the upward direction as viewed in
FIG. 4 until the trailing end portion thereof leaves the fields of
vision of the photoelectric elements 15 and 17. At that time the
photoelectric elements 16 and 17 and the associated amplifiers 24
and 25 cooperate with the gate circuit 26 to sense the presence of
the trailing strip end portion in the field of vision of the sensor
unit SU. Under these circumstances, the relay contact 32 is
connected to the other relay contact 31 rather than to the contact
33 to permit the comparison circuit to compare the outputs from the
photoelectric elements 13 and 14 with each other. At the same time
another relay contact 35 disconnects from a relay contact 33 and is
connected to a relay contact 34 as will be apparent
hereinafter.
The process as above described in terms of the leading strip end
portion is repeated to cut off the deformed trailing end or portion
of the strip. Like the amplifier 23 the amplifier 21 may have its
gain equal to 90 percent of the gain of the amplifier 22 in order
to remove the deformed trailing end portion of the strip having its
width approximately equal to 90 percent of the steady-state
width.
The hot metal sensors 18, 19 and 20 are responsive to the presence
of a red hot steel strip in the field of vision of the sensor unit
SU to close the respective relay contacts (not shown) disposed
therein to provide individual signals. These signals along with the
outputs from the amplifiers 24 and 25 are utilized by the gate
citcuit 26 to determine when the system can be operated on the
particular steel strip. That is, the comparision circuit 27 is
permitted to provide a signal for cutting the strip only when the
sensor unit SU "views" the leading or trailing end portion whereby
the cutting machine 50 is prevented from being erroneously operated
when that portion of the strip intermediate between both ends is
traveling below the sensor unit SU. To this end, the hot metal
sensors 18, 19 and 20 are further connected to a malfunction
detection circuit 28 along with the output from the gate circuit
26. The detection circuit 28 serves to detect any mulfunction of
the system and is connected to a mulfunction prevention circuit 29.
The latter circuit 29 has other inputs connected to the gate and
comparison circuits 26 and 27 respectively and the amplifier 24,
and an output connected to the output terminal 8 as shown in FIG.
1.
The arrangement of FIG. 4 may preferably have a circuit
configuration as shown in FIG. 5 wherein like reference numerals
designate the components identical or corresponding to those shown
in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, the photoelectric elements or
photocells 13 through 17 are connected to the high input impedance
amplifiers 21 through 25 respectively. Because of the high gain
thereof each of the amplifiers 21 through 25 has its input put at a
potential imaginarily or virtually null by means of the associated
feedback resistor R suffixed with the reference numeral for the
same and its output having developed thereat an electrical signal
corresponding to the shortcircuited output current from the
associated photoelectric element multipled by the resistance of
that feedback resistor. Each of the feedback resistors, for
example, the resistor R.sub.13 is connected across a capacitor C
such as shown by C.sub.13 for the purpose of preventing the
instability of the associated amplifier resulting from a great
length of coaxial cable connected to the output of that amplifier.
In order to compensate for the differences in sensitivity among the
photoelectric elements 13, 14 and 15, the outputs of the amplifiers
21, 22 and 23 are connected to potentiometers 50, 51 and 52
respectively. Therefore by properly adjusting those potentiometers,
the presence of strip's images of the same width on the
photoelectric elements 13, 14 and 15 permits voltages of the same
magnitude to be developed on output leads 79, 80 and 81 to the
potentiometers 50, 52 and 51 respectively. The output lead 80 is
coupled to an inverter and amplifier 22' having a potentiometer 53
connected to the output and a feedback resistor R.sub.22 '
connected across a movable tap on the potentiometer R.sub.22 ' and
the input. The potentiometer 53 serves to determine a ratio of the
steady-state strip width to a width of a deformed leading or
trailing end portion to be cut off. The output of the amplifier 22'
is connected to the comparator 27 in the form of a feedback
amplifier through a resistor 61 and the amplifiers 21 and 23 are
selectively connected to the comparator 27 through the relay
contacts 30, 31 and 32 and a resistor 62 identical in magnitude of
resistance to the resistor 61. Amplifiers 24' and 25' are similarly
connected to the amplifiers 24 and 25 through resistors 64 and 66
respectively and also selectively connected to the amplifiers 21
and 23 through the abovementioned relay contacts and resistors 63
and 65 for comparison purpose. Zener diodes 67, 68 and 69 are
connected across the respective amplifiers 26, 24' and 25' in order
to cause the outputs therefrom to range from the Zener voltage to a
null voltage.
