U.S. patent number 3,734,489 [Application Number 05/143,107] was granted by the patent office on 1973-05-22 for method of prospecting for hydrocarbons.
Invention is credited to George H. Milly.
United States Patent |
3,734,489 |
Milly |
May 22, 1973 |
METHOD OF PROSPECTING FOR HYDROCARBONS
Abstract
Prospecting, particularly prospecting for hydrocarbons such as
oil and gas on the basis of the mobile gaseous phase of
hydrocarbons which diffuses through the earth's structure and
becomes windborne.
Inventors: |
Milly; George H. (Potomac,
MD) |
Family
ID: |
26840685 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/143,107 |
Filed: |
May 13, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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804219 |
Mar 4, 1969 |
3609363 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
73/19.01;
73/432.1; 436/29 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01V
9/007 (20130101); G01V 5/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01V
5/02 (20060101); G01V 5/00 (20060101); G01V
9/00 (20060101); G01v 009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;73/17,23,170,188
;250/83SA,83.6S,43.5R ;23/23EP |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Davidson, "Geochemistry Can Help Find Oil if Properly Used" World
Oil, July, 1963, pp. 94, 96, 100, 104 to 106..
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Primary Examiner: Ruehl; Charles A.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
A continuation in part of applicant's Method of Prospecting
(relating to uranium, thorium and like radioactive ore deposits),
Ser. No. 804,219, filed October, 1968 issued as U.S. Pat. No.
3,609,363.
Claims
I claim:
1. Method of prospecting for oil and gas deposits from which a
volatile hydrocarbon vapor phase diffuses vertically through the
earth's structure into the atmosphere, comprising:
A. sensing said hydrocarbon phase in the atmosphere adjacent
earth's surface and under katabatic conditions determined by
topographic relief and temperature inversions;
B. charting an azimuthal sector of density flow of said hydrocarbon
vapor above the earth's surface;
C. horizontally tracking said density flow along earth's surface
towards the deposit from which it has diffused; and
D. marking said deposit within the earth, as said density flow and
diffusion vertically from said deposit coincide.
2. Method of prospecting as in claim 1 including sensing in a line
survey downwind of the area being prospected.
3. Method of prospecting as in claim 1, wherein said sensing is
done from a fixed point with respect to proposed oil and gas
deposits, said tracking is correlated with ambient wind conditions,
and including marking of a projected deposit from said fixed point,
gaseous phase density flow and diffusion vertically being projected
as a function of ambient wind in the flow being tracked.
4. Method of prospecting as in claim 1, wherein said sensing is
done within heavily wooded areas, from a fixed point with respect
to proposed oil and gas deposits, said tracking being correlated
with ambient above-canopy wind conditions as a means of estimating
bulk drift of the below-canopy air mass, and including marking of a
projected deposit from said fixed point, gaseous phase effective
flow and diffusion vertically being projected as a function of the
governing above-canopy wind related to the below-canopy flow being
tracked.
5. Method of prospecting as in claim 4, wherein said sensing is
done from at least two fixed points and including marking of a
projected deposit by triangulating.
6. Method of prospecting as in claim 1 wherein said sensing is done
within heavily wooded areas by a line survey downwind of the area
being prospected; said tracking being correlated with ambient
above-canopy wind conditions as a means of estimating bulk drift of
the below-canopy air mass, and including marking of a projected
deposit from said line survey, gaseous phase effective flow and
diffusion vertically being projected as a function of the governing
above-canopy wind related to the below-canopy flow being
tracked.
7. Method of prospecting as in claim 1, including sampling of dust
bearing adsorbed vapor, with said density flow during tracking and
analysis of gas phase material adsorbed on said dust.
8. Method of prospecting as in claim 7, including capping of
earth's structure surface about a projected oil or gas deposit and
measuring vapor phase concentration as a function of diffusion
vertically through the earth's structure.
9. Method of prospecting as in claim 7, including vacuum sampling
of said atmosphere during tracking and analysis of gas phase
concentrations.
10. Method of prospecting as in claim 7, including vertically
tracking said density flow, while analyzing gas phase
concentrations as a function of the magnitude of said density
flow.
11. Method of prospecting for oil and gas deposits as in claim 1,
wherein said sensing includes discriminating between density flow
of said hydrocarbon vapor phase arising from oil and gas deposits
and any ambient flow of gaseous hydrocarbons.
12. Method of prospecting as in claim 1, wherein said sensing is
directed to volatile constituents of said hydrocarbon phase.
