U.S. patent number 3,731,146 [Application Number 05/100,971] was granted by the patent office on 1973-05-01 for toner distribution process.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Albert C. Bettiga, Leo S. Chang.
United States Patent |
3,731,146 |
Bettiga , et al. |
May 1, 1973 |
TONER DISTRIBUTION PROCESS
Abstract
Toner is distributed and charged on an impression development
surface by contact with at least one doctor blade electrically
insulated relative to other parts of the apparatus and made of
material remote from the toner in the triboelectric series and
close to the impression development surface material in the
triboelectric series. The toner particles are charged because of
contact with the doctor blade.
Inventors: |
Bettiga; Albert C. (San Jose,
CA), Chang; Leo S. (San Jose, CA) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22282462 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/100,971 |
Filed: |
December 23, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/226; 427/469;
430/101; 118/261; 427/474; 399/168 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
9/00 (20130101); G03G 15/0812 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); G03G 9/00 (20060101); G03g
013/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/17.5,111R
;118/261,637 ;355/3,15 ;317/3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Martin; William D.
Assistant Examiner: Sofocleous; M.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process for distributing and charging toner particles on an
impression development surface, said process comprising subjecting
said toner particles and surface to contact with at least one
doctor blade edge otherwise electrically insulated from the
apparatus and made of material remote from the toner in the
triboelectric series and close to the impression development
surface material in the triboelectric series, said contact between
the toner particles and the doctor blade charging said toner
particles.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein a plurality of blades
are used.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the blade is held in
contact with the impression development surface by spring
means.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the blade is made of
polytetrafluoroethylene.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the blade is made of
polyformaldehyde.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is concerned with the distribution of toner
particles in impression development electrophotography.
As is well known to persons skilled in the art, electrostatic
printing involves the production of electrostatic images on the
surface of a dielectric member of the like, the application of
charged minute electroscopic pigmented toner particles to the image
bearing surface, and the fixing of the developed image before or
after transfer to a print medium, such as paper. VArious techniques
have been devised for applying the toner particles to the image
bearing surface. Among these is the technique sometimes called
impression development. The toner distribution process of the
present invention particularly relates to use in impression
development.
In impression development, the surface of a carrier member, such as
a sheet or roller, is coated or impregnated with a quantity of
minute electroscopic pigmented toner powder particles, i.e., toner,
to form an image developing surface. The developing surface is then
placed against the surface of the electrostatic image bearing
member. The placing of the developing surface of the image bearing
surface is performed so that virtually no relative peripheral speed
exists during the contact between the developer and image-bearing
surfaces. Thus, there is substantially no wiping, patting, or other
motion during contact as is usually found in other techniques
(e.g., brush or cascade development) for applying the toner to the
image-bearing surface.
PRIOR ART
U.S. Pat. No. 3,152,012, issued Oct. 6, 1964 to R. M. Schaffert,
and the references cited therein, summarize the prior art. In that
patent, toner particles are carried to the impression development
surface by means of a transfer surface. The patent teaches (column
7, line 50) that a doctor blade may be used to treat the transfer
surface so as to distribute the toner. That procedure is in sharp
distinction to the procedure of the present invention, according to
which at least one doctor blade is used directly on the impression
development surface. In this way the need for a transfer surface is
avoided, and a considerable saving of machinery and space is
obtained.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the process of the present invention toner particles
are uniformly distributed and charged on the impression development
surface by contacting the toner particles and that surface with at
least one doctor blade having certain specified properties. The
doctor blade simultaneously performs four functions:
1. It erases the residual complementary image from the previous
development;
2. it removes excess toner;
3. it distributes the toner uniformly and reproducibly, and
4. it triboelectrically charges the toner to a polarity opposite to
that of the image on the photoconductor.
The process of the present invention may be understood more readily
by reference to the descriptive drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The FIGURE shows diagrammatically (not according to scale) a
preferred embodiment of an apparatus suitable for use in the
process of the present invention.
Referring in more detail to the FIGURE, an apparatus is shown
having the impression surface in a drum form. The system comprises
an impression surface on a resilient backing with a toner reservoir
adjacent to the drum surface. A series of toner distribution doctor
blades are also provided. The blades rest directly on the
impression drum and are held in contact by springs. They are
electrically insulated from the remainder of the apparatus. Toner
is drawn under the blades as the drum rotates. Contact among the
drum surface, the blades and the toner results in a uniform layer
of triboelectrically charged toner on the impression surface of the
drum. By rotation of the drum, the charged toner is then brought
into contact with the photoconductor, where toner is selectively
transferred to the latent electrostatic image, which is also
rotating on a drum. In the process of the present invention, a
single pass is sufficient to provide enough toner to give adequate
image density. It is important that zero relative peripheral speed
exist between the toner surface and the photoconductor, as is
always the case in impression development.
The toner distribution process of the present invention is suitable
for use with many impression development surfaces. Acceptable
results have been obtained with a surface of matte finish aluminum.
It is, however, particularly suited for use with the surfaces
described in U. S. application Ser. No. 100,980 in the name of Leo
S. Chang, filed on the same date as the present application. That
application describes impression development surfaces which are
resilient, conductive, rough and remote from the toner in the
triboelectric series. An example of such a surface is one
comprising small graphite particles dispersed in a copolymer of
vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. The surface is made resilient by
means of a resilient substrate to insure optimal contact with the
photoconductor.
For the process of the present invention, the doctor blade edge is
in contact with the impression developer surface and is held there
by, for example, spring means. The blade, however, is otherwise
electrically insulated from the remainder of the apparatus.
A single blade of the proper type is sufficient. It has
unexpectedly been found advantageous, however, to use a plurality
of blades, particularly three blades. There is apparently no
advantage to using more than three blades.
For the process of the present invention, it is essential that the
blade be made of material remote from the toner in the
triboelectric series. The blade must be close to the impression
development surface material in the triboelectric series, but it
should not be identical to the impression development surface
material. The triboelectric series has been long known to those
skilled in the electrophotographic art. It is discussed, for
example, in an article by V. E. Shashoua in the Journal of Polymer
Science, Vol. 33, pages 65-85, (1958). That article also describes
a simple test for determining where a particular material should be
placed in the triboelectric series.
Most toners in commercial use today are based on polymers or
copolymers of materials such as styrene and methacrylate esters.
For use with such toner, excellent results have been obtained using
blades made of polytetrafluoroethylene (available from DuPont under
the trademark Teflon). Polyformaldehyde (available from DuPont
under the trademark Delrin) is particularly suitable for reversal
development. Blades may also be made of composite resin or resin
and filler materials, or of polymer coated metal.
If desired, bias voltage may be employed in the process of the
present invention. This is a known concept in the art, and involves
applying to the impression development surface a voltage of
approximately the same magnitude and polarity as that of the light
exposed (background) areas of the photoconductor. As mentioned
previously, the use of bias voltage is known in the art, and is not
an essential feature in the present invention. It is often
desirable, however, to use it in conjunction with the process of
the present invention.
In like manner, it is sometimes helpful to add the step of D.C.
corona charging, for example, before, between or after the
treatment with the doctor blades. D.C. corona charging enhances the
charge of the toner, and reduces background.
Excellent results have been obtained using doctor blades having
circular tips in contact with the impression development surface.
These circular tips have a radius of approximately
three-thirty-seconds of an inch.
* * * * *