When the hot metal sensor 18 (not shown in FIG. 5) senses a leading
end of a red hot steel strip traveling toward the associated
finishing roll mill (not shown), the same closes its contacts 18'.
This closure of the contacts 18' causes a base electrode of a
transistor 77 to be positively biased through a network 70 through
75 for rejecting noise and preventing the multiple operation as a
result of the relay closed relay contacts bouncing. The transistor
77 is then saturated to put a null potential on a lead 82. Namely
the lead 82 has a value of logic ZERO. Since the hot metal sensor
19 (not shown in FIG. 5) does not yet view the strip, the
associated relay contacts 19' remain open. Therefore the associated
lead 83 is maintained at a positive potential or at a value of
logic ONE. Under these circumstance, NAND gates 90 and 91 coupled
to the leads 82 and 83 respectively supply ZERO and ONE to their
output leads 84 and 85 respectively. At that time leads 94 and 95
are at positive ONE and ZERO respectively. The leads 84 and 85 are
connected to a setting and a resetting terminal of a flip-flop 92
adapted to be triggered to its set state with a ZERO applied
thereto. Under these circumstances, the flip-flop 92 is put in its
set state to provide ONE at the output 86. This causes a base of a
transistor 93 to be positively biased to saturate the transistor.
Therefore a relay winding 87 is energized to connect its contacts
32 and 35 to its contacts 30 and 33 respectively.
As the strip travels its image is formed on the photoelectric
element 15 and then on the photoelectric element 17. Both elements
15 and 17 are connected to the associated amplifiers 25 and 23 with
opposite polarity and the outputs from those amplifiers are applied
to the amplifier or comparator 25' through resistors 66 and 65
respectively, the resistor 66 being smaller in resistance than the
resistor 65. If the elements 15 and 17 have formed thereon the
strip's images of a common width, the comparator 25 provides a
positive signal at the output. Therefore a ZERO state is developed
on a lead 88 while a ONE state is developed on a lead 89.
A further movement of the strip causes the photoelectric element 14
to begin to form "view" an image of the deformed leading end
portion of the strip whereupon the amplifier 22 starts to provide a
negative voltage at the output. The photoelectric element 15 has
formed thereon an image of that portion of the strip having already
reached the steady-state width. Thus the amplifier 23 has a
positive voltage produced at the output. The outputs from the
amplifiers 22' and 23 are applied through the respective resistors
61 and 62 to the comparator 27 for comparison.
Since the amplifier 22' is first less in magnitude of output than
the amplifier 23, the comparator 27 provides a null output. When
the deformed leading end portion of the strip further advances to
approach the image's width on the photoelectric element 14 to the
steady-state width, until the output from the amplifier 22' exceeds
that from the amplifier 23. Thus the comparator 27 provides a
positive output. A time point when the output from the comparator
27 changes in polarity depends upon a ratio of voltage division
provided by the potentiometer 53. Assuming that this ratio is of
.alpha. percent (which has been equal to 90 percent for the
arrangement of FIG. 4), the output from the comparator 27 is
rendered positive when the width of the strip's image on the
photoelectric element 14 reaches .alpha. percent of the
steady-state width. This causes the output 100 of a NAND gate to
provide ZERO to change an output 101 of a flip-flop from its ONE to
ZERO state thereby to turn off a transistor 102. At that time and
thereafter a capacitor 105 charges through resistors 103 and 104.