13. Method of prospecting as in claim 1, wherein said sensing
includes infra-red absorption.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
Oil, gas, or oil and gas in association contain hydrocarbon
compounds which have significant vapor pressure. This results in a
mobile gaseous phase which diffuses through the earth's structure
and emanates into the atmosphere, thereby serving as an indicator
of the presence of oil and gas. Conventional prospecting techniques
include traversing the earth's surface with a magnetometer which
measures variations in the local magnetic field, or the use of
seismic surveys, with the objective of making inferences concerning
the presence of favorable sub-surface structures. Shortcomings of
these techniques include short operational range, limitations in
inferring the subsurface structure, and lack of unique
relationships between structure and hydrocarbon occurrence. Another
shortcoming of such techniques resides in the necessity for being
physically present on the earth's surface, or airborne in the
atmosphere, above that portion of the earth's surface at which the
deposits are located. There has been no prior art attention given
to the use of mobile vapor phase tracking or the combination of
such tracking with combining meteorological considerations. For
example, no earlier inventors have proposed horizontal tracking of
density flow of vapor phase emanations downwind of a hydrocarbon
deposit, then marking of the hydrocarbon deposit as density flow
and diffusion vertically of the vapor phase through the earth's
structure coincide.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There has been no prior patent or other teaching which remotely
suggests tracking of a mobile gaseous vapor phase by azimuthly
charting a sector of density flow of gaseous phase, then
horizontally tracking the density flow toward the hydrocarbon
deposit and marking the hydrocarbon deposit as density flow and
diffusion vertically from hydrocarbon deposit coincide.
The measurement of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and in soil gas,
as an indicator during exploration for oil and gas deposits, is a
well recognized technique. It has been accepted for some time and
is unique in that it measures directly a component of the deposit
being sought following its migration upward to the earth's surface,
in contrast to the usual geophysical methods (gravity measurement,
magnetometry, seismic soundings, etc.) which are related primarily
to the structure of formations and hence only by inference to the
presence of petroleum.
Various applications have been developed in order to exploit the
mobile hydrocarbon vapor phase as an indicator of oil and gas
deposits. For example, Hall, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,983)
explore for petroleum deposits by sampling soil gas near the
earth's surface and analyzing for methane -- one of the important
and most volatile components of oil and gas. Weisz (U.S. Pat. No.
2,786,144) describes instrumentation for analyzing very small
quantities of hydrocarbons in soil gas, which is especially
designed to be used in exploring for petroleum -- being capable of
measuring ethane and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons to the
exclusion of methane which can often arise from non-petroliferous
sources.
While the above applications have focussed on hydrocarbons in soil
gas, others have dealt with the detection of hydrocarbons in the
atmosphere in the vicinity of gas emanations. For example, Blau, et
al. (U.S. Pat. No. 2,165,214) propose measuring hydrocarbons over
long path lengths (several miles) in the atmosphere by making use
of absorption of short radio waves or of light waves. Bradley, et
al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,143,648) explore for hydrocarbons by detecting
gas seeps in the atmosphere during flight along multiple parallel
paths over the area to be explored. Slobod, et al. (U.S. Pat. No.
2,918,579) explore for hydrocarbon deposits under water by making
multiple parallel traverses perpendicular to the current and
sampling for dissolved hydrocarbons arising from gas seeps.
However, none of these studies involves or suggests tracking of the
vapor phase as a means of vastly extending the range of the sensing
principle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Applicant prospects for oil and gas deposits having a gaseous
hydrocarbon vapor phase which diffuses through the earth's
structure into the atmosphere by initially sensing the gaseous
phase in the atmosphere; discriminating between density flow of
gaseous phase arising from oil or gas deposits and that from
ambient background, horizontally tracking the density flow towards
the oil or gas deposits and marking the oil or gas deposits as
density flow and diffusion of gaseous phase through the earth's
structure from said oil or gas deposit coincide. Refinements of
invention include initially conducting a line survey downwind of
the area being prospected; outlining katabatic flow as a function
of topography; estimating bulk atmospheric drift in heavily wooded
areas on the basis of above-canopy wind direction; vapor and dust
sampling during tracking, and capping of the earth's structure
adjacent the diffusion of gaseous phase through the earth's
structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing diffusion of gaseous phase
products from the oil or gas deposit through the earth's structure
and into the atmosphere where it becomes airborne;
FIG. 2 is a graph depicting formation of the low level temperature
inversions under which the desired katabatic or density flow
conditions occur;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing katabatic wind drainage within a
given topographic sector;
FIG. 4 is a chart showing the development of slope winds within a
valley of the topographic sector shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of tracking "upstream" according
to the katabatic wind flow shown in FIGS. 3 and 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of line survey tracking downwind of an
area being prospected;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the relation between
above-canopy wind and below-canopy wind in a heavily wooded
area;
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of line survey tracking downwind
of the bulk drift of below-canopy vapor plume from an oil or gas
deposit, as controlled by the above-canopy wind;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing sampling of the earth's
structure about a projected oil or gas deposit and measuring vapor
phase emanation as a function of diffusion vertically through the
earth's structure;
FIG. 9B is a schematic view showing capping of the earth's
structure about a projected oil or gas deposit by means of a
collecting container;
FIG. 9C is a schematic view showing capping of the earth's
structure about a projected oil or gas deposit so as to direct
captured gaseous phase products to a vacuum sampler;
FIG. 10 shows mapping of said gaseous diffusion, according to FIG.
