U.S. patent number 3,728,814 [Application Number 05/218,368] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-24 for toy ornithopter wind-driving mechanism.
Invention is credited to Gary Richard Ruston.
United States Patent |
3,728,814 |
Ruston |
April 24, 1973 |
TOY ORNITHOPTER WIND-DRIVING MECHANISM
Abstract
This invention provides a toy ornithopter which has an elongated
body and two pairs of wings at the front with a driving mechanism
including a cranked drive member arranged so that the wings move in
pairs in out-of-phase relation with one pair moving up as the other
pair moves down. The driving mechanism includes either articulated
linkages connected to the wings or a specially shaped fitment on
which the wings are mounted so arranged as to cause the wings to
undergo the desired motion.
Inventors: |
Ruston; Gary Richard (Redland,
Bristol, EN) |
Family
ID: |
22814823 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/218,368 |
Filed: |
January 17, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
446/35 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63H
27/008 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63H
27/00 (20060101); A63h 027/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;46/74R,75 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mancene; Louis G.
Assistant Examiner: Cutting; Robert F.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. A toy ornithopter comprising an elongated body having a front
end and a rear end with at least two pairs of wings extending
transversely of the body and a tail plane at the rear end of the
body, a driving shaft extending along the body and an elastic band
driving means carried by the body for rotating the shaft, a driving
member comprising a rotatable driving crank projecting forwardly
from the shaft and thus moveable in a circular path about the
longitudinal axis of the shaft upon rotation thereof, articulated
linkages pivotally connected at one extremity to said driving crank
and at their other extremity to spaced points adjacent the front
end of said body, each of said wings being moved by a separate link
of said articulated linkages, whereby movement of said crank
through its circular path moves each pair of wings in a flapping
motion which is 90.degree. out of phase with the motion of the
other wing pair.
2. A toy according to claim 1, comprising a pair of articulated
linkages in which each articulated linkage consists of a single
piece of plastic material the links of which are interconnected by
integral hinges.
3. A toy according to claim 1, in which the link members of the
articulated linkages are formed with sockets on which the wings are
directly mounted.
4. A toy according to claim 1, in which the link members of the
articulated linkages are fixedly connected respectively to rods
extending longitudinally of the body and having their ends remote
from the linkages pivotally anchored to the body, the wings being
mounted on the rods intermediate the ends of the latter.
5. A toy ornithopter according to claim 1, wherein said body
carries a fitment shaped to receive the end of the shaft in a
socket at a central position and is also shaped with apertures to
receive rods to which the wings are attached.
6. A toy ornithopter according to claim 5, wherein the fitment is
moulded as a single unit which is then bent to shape to form a
central socket to receive the driving shaft, and to form said
articulated linkages as two curved and shaped arms each extending
sideways, then upwards and then inwards, the free ends being
interconnected and pivotally attached to the driving crank.
7. A toy ornithopter according to claim 1, wherein the body
consists of a transparent or translucent tube and the driving means
includes a rubber or like band extended longitudinally within the
tube and connected at the front to the shaft.
Description
This invention relates to a flying toy in the form of an
ornithopter.
According to the present invention a toy ornithopter comprises an
elongated body, at least two pairs of wings, a driving mechanism
mounted on the body and including a shaft with a cranked drive
member disposed in front of the body and movable in a circular path
about the axis of the shaft and articulated linkages actuated by
said drive member and connected to the wings so that the wings are
moved responsive to the movement of said linkages in such manner
that each pair of wings moves in out-of-phase relation with each
other pair.
Each articulated linkage may consist of a single piece of plastics
material having the link members thereof interconnected by integral
hinges. Preferably the link members are formed with sockets or the
like in which the wings are directly mounted.
If it be desired to locate the wings at positions displaced
longitudinally of the body relatively to the linkages, the linkages
may actuate longitudinally extending rods pivotally secured at one
end to the body and connected at the other end to one or other link
member of the linkages, the wings being mounted on the rods
intermediate the ends of the latter.
If only two pairs of wings are to be provided as would most
frequently be the case, it is preferred that the movements of the
pairs of wings should be 90.degree. out-of-phase.