If the capacitor 105 is initiated to charge beyond the Zener
voltage of a Zener diode 106 a transistor 107 is forwardly biased
in the base-to-emitter direction to be saturated with the result
that the collector potential thereof drops to a null magnitude. The
associated flip-flop is triggered to again put its output 101 in
ONE state. From this it will be appreciated that the other output
of that flip-flop provides a pulse having a duration equal to a
time interval for which the capacitor 105 charges to the Zener
voltage of the Zener diode 106. Thus the transistors 102 and 107
and the associated components form a timer.
Since the NAND gate 99 has ONES positive potential applied through
the leads 89 and 94 to the inputs as above described, a transistor
109 is saturated so long as the output 108 is maintained in its ONE
state. This causes a relay winding connected to the collector of
the transistor 109 to be maintained energized to interconnect its
contacts 111 and 112. This closure of the contacts 111 and 112
permits an output terminal 115 connected to the contact 112 to be
connected to another output terminal 116 through normally closed
relay contacts 124 and 125. Both terminals 115 and 116 are
connected across a control for the cutting machine such as 50. Thus
the interconnection of the terminals 115 and 116 permits that
control to be started until the deformed leading strip end portion
is cut off.
If the leading end of the deformed portion of the strip is
relatively pointed so that the image's width on the photoelectric
element 14 does not reach the .alpha. percent of the steady-state
width before the strip's image is formed on the photoelectric
element 16 then the amplifier 24' is operated through a NAND gate
117 to put the lead 100 in its ZERO state to provide a cutting
signal. That is, the output terminals 115 and 116 are
interconnected in the manner as above described resulting in
cutting off of the deformed leading strip end portion.
When the steel strip further advances and is sensed by the hot
metal sensor 19, its relay contacts 19' are closed to saturate a
transistor 76 in the similar manner as above described in terms of
the hot metal sensor 18. This causes all the leads 94, 95 and 96 to
be put in a ZERO state. This ensures that in spite of the output
from the comparator 27, the output 108 of the flip-flop is
prevented from providing ONE or a cutting signal for the strip.
That is, the cutting signal is effectively prevented from being
produced for the intermediate portion of the strip.
Then the strip continues to travel and the trailing end thereof
leaves the region of the hot metal sensor 18 whereupon the
inspection of the trailing strip end portion is initiated. At that
time, the hot metal sensor 19 still "views" the strip so that the
output lead 84 to the NAND gate 90 provides a ZERO while the leads
95 and 96 each provide a ONE output. Thus the flip-flop 92 produces
a ZERO output. Then the transistor 93 is turned off to deenergize
the relay winding 87. Therefore, its contact 32 is connected to its
contact 31 while its contacts 35 and 34 are interconnected whereby
the comparator 27 is now operated to compare a signal indicative of
the width of the strip's image on the photoelectric element 14 with
a signal indicative of the width of the strip's image on the
photoelectric element 13.
The strip further advances until the image of the trailing strip
end leaves the photoelectric element 17. This renders the output
from the amplifier 25' null to bring the leads 88 and 97 into a ONE
state. Further travel of the strip causes the deformed trailing end
portion to be focussed upon the photoelectric element 14. The
strip's image focussed upon the element 14 gradually decreases in
width until the width reaches the .alpha. percent of the
steady-state width. At that time, the output from the comparator 26
decreases from a positive to a null magnitude. Therefore, the lead
100 changes from a ONE to a ZERO state to operate the associated
flip-flop to provide a ONE at the output 108. At that time, the
lead 88 and 95 are held in a ONE state so that a NAND gate 98
provides a ZERO state or output to saturate a transistor 110
leading to the closure of relay contacts 113 and 114. A signal due
to this closure of the contacts 113 and 114 is supplied to the
control of the cutting machines (not shown in FIG. 5) through
terminals 118 and 119 and normally closed relay contacts 126 and
127 resulting in the cutting off of the deformed trailing end
portion.