8; and
FIG. 11 shows detection of anomalies during portable sampling in a
wooded area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Applicamt's method is based upon the detection and tracking of
airborne clouds of gaseous hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, these
clouds arising from the vapor pressure associated with oil or gas
deposits in the ground to produce a mobile vapor phase which
diffuses through the earth's structure into the atmosphere. The
airborne gas can then be detected by means of observations over the
ground surface and at points removed from the deposit; and these
observations can then be related to the location of the deposit by
meterological considerations. Because of the diffusivity of the
gaseous phase through the ground, detection of deposits at depth,
without recourse to drilling, becomes possible and because of the
travel of the gaseous cloud with the wind after diffusion into the
atmosphere, detection of deposits can be accomplished at distances
which are considered great by the standards of normal prospecting
methods. Furthermore, by application of the principles of
micrometeorology, advantage can be taken of the occurence of
conditions under which confluence of wind from vast regions
prevails, rendering it possible thereby to scan comprehensively the
entire region by measurements made at a single point.
An essential element in the successful employment of this technique
is the application of meteorological knowledge, concerning cloud
travel and dilution, to govern the observational regime and the
interpretation of measurements. To achieve success, measurements
must ordinarily be made under those conditions (which commonly
occur) that give rise to concentration of the products in the lower
atmospheric layers. This is readily done by taking advantage of low
level temperature inversions arising particularly from ground
surface radiation such as illustrated in FIG. 2. There, time frames
t.sub.1 -t.sub.4 are designated to illustrate the formation of
cool, dense air layers adjacent the earth's surface, beginning at
sunset. Further, under these conditions katabatic, or density,
airflow occurs and under synoptic anticyclonic conditions with weak
geostrophic pressure gradients the airflow will be determined by
the topographic relief. The result is that confluence of katabatic
flow occurs in precisely the same manner as the hydrologic drainage
of watersheds, and entire valley systems may be surveyed by
measurements at the valley mouth. Successive measurements up-valley
will serve to progressively eliminate subsidiary valley systems
from consideration or identify them as major contributors.
Continued up-valley study can then identify the region of the cloud
source and hence, the responsible oil or gas deposit.
Strong relief is not required for successful application and other
variations of survey technique are readily employed even for very
flat country.
For example, continuous monitoring at a fixed point
oversufficiently long time to characterize all wind directions will
provide a survey of the surrounding countryside for distances of
the order of miles. Similarly, continuous measurements along a line
survey (as following a road) will scan the country to the upwind
side of the line. In all cases, however, it is necessary that
competent consideration be given to the meteorological factors
which govern the efficiency with which the initial emanations are
concentrated and with which subsequent travel and turbulent
dilution processes occur.
In some circumstances, the development of katabatic or density flow
is inhibited and other techniques must be employed in order to
determine the direction of flow from which the sampled vapor has
come. In particular, this problem arises in moderate to heavily
wooded terrain. Under these conditions marked radiation inversions
resulting in density flow are much less readily formed. Wind speeds
under the canopy are very light and variable, averaging generally
less than 1 mile per hour. Where topographic relief is slight the
definition of the flow under the canopy by ordinary wind sensing
instrumentation is virtually impossible. Nevertheless, despite the
locally highly variable apparent wind directions under the canopy
there is a bulk mean drift of air which parallels the above-canopy
flow. This results from turbulent coupling which provides the
mechanism whereby the driving force of the above-canopy wind is
impressed on the below-canopy air, resulting in its drift and
controlling its direction of bulk flow. Measurements of hydrocarbon
vapor concentrations in heavily wooded area of low relief may
therefore be tracked to the source by relating them to the
above-canopy wind direction.
The concentration of hydrocarbon gases in the atmosphere may be
measured by any one of a number of methods as most appropriate to
the specific situation. Measurements of methane, ethane, ethylene
and other natural volatile constituents of oil and gas deposits,
can be utilized. Various types of instrumentation can be used,
including long-path and short-path infra-red absorption, within the
meaning of the technique of exploration described here.
After detection and general localization of an area of interest,
further adaptation of the technique may be employed to outline more
precisely the oil or gas deposit itself. By capping the emanating
soil surface so as to trap the gaseous vapor phase at a succession
of points over the area in question, and measuring the content so
derived, contour analysis of the results will aid in definition of
the oil or gas deposit.
Manifestly, various instrumentation may be employed in sensing,
tracking and marking according to applicant's method without
departing from the spirit of invention.
* * * * *