The invention will be hereinafter more fully described with
reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the toy ornithopter with the
linkages thereof shown diagrammatically.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show a front view of the diagrammatic driving
mechanism in two positions relatively angularly displaced by
180.degree..
FIG. 4 shows a front view of a preferred form of driving
mechanism.
FIG. 5 shows a plan view of the mechanism of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of another form of toy ornithopter
with the wings displaced rearwardly from the driving mechanism.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a modified form of ornithopter.
FIG. 8 is an end view of the ornithopter in the direction of the
arrow A.
FIG. 9 is an enlarged section on the line B--B
FIG. 10 is an enlarged fragmentary view in the direction of the
arrow A.
FIG. 11 is a side elevation
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary view in the direction of the arrow C in
FIG. 10 and FIG. 13 is a fragmentary view in the direction of the
arrow D in FIG. 10.
The toy ornithopter shown in FIG. 1 has a body which includes a
hollow stem 1 provided at its front end with a face plate 2. A
horizontal surface 3 secured to the stem 1 acts as a stabilizer in
the manner of a tailplane. The surface may take any suitable form,
but in the illustration it is a slightly concave (seen from above)
ovoid plate of plastics material.
The stem 1 is rigid and its hollow interior accommodates a rubber
band (not shown) which at the front end is attached to a shaft 24
having a cranked drive member 4. At the rear end of the stem 1, a
notch 5 holds a bar 6 which can be withdrawn from the notch 5 for
rotating the rubber band to twist the same.
A fin 7 projects downwards to allow the toy to be held.
The drive member 4 rotates in the face plate 2 and its axially
extending end part 8 travels in a circular path about the axis.
The part 8 drives two link members 9, 10 which are respectively
connected to L-shaped link members 11 and 12. The link members 9
and 11 and the link members 10 and 12 form a pair of articulated
linkages which operate wings as hereinafter described.
The members 11, 12 are pivoted on a fixed pivot at 13 and 14, at
the ends of the face plate 2 so that they lie one on each side of
the center line of the body.
The toy, as shown, is provided with two pairs of wings, one pair 15
and 16 being disposed forwardly of the other pair 17 and 18, and
the latter rear pair in the position of rest lying somewhat above
the pair 15 and 16. These wings are connected respectively to one
of the links 9, 10, 11, 12 for example wing 15 is connected to the
link 12, wing 16 to the link 11, wing 17 to the link 10, and wing
18 to the link 9.
The wings may be of any suitable shape for instance to simulate the
wings of a dragon-fly and may be formed with a curved leading edge
of flexible light material such as cane with the air-reacting part
consisting of a flexible membrane such as a plastics material. The
wings are individually movable according to the movement of the
link members 9, 10, 11, 12, and operate in pairs so that one pair
15 and 16 moves upwardly while the other pair 17 and 18 moves
downwardly.
The mode of action of the drive mechanism and wings is illustrated
by FIGS. 2 and 3. In FIG. 2 the drive member 4 is vertically
downward and in FIG. 3 it has rotated through 180.degree..
The angular change in position of the link members 9-12 as a result
of this rotation has caused a rotational change (as well as a small
and immaterial translational change) in the wings 15 to 18 which
thus undergo a flapping half-stroke.
When there are two pairs of wings as in the present embodiment, the
wings are preferably operated 90.degree. out of phase.
To ensure this, the relative dimensions of the various parts of the
drive mechanism are such that each of the members 9 to 12 has a
length in a straight line between its pivots which is equal to the
total throw of the part 8 of the drive member 4, or to twice the
eccentricity of the drive member 4.
Instead of the links being formed of metal each articulated linkage
may be formed of a single piece of plastics material the links of
which are connected by integral hinges. This construction is shown
in FIGS. 4 and 5 wherein, as in the earlier Figures a crank drive 4
rotates about the axis 23 of a shaft 24, the forward end of which
bears on a face plate 32 of plastics material such as polypropylene
which at its two lateral extremities 33, 34 is formed as thin
flexible regions acting as hinges for link members 29, 30. These
links at their other ends are formed as thin flexible regions 35,
36 acting as integral hinges for further link members 37, 38
respectively which at their other extremities are pivotally
connected to the drive member 4. The provision of integral hinges
allows rotation with little or no friction.