A NAND gate 120 is provided for detecting any failure of the system
operation or any mulfunction of the system on the basis of the
condition that with a red hot steel strip being sensed by the
sensors 18 and 19, the photoelectric elements 16 and 17 each should
also sense that strip. If either one of the elements 16 and 17 does
not sense a strip when the strip is present below the detector 12
photoelectric elements 16 and 17 and the hot metal sensors 18 and
19 (which is a failure in operation or a mulfunction) then the NAND
gate 120 produces a ZERO output at its output lead 121 to bring the
associated flip-flop into its set state thereby to saturate
transistors 121 and 122 connected to that flip-flop. Therefore the
associated relay contacts 124 and 126 disconnect from the
cooperating relay contacts 125 and 127 respectively whereby a
cutting signal such as above described is prevented from being
applied through the terminals 115 and 116 or 117 and 118 to the
control for the cutting machine (not shown).
Also any failure of the system operation or any mulfunction of the
system is detected on the basis of the condition that with no strip
present below the detector elements 16 and 17 and the sensors 18
and 19, or with the hot metal sensors 18 and 19 "viewing" no strip,
the photoelectric elements 16 and 17 should also "view" no strip.
With no strip present below the detector elements 16 and 17 and the
sensors 18 and 19, one of the photoelectric elements 16 or 17 may
sense a strip which is also a failure of the system operation or a
mulfunction of the system. Under these circumstances, the NAND gate
120 also provides ZERO output. Then the process as above described
in the preceding paragraph is repeated to prevent any cutting
signal being applied to the control for the cutting machine.
The hot metal sensor 20 serves to determine if a length of red heat
steel strip follows the strip now being sensed. In the presence of
the succeeding strip the output 121 of the NAND gate 120 is locked
in a ONE state ensuring the closures of the contacts 124 and 125'
and of the contact 126 and 127. Therefore, the failure detecting is
not effected.
It will readily be understood that one set of relay contacts
similar to the set of relay contacts 123 and 124 may be provided in
order to energize an alarm lamp or buzzer.
While the photoelectric elements 13, 14 and 15 are described as
being elongated photocells it is to be understood that they may
take another configuration such as shown in FIG. 6 wherein another
embodiment of the invention is illustrated. In FIG. 6 a plurality
of small photoelectric elements 130a, b, ....., n are disposed in
spaced aligned relationship in a direction perpendicular to a strip
traveling direction to form a first linear array of photoelectric
elements generally designated by the reference numeral 130. A
plurality of small photoelectric elements 131a, b, ....., n are
similarly disposed to form a second linear array of photoelectric
elements generally designated by the reference numeral 131. The
first and second arrays 130 and 131 are disposed in substantially
parallel relationship and equal in the number of the elements to
each other while all the small photoelectric elements are of the
same construction and the elements of each array are substantially
aligned with the corresponding elements of the other array in the
strip traveling direction. If desired, a third linear array of
photoelectric elements may be disposed in parallel to and spaced
away from the second photoelectric array 131 as in the arrangement
of FIG. 4. As in the arrangement of FIG. 4, a pair of photoelectric
elements 16 and 17 are shown in FIG. 6 as being disposed on the
outsides of both arrays 130 and 131. Only for purpose of
illustration it is assumed that the arrays are composed of
photocells.
The photoelectric arrays 130 and 131 are connected at the outputs
to individual scanners 134 and 135 respectively. Both scanners are
of the same construction and only the scanner 134 will now be
described in detail with reference to FIG. 8.
In FIG. 8, a plurality of N channel junction type field effect
transistors 134a, b, ....., n are shown as being disposed in
parallel circuit relationship. These transistors form the scanner
134 and each includes a source electrode connected to a different
one of the photoelectric elements 13a, b, ....., n of the first
array 130 having the other end connected to ground, a gate
electrode connected to each of gate terminals 180a, b, ....., n,
are a drain electrode connected to a common output terminal
175.
