U.S. patent number 3,725,968 [Application Number 05/147,433] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-10 for double-dished pipeline pig.
Invention is credited to Kenneth M. Knapp, Mary M. Knapp.
United States Patent |
3,725,968 |
Knapp , et al. |
April 10, 1973 |
DOUBLE-DISHED PIPELINE PIG
Abstract
A pipeline pig having a dished face at each end, the dished face
improving the wiping action of the periphery of the pig as it
passes through the pipeline, there being a slightly compressible
axial member cast internally of the pig extending from the dished
face at one end to the dished face at the other end to protect the
pig against pressure surges which tend to rupture the pig in
transit in the pipeline. The invention also relates to a method of
forming for such pigs.
Inventors: |
Knapp; Mary M. (Houston,
TX), Knapp; Kenneth M. (Houston, TX) |
Family
ID: |
22521549 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/147,433 |
Filed: |
May 27, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
15/104.061;
264/275 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C
44/1266 (20130101); B08B 9/0553 (20130101); B29C
33/14 (20130101); B29L 2031/7406 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B29C
44/12 (20060101); B29C 44/02 (20060101); B08B
9/02 (20060101); B08B 9/04 (20060101); B29C
33/14 (20060101); B08b 009/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;15/14.6R,14.6A,3.5
;264/271,275 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Roberts; Edward L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A pipeline pig which comprises
an elongate cylindrical body having an elongate dimension from end
to end and having a cavity therewithin and adapted to fit within a
pipeline and being of approximately equal diameter to the inside
diameter of the pipeline;
concave surfaces of a desired thickness at the opposite ends of
said pig, said surfaces being formed of a resilient material
different from the material of said body and permitting some
flexure thereof to enhance the gripping action of the pig as it
engages the side wall of the pipe;
an elongate support member extending through the central portions
of said pig for connecting said surfaces; and,
said cylindrical body being formed substantially of a resilient
material.
2. The invention of claim 1 including a cylindrical core of lower
density material than that of said body within the cavity of said
cylindrical body of said pig and surrounding said elongate support
member.
3. The invention of claim 1 including a cylindrical core of
low-density polyolefin foam in said cavity in said body and a
surrounding polyolefin body cast to said core and having an outer
surface hardness in the range of 70 durometer or greater.
4. The invention of claim 1 including on said body a plurality of
ring-like members extending to the periphery of the inside of the
pipeline.
5. The invention of claim 2 further including passage means
communicating the interior of the pipeline with the cavity within
said body.
6. The invention of claim 2 further including an external coating
on said cylindrical body which includes therein particles of a
material harder than the resilient material comprising said
cylindrical body.
7. The invention of claim 6 wherein said particles are tungsten
carbide particles which are embedded in said resilient
material.
8. The invention of claim 6 wherein said resilient material is a
urethane material which is molded about said particles which extend
radially inwardly from the outer face thereof a predetermined
depth.
9. The invention of claim 1 wherein said cylindrical body includes
spiralled grooves extending at least part-way along the length of
the body thereof sufficient to impart a slight rotative twist to
said pig as it traverses the pipeline.
10. The invention of claim 9 wherein said spiral grooves are found
at at least two locations along the length of said body.
Description
SUMMARY OF PROBLEM AND INVENTION
Pipeline pigs have been provided heretofore with bullet-shaped
noses, dished faces, and the like. In many circumstances, a dished
face has been found preferable for a pipeline pig. Pipeline pigs
have been attempted heretofore with a dished face at both ends, but
the gripping action of such pigs is sometimes too good. A surge of
pressure traveling in the pipeline acts somewhat as a shock wave.
When the shock wave hits the pig and the pig firmly grips the side
walls, the shock wave must be absorbed in the pig. Quite often,
pigs have simply disintegrated on the passage of a shock wave. The
disintegration has given rise to problems making the double-dished
pig essentially unworkable, which has essentially led to its
abandonment.
The apparatus of the present invention provides an improved
double-dished pipeline pig which obviates the problem mentioned
above. The pig is preferably formed with a dished face at each end,
and includes an outer shell contiguous with the dished faces on
both ends of a relatively hard plastic material. However, the
central portions of the pig are communicated by means of ports, or
even microscopic open cell structures to permit pressure
equalization within the pig with pressures in the pipeline.