The wings 15-18 are rigidly mounted at one end in sockets formed on
the link members. For example, as shown, one pair of wings 15 and
16 are inserted in sockets in links 29 and 38 respectively while
the other pair of wings 17 and 18 are inserted in links 37 and 30
respectively. Thus the wings partake in the movement of the links
on which they are rigidly mounted and since the integral hinges are
mutually parallel and are sufficiently flexible the link members
execute all movements necessitated by the free rotation of the
drive member 4.
If desired the integral hinges may be replaced by conventional
forms of hinges between the link members of plastics material of
the linkages.
Where it is desired to locate the wings in positions longitudinally
displaced from the front or nose of the toy, a modified
construction is provided as shown in FIG. 6. This comprises the
linkage structures 9, 10, 11, 12 as shown in FIG. 1 actuated by the
drive member 4.
Instead of the links carrying the wings, however, the links are
rigidly connected to rods 19, 20, 21, 22 which extend along the
body and at their rear ends are pivotally anchored to the stem 1.
Each rod carries one of the wings 15-18 so that the latter are
indirectly operated from the links. For example wing 16 is mounted
on rod 20 fixed to link 11, wing 18 is mounted on rod 22 fixed to
link 9, wing 15 is mounted on rod 19 fixed to link 10 and wing 17
is mounted on rod 21 fixed to link 12. In this embodiment all the
points of attachment of the rods to the links are located near the
articulation points between the links.
An alternative embodiment of the invention has wings attached to
and supported by rods as in FIG. 6. The rods are capable of
rotational movement only and each is driven by a respective lever
arm pivotally linked to a connecting rod driven by a single crank
shaft having two cranks, 90.degree. out of phase with each other.
The wings of each pair are driven from one of these cranks, the
crankshaft being powered as before by a rubber band.
The use of rods for supporting the wings as shown in FIG. 6 enables
the wings to be located close to the center of gravity of the toy
and gives support against forward or backward shocks on the
wings.
The toy may be made from any desired structural material having an
adequate lightness.
If completely rigid wings are used there would have to be provision
for pivoting about its axis of elongation.
If more than two pairs of wings are used (this is more readily done
by driving by a crankshaft arrangement) the preferred degree by
which the wings are out of phase will be 180.degree./n where n is
the number of pairs of wings.
Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, it is not essential
that the rods are connected adjacent the position of articulation
of the members 9, 11, 10, 12 respectively.
The length of the rods 19-22 is chosen so that the radius of
movement of the front ends of the rods is large compared with the
degree of movement; thus the fact that its front end is constrained
by the linkage to move in a plane becomes unimportant and bending
of the linkage or strain at the pivot of the rods is minimized.
Referring now to the modification illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 13 the
ornithopter 101 has a body 102, two pairs of wings 103a, 103b and
104a, 104b and a driving mechanism including a shaft connected at
the front to a cranked driving member 105 and a rubber or like band
106 that may be twisted in known manner to turn the shaft and the
driving member 105 when released. The ornithopter 101 also has a
tail plane 107 connected to the body 102 by means of a link 108 and
a shaped fitment 109 which connects the driving member to the wings
103a, 103b and 104a, 104b.
The fitment 109 is shaped to receive the end of the shaft driving
member 105 in a socket 118 at a central position and is also shaped
with apertures at 110, 111, 112, 113 to receive rods 114, 115, 116,
117 to which the wings are attached. Preferably the fitment is
moulded as a single substantially flat unit and is then bent around
and the two ends suitably interconnected to form a symmetrical
fitment which comprises the central socket 118 to receive the
driving member 105 and two curved and shaped arms each extended
sideways, then upwards and then inwards so that the two free ends
may be interconnected and may also receive the driving member 105.
As described apertures are provided in the upwardly extending parts
of the arms at 110, 111, 112 and 113 to receive the rods 114, 115,
116 and 117, two at each side, in such a way that the rods extend
outwardly at the correct angle. pg,10
The arms of the fitment are moulded or otherwise shaped in such a
thickness that the rods can be firmly located in position in the
apertures at 110, 111, 112, 113.