With the gate terminals 180a, b, ....., n maintained at a negative
potential, a series of pulses a, b, ...., n denoted beside the
terminals 180a, b, ....., n are squentially applied to the latter
sequentially to read out the outputs from the photoelectric
elements 130a, b, ....., n of the first array. The outputs are
sequentially developed at the common output terminal 175. The
outputs from the second array 131 are sequentially supplied to a
common output terminal 177 in the same manner through channel
junction type field effect transistors 135a, b, ....., n.
The scanner 134 may be realized in a configuration as shown in FIG.
9 wherein like reference numerals designate the components
identical to those shown in FIG. 8. The photoelectric elements
130a, b, ....., i whose number is i provide outputs subsequently
applied to a common amplifier 181a of negative feedback type
through the respective field effect transistors 134a, b, ....., i.
In this way each group of i photoelectric elements such as the
elements No. (i + 1) through No. 2i are operatively coupled to one
amplifier identical to the amplifier 181a. FIG. 9 illustrates only
the first amplifier 181a and the jth amplifier 181j. The amplifiers
181 each include a field effect transistor 190a, ....., or j
connected across its feedback resistor 192a, ....., or j to amplify
the respective input signal only when the associated transistor 190
is in its OFF state. The outputs from the amplifiers 181a, ....., j
are applied through the respective semiconductor diodes 193a,
....., 193j to a common feedback amplifier 193 where the outputs
are added together. The resulting sum of the outputs is supplied to
an output lead 195.
The arrangement as shown in FIG. 9 can scan the number of i .times.
j of inputs by having the number of i of driving pulses and the
number j of separate driving pulses applied thereto. To this end,
one can preferably use a pulse generating circuitry as shown in
FIG. 10. A circuit 197-198 for generating a rectangular waveform is
coupled to a plurality, in this example, i of flip-flops 195a, b,
...., i. More specifically, the generating circuit is connected to
clock terminals T of parallel flip-flops 195a, b, ...., i through a
line driver or a NAND gate 199 and to resetting terminals R
thereof. The ith flip-flop 195i is connected to a parallel
combination of flip-flops 196a, b, ....., j whose number is j,
through a line driver or a NAND gate 202. The flip-flops have the
truth table as shown in FIG. 11.
In operation a terminal 201 leading to a NAND gate 200 is
maintained at a positive potential to cause the NAND gate 200 to
provide a null potential thereby to reset the flip-flops 195a
through i and 196a through j. In the reset state, the Q terminals
of the flip-flops are put at a positive potential while the Q
terminals thereof have a null potential. Therefore output terminals
operatively associated with the flip-flops are such that the output
terminal 181a is at a null potential and the output terminals 181b
through i are at a negative potential while the output terminal
191a is put at a negative potential and the output terminals 191b
through 191j are maintained at a null potential. It is noted that
the output terminal 181a is connected to the gate terminals 180a,
180.sub.i.sub.+1, 180.sub.2i.sub.+1, ... for the transistors 180a,
180.sub.i.sub.+1, 180.sub.2i.sub.+1, ... and the terminal 181i is
connected to the gate terminals 180i, 180.sub.2i.sub.+1... therefor
while the output terminal 190a is connected to the gate terminals
190a, 190.sub.i.sub.+1, 190.sub.2i.sub.+1... for transistors 192a,
190.sub.2i.sub.+1, 192.sub.2i.sub.+1... and the terminal 191j is
connected to the gate terminals 190j, 190.sub.2j, 190.sub.3j,.....
In the reset state of the flip-flops, therefore, the transistor
134a is in its ON state while the transistor 192a is in its OFF
state. This results in the scanner 134 having hhe output from the
photoelectric element 130a read out at the output terminal 175.