Additionally, the central portions are formed of a resilient
material except that an axial portion of substantially increased
strength extends between the dished faces to prevent the dished
face at either end from giving excessively on the occurrence of the
pressure surge.
Further, a method of manufacture permits fabrication of a pig
having an exterior of hardened particles to improve the cleaning
action and extend the life of the pig.
The foregoing summarizes the present invention. The following
written specification sets forth the details of construction in
conjunction with the drawings, which are:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the pig of the present invention in
a pipeline;
FIG. 2 shows the method of the present invention and a molding
technique for forming the pig, which includes double-dished
ends;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the completed pig manufactured in
accordance with the method shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 discloses an alternative embodiment having an increased
number of edges for wiping the pipe bore;
FIG. 5 shows the pig of FIG. 4 in a mold which forms additional
edges on the pig while casting a fairly tough outer shell about a
foamed insert positioned in the mold;
FIG. 6 shows a sectional view through the mold and illustrates a
number of openings which communicate the interior of the pig with
the pipe line;
FIG. 7 is a side view of an alternative embodiment including spiral
grooves which cause the pig to rotate as it traverses a pipeline,
evenly distributing the wear;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the pig of FIG. 7 showing a method of
manufacture therefor; and,
FIG. 9 is a sectional view through the pig showing its hardened
external surface.
In the drawings, the numeral 10 indicates a pipeline in which the
pig 12 of the present invention is located. The pig 12 is a
double-dished pipeline pig which has a concave face at each end.
Preferably, it is cylindrical and its diameter is approximately
equal to the nominal i.d. of the pipeline 10. The pig is forced
through the pipeline 10 by the pressure fluid flowing in the
pipeline. The pig is used to clean deposits from the walls of the
pipeline, to force an accumulation of liquid out of low spots in a
gas pipeline, or the like. Pigs are customarily forced through the
pipeline at selected occasions for the cleaning and remedial
purposes mentioned above.
Considering the invention in greater detail, it will be best to
first describe the method of manufacture, and then the completed
pig. For this purpose, attention is first directed to FIG. 2 which
shows a mold indicated by the numeral 14. The mold 14 has an
internal configuration which forms the external surface of the pig
12 when manufactured. A pour hole 16 is formed at the upper end of
the mold. The internal wall 18 forms a cylinder and the lower wall
20 forms a cone face. The upper wall 22 is similar to the wall 20
and the two walls define the concave faces desired on the completed
pig. The angle of the cone is not extreme, but can be something in
the range of 5.degree. to 15.degree., depending on a number of
factors. The diameter of the mold 14 is likewise matched to the
i.d. of the pipeline with the goal of having the cylindrical face
of the pig wipe the bore of the pipeline clean.
In FIG. 2, a pair of support pins 24 and 26 extend inwardly of the
cylindrical open space to support a core member 28. The core member
28 is preferably formed of a relatively soft, low density
polyurethane material and is held in position by the pins 24 and
26. The density is in the range of 10 to 30 pounds per cubic foot.
The core member includes an axial opening for reasons to be
discussed. The core member 28 is spaced from the cylindrical wall
18 and from the dished face ends of the mold at 20 and 22 an
appropriate distance to permit the completed pig, on pouring of the
harder material to be described, to attain a wall thickness which
is adequate for the hard use and wear which the pig encounters in
the pipeline. Briefly, the wall thickness is in the range of
perhaps a half inch or so adjacent to the cylindrical portion 18.
The dished faces on the ends of the completed pig are preferably
thicker, in the range of one-half to three-fourths inch thick.
A higher density polyurethane material is utilized to form the
shell surrounding the core member 28. Preferably, a polyurethane
material having about 70 durometer hardness is used. Thus, the
cured pig has a complete exterior of this hardness, and yet the pig
as a whole is somewhat flexible inasmuch as the core member, a
relatively low density yieldable material, permits the required
degree of flexure for the pig to permit it to travel through the
pipeline. More particularly, the pig, when completed, is encased in
the harder material to substantially increase its life during
useage.