The body 102 of the ornithopter 101 consists of a transparent or
translucent tube so that the driving mechanism is visible and the
driving mechanism includes the rubber or like band 106 which at the
front end is connected to the shaft which in turn is connected to
the cranked drive members and at the rear is connected to a fixed
transverse bar 119 or in another way to be hereinafter described.
By making the body 102 transparent or translucent it is possible to
inspect the driving band 106 which extends longitudinally within
the tube as it is being wound up and to tell when the band 106 has
been wound into one row and then into two rows of coils. In this
way overwinding or underwinding is unlikely to occur.
In a modification, instead of attaching the driving band 106 at the
rear to the transverse bar 119 I may fix the band 106 to a center
piece of the tail plane 107 of the ornithopter 101 so that the tail
plane 107 holds the driving band 106 in position and in turn the
driving band 106 holds the tail plane 107 in position because as
the band is wound up the band 106 pulls on the tail plane 107 and
so holds it in place.
Another advantage of this construction is that the tail plane 107
may be set at a desired angle and the band 106 will then hold the
tail plane 107 substantially at that angle in flight for the first
part until the pressure or pull of the band 106 decreases and then
the tail plane 107 may be arranged to pivot downwardly so that the
ornithopter 101 comes down in a steady glide.
The wings 103a, 103b, 104a, 104b are made of any suitable light
weight material, e.g., material sold by the Du Pont Company under
the Trade Mark MYLAR. The leading 120 edge of each wing preferably
comprises a rod of material consisting of glass fibers embedded in
an epoxy resin which gives a tough, light and not too flexible
leading edge, and the wing material, e.g., the Mylar is connected
to the rod. In operation each wing twists and the angle of attack
of each wing changes since as a wing goes up the pressure above the
wing causes the trailing edge to be pressed down while as a wing
comes down the pressure below the wing causes the trailing edge to
be pressed up. The rods at the leading edge 120 of each wing are
preferably of graduated thickness being relatively stiff at the
wing root and relatively pliable at the wing tips so that the wings
may twist as required.
In an alternative construction, which however is not so lifelike,
the rods may be stiff all the way along and the wing material may
be floppy which gives the same effect as having a twisting leading
edge.
In some constructions it may be desirable to provide a trailing
edge support in the form of a light rod projecting from the main
rods 114, 115, 116 and 117 near the wing root but I prefer to avoid
this and to strengthen the wings by providing a strengthening
member 121 extending across the wings at or near the center. The
strengthening members 121 may comprise a length of plastics
material secured, e.g., adhesively to the wing surface.
In the embodiment of the invention as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings the shape of the fitment 109 will be apparent
especially from FIG. 10. The front end of the shaft is secured in
the aperture 118 at the bottom center of the fitment 109 and the
driving member connected to the shaft projects from the end of the
shaft. The driving member 105 viewed from the side as in FIG. 13
projects forwardly then upwardly and then forwardly again at 122
through the matched apertures in the meeting ends of the fitment
109 and finally upwards again at 123 and then forwards at 124 to
form a handle by means of which the band 106 may be wound up.
In operation as the driving member 105 is rotated by the shaft the
wings 103a, 103b, 104a, 104b are caused to move upwards and
downwards in a realistic manner in such a way that the wings move
in an out of phase relation with one another. As illustrated in
FIG. 10 one pair of wings are secured more or less to the top of
the fitment and the other pair of wings are secured intermediate
the length of the sides of the fitment. As the driving member 105
is rotated clockwise the top center of the fitment moves down to
the right until at the bottom center the two sides are overlapping
and then the top center of the fitment moves up to the left back to
the start. During this movement of the fitment all of the wings in
turn are caused to undergo a flapping movement as the point of
connection of the wing with the fitment is moved.
It may be mentioned that the 90.degree. out of phase relationship
between the pairs of wings not only gives the ornithopter 1 a very
realistic and lifelike appearance simulting for example for example
a dragonfly but it also attains thereby a greater efficiency in the
utilization of the elastic energy from the driving band.
In a modification the ends of the arms of the fitment are provided
with moulded clips which may be formed integrally and which fasten
on to and may be removed from the cranked driving member without
breaking. These clips and the use of a large washer on the driving
member case assembly of the ornithopter during manufacture and
facilitate the replacement of the rubber band during use.
* * * * *