When the resetting terminal 201 has changed from its positive to
its null potential, the NAND gate 200 provides a positive potential
to initial the pulse generating circuit 197-198 to oscillate. The
clock signal from that oscillating circuit is applied through the
linear driver or NAND gate 199 to the flip-flops 195 at the clock
terminals T. When the output voltage from the NAND gate 199 changes
from its positive magnitude to zero, the Q terminal of the
flip-flop 195a changes from its positive to a null potential while
the Q terminal of the flip-flop 195b changes from its null to its
positive potential. This causes the potentials at the terminals
181a and b to become negative and null respectively. At that time,
the transistor 134b is in its ON state and the transistors 134a, c,
...., n are in their OFF state while the transistor 192a is in its
OFF state and the transistors 192b, c, ...., n are in their ON
state. This permits the output from the photoelectric element 130b
to be read out at the output terminal 175 of the scanner 134. In
this way the flip-flops responds to the application of succeeding
clock signals thereto to be triggered until the output terminal
181i has a null potential and the terminals 181a through h have a
negative potential permitting the photoelectric element 130i to be
read out.
Then the next clock signal will arrive at the flip-flops. This
causes the potentials at the terminal 181a and 181b through j to be
null and negative respectively while at the same the flip-flops
196a and b are triggered. Therefore the terminal 191a changes to a
null potential and the terminal 191b changes to a negative
potential to turn off the transistor 192b (not shown). This permits
the scanner 134 to read out the output from the photoelectric
element 130j at its output terminal 175 thereafter after which the
process as above described is repeated.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that the driving circuits
of FIG. 10 whose number is i + j can be used to scan (i + j)
inputs.
Returning back to FIG. 6, it is assumed that an image 9' for a red
hot steel strip travels in the upward direction as viewed in FIG. 6
until it is sensed by the photoelectric element 17. Under the
assumed condition, an amplifier 151 connected to the element 17
provides a positive potential to change an output 152 of a NAND
gate from a ZERO to a ONE.
The strip's image 9' further travels to be sensed by the second and
first photoelectric arrays 131 and 130, the scanners 134 and 135
are operated in the manner as above described to read out ONE
outputs from only those photoelectric elements having formed
thereon the image portions thereby to provide output waveforms such
as designated by the reference numerals 164 and 165 respectively.
Those waveforms 164 and 165 are supplied to respective counters 136
and 137 including a common input terminal 168. The terminal 168 has
applied thereto a control signal 166 equal in frequency to the
signal for driving the scanners in order that the counters 136 and
137 each count the number of pulses provided by the associated
scanner 134 or 135 only during the positive portions of the output
from that scanner. The counters 136 and 137 are connected to a
subtracter 138 where a difference between the counts effected by
both counters 136 and 137 is determined after the completion of
each scanning operation of both scanner 134 and 135. The difference
in count from the subtracter 138 is applied to a comparator 139 at
one input where it is compared with a reference width difference
supplied to the other input 140. With the deformed leading strip
end portion traveling below the photoelectric arrays 130 and 131,
the comparator 139 is adapted to provide an output in response to
the output from the subtracter 138 below the reference width
difference.
As shown in FIG. 6, the outputs from the scanners 134 and 135 are
also applied to the respective flip-flops 141 and 143 at the
setting terminals. The flip-flops 141 and 143 are responsive to the
occurrence of the signals at the outputs of the associated scanners
134 and 135 to be set providing ONE outputs on output leads 142 and
144. The flip-flops 142 and 143 include a common resetting terminal
145 to which is applied a pulse due to a tailing edge of a pulse
167 developed after the completion of each scanning operation. Also
applied to a terminal 146 is a pulse due to the leading edge of the
pulse 167.
Therefore, at the instant a measured width difference for the
particular strip's image has become below the reference with
difference, a ZERO signal is developed on a lead 100 to produce a
cutting signal through the NAND gate 99 and in the same manner as
previously described in conjunction with FIG. 5. The components
serving to produce the cutting signal are designated by the same
reference numerals for the corresponding components shown in FIG.