The molding operation begins with the central core 28 in the
posture shown in FIG. 2. The heavier material is gently poured into
the mold and it fills the mold from the bottom up, including those
portions of space outside the core and adjacent to the cylindrical
wall 18 and also up the central axis of the core member 28.
Additionally, the poured material fills both dishes, that is, the
dished face spaces at the top and the bottom, to complete the pig.
The material is poured until the mold is filled and the pourhole 16
gives evidence of this fact. Preferably, the pourhole 16 should be
of sufficient diameter to permit the escape of air bubbles while
pouring.
It will be observed that a unitary pig is formed with a
double-dished face at each end. Those engaged in pig manufacture
have had difficulties in forming double-dished pigs inasmuch as
there is a tendency, on molding, to trap bubbles in one of the
concave faces. This problem has greatly reduced the quality of pigs
formed to date. Consequently, the prior art has been found wanting
in the provision of a means or method for the manufacture of an
integrally formed pig having two concave faces.
The completed pig is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, the numeral 32
indicates the structural material at one end of the pig. Attention
should be carefully directed to this face for an understanding of
the heavy gauge of high density polyurethane foam which forms the
end face. There is enough structure for the pig to bear up under
the stress and strain of its intended application, and yet enough
flexibility to permit it to give on pressure surges. Moreover, the
pig is somewhat flexible and incorporates an outer lip at the
dished face which grips and wipes against the bore of the pipeline.
It will be understood and appreciated that this is a valuable
action inasmuch as the pig is quite often used to wipe rather
slippery materials such as paraffin coatings from the walls of the
pipeline.
The pig as shown in FIG. 3 further incorporates a central support
or structural member 34 which extends from one face to the other.
On the occurrence of a pressure shock, the member 34 supports both
faces at a spaced location without unduly flexing or giving. It is
not so rigid that it causes the pig to rupture and break into small
pieces on a pressure surge. On the other hand, the axial structure
member 34 which is integrally formed with the two dished faces is
not so yieldable or pliable as to permit the pig to deform unduly.
It will be understood that if the member 34 unduly elongates, the
pigwould shrink in diameter and would not have the desired contact
with the full periphery of the bore of the pipeline.
It will be noted that the core member 28 is left essentially intact
within the body of the pig 12 as shown in FIG. 3. Moreover, the
pins 24 and 26 are pulled from the cast polyurethane structure. A
number of pressure relief openings 40 are drilled in the side wall
of the pig to the soft inner core member 28. It should be
understood that the drilled holes are helpful in providing pressure
equalization within the body of the pig. For this reason, the ports
or openings 40 found at random around the circumference of the
cylindrical pig relieve the pressure from within the pig and permit
the pig to equalize with thy pipeline pressure. In the alternative,
an open celled foamed polyurethane can be used to permit the
pressure fluid to pass through the side walls of the cylinder and
communicate with the internal portions of the pig. Open cell
polyurethane casting is believed well known in the art.
The holes or openings 40 are preferably drilled at the convenience
of the user, and there is no set pattern or required number of
openings except that they be sufficient in number to provide the
fluid communication and yet not be so great in number as to weaken
the physical structure of the pig.
Attention is next directed to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 which illustrate a
pig embodiment identified by the number 62. The pig 62 is similar
to the pig 12 in most regards except that the pig 62 is
circumferentially slotted at three or four locations at a point
near its middle. The pig 62 is improved over the pig 12 in one or
two significant regards. The first is that the pig 62 has more
wiping edges or lips for removing paraffin coatings in the
pipeline. Moreover, the pig 62 is able to flex. On negotiating a
curved pipe, the grooves or slots take up axial bending or flexure.
The most extreme bend is about one times the radius of the pipe
while many bends are about three times the radius. It is axiomatic
that a pig in the pipeline must negotiate any curve or bend which
it encounters. As a consequence of the grooves or slots, the pig 62
is able to traverse the curves.