5.
After the strip's image 9' has been focussed upon the photoelectric
element 16, an amplifier 150 connected thereto provides a positive
potential at the output to put leads 152 and 153 in ZERO state.
Therefore NAND gates 99 and 98 provide ONE outputs ensuring that
relay contacts 111 and 112 and relay contacts 113 and 114 are
maintained in their open position even in the presence of a cutting
signal on the lead 148. This prevents the control for the cutting
machine from being operated. Therefore as in the arrangement of
FIG. 5, the system is effectively prevented from being erroenously
operated when the intermediate portion of the strip travels below
the photoelectric elements 17, 131, 130 and 16.
After an image for the deformed trailing end portion has left the
photoelectric element 17 the sensing of that portion is immediately
initiated. Under these circumstances the amplifiers 150 and 151
respectively provide a positive and a null output to put the lead
152 and 153 in ZERO and ONE states respectively.
When the trailing end portion is imaged upon the photoelectric
arrays 131 and 130, the counter 135 gradually decreases in count as
compared with the counter 136 leading to an increase in output from
the subtracter 138. For the tailing end the comparator 139 is
adapted to provide a signal at the output in response to the output
from the subtracter 138 in the excess of the reference width
difference. The signal from the comparator 139 serves to produce a
cutting signal through the NAND gate 98 and in the same manner as
previously described in conjunction with FIG. 5.
Also the outputs from the scanners 134 and 135 may be processed by
an arrangement as shown in FIG. 7 wherein like reference numerals
designate the components identical or corresponding to those
illustrated in FIG. 6. The output from each scanner 134 or 135 is
applied to one input to AND gates 171 and 172 having another input
connected to a clock terminal 176 applied with clock pulses 166 as
above described in conjunction with FIG. 6. Both AND gates 171 and
172 are connected to an OR gate 173 subsequently connected to a
counter 174.
As in the arrangement of FIG. 6, the waveform 164 due to the
photoelectric array 130 is developed at the output terminal 175 of
the scanner 134 and the waveform 165 due to the photoelectric array
131 is developed at the output terminal 177 of the scanner 135.
Further the inversions of the waveforms 164 and 165 also appear at
the other output terminals 176 and 178 of the scanners 134 and 135
respectively. Under these circumstances, the OR gate 173 permits
the clock pulses 166 to be gated therethrough only when the
waveform 164 has a positive potential or a ONE value while the
waveform 165 has a null potential or a ZERO value and when the
waveform 164 has a ZERO value potential while the waveform 165 has
a ONE value. In other words, the OR gate 173 provides at the output
the clock pulses whose number corresponds to a difference in width
between both waveforms. The counter 174 counts the clock pulses
passed through the OR gate 174. In other respect the arrangement is
identical in both construction and operation to that shown in FIG.
6.
The embodiments disclosed herein can compare a pair of luminous
portions in terms of the shape regardless of their temperatures and
are very effective for use in steel rolling processes. For example,
either of both deformed end portions of the steel strip with a
minimum possible length can be cut off from the sound portion of
the strip to increase in yield, in addition to preventing uneven
loading on the associated finishing roll null and therefore damages
to the rolls thereof as previously described.
While the invention has been described in terms of the shape of the
steel strip it is to be understood that the same is equally
applicable to the comparison of the intensity of illumination
thereof.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in
conjunction with a few preferred embodiments thereof it is to be
understood that various changes and modification may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For
example, the scanner may be formed of field effect transistors of
the type other than the N channel type. Also the invention is
equally applicable to non-luminous objects as far as they are
reflective to light. In the latter case, an object under comparison
may be irradiated by any suitable source of light and reflected
rays of light therefrom are compared with each other in the manner
as above described. Therefore the term "luminous" used herein and
in the appended claims is intended also to include the emission of
light due to reflection.
* * * * *