As shown in FIG. 5, the same internal core 78 is placed in a mold
64. The mold is filled with the liquid urethane polymer which is
cured to a desired hardness depending on formulation. The finished
product is shown in FIG. 6 where the pig includes the opposing
dished ends connected by an axial rod or support 84. Of particular
interest, FIG. 6 discloses details of the slots or grooves in the
pig 62. There are three in number, but two or four may be used for
various sizes. The foamed core is communicated with the exterior
through a number of passages at 90. The passages open to the
exterior at the recessed areas between the protruding ring-like
members at 68, 70 and 72. Without regard to the direction of the
pig movement in the pipeline, it moves along the pipe achieving
contact with four or five scraping edges to clean the pipe. Again,
the double-dished arrangement works in the manner described with
regard to the embodiment 12.
The ring-like members 68, 70 and 72 are of common diameter with
that of the body of the pig while their thickness might be as much
as about 1 inch on a pig 8 inches in diameter. The grooves or cuts
defining the rings are about 1 inch deep on an 8 inch pig. Bigger
sizes vary somewhat proportionally.
Attention is next directed to FIG. 7 of the drawings where an
alternative embodiment is indicated by the numeral 100. The pig 100
is equipped with a number of external rings indicated by the
numerals 102, 104 and 106. The rings are spaced apart and separated
by a number of grooves which are indicated generally by the numeral
108. Ports 110 are formed in the periphery to communicate with the
interior of the pig in the same manner as the ports or passages 90
shown in FIG. 6. The passages expose the interior of the pig to the
external pressure to equalize pressure within the pig. A
significant feature of the pig 100 is the inclusion of the spiral
grooves indicated at 112. The spiral grooves are found on the
leading and aft portions of the pig. The spirals do not fully
encircle the pig, but are found at spaced points about the
circumference to be located at substantially all points about the
pig. The spirals 112 located at both ends of the pig impart a
slight rotative twist to the pig as it travels the pipeline. It
will be appreciated that if the pig maintains the same relative
posture to the pipeline as it traverses the pipeline, the wear will
occur mostly at the bottom point of the pig. This will tend to wear
a flat spot on the lower side of the pig and cause uneven
distribution of wear about the pig as well as an uneven cleaning
action. By way of contrast, the pig 100 of FIG. 7 tends to rotate
ever so slightly to evenly distribute the wear. This also prevents
the formation of a flat spot on the pig. In these regards, the pig
100 of FIG. 7 is improved over the other pigs.
Additional grooves are found at 114. These grooves provide relief
passages, it is believed, for matter which is scraped fro the wall
of the pipeline which is directed and channeled through the grooves
away from the leading edge of the pig.
Attention is next directed to FIG. 9 of the drawings where a
further alternative pig is indicated by the numeral 120. The pig
120 is quite similar to the pig shown in FIG. 6 of the drawings.
However, the exterior surface of the pig is formed of a harder
material. The pig 120 has an internal foamed core indicated by the
numeral 122 which is similar in all regards to the core 78 shown in
FIG. 5. A body 124 is formed about the core, and a central axis 126
is likewise a portion of the pig. As was discussed regarding the
method of manufacture, and the arrangement of FIG. 5, the foam core
is suspended within a mold and the body is formed about it. The
body includes the axial rod or support 126 which is connected to
the harder elastomer which forms the double-dished pig. Thus, the
axial support 126 is cast integral with the remainder of the body
as previously mentioned. However, a significant feature of the pig
120 is the inclusion of a third plastic material which is indicated
by the numeral 128. The third material is found on the outer
surface. Just as the body 124 is somewhat harder than the foam core
122, the outer surface or coating 128 is even yet harder than the
body. The foam core 122 is a low durometer, low density, foamed
polyurethane material. The body 124 might be, by way of example and
not limitation, a molded urethane polymer which is cured to a
hardness of perhaps 60 to 90 durometer. The outer coating 128 can
readily be, by way of example and not limitation, a mix of the same
liquid polymer of which the body 124 is formed having added thereto
granuals of tungsten carbide or some other extremely hard material.
The coating 128 is a mix of a plastic binder and a hard material.
It is manufactured in the following manner, utilizing FIG. 8 of the
drawings.
In FIG. 8, the foam insert 122 is shown suspended in a mold which
is indicated generally by the numeral 132. The mold can be
disassembled and assembled to enclose the foam body 122. The foam
body is held in position by a pair of pins 136. Preferably, the
mold is perhaps a three piece mold having a left half 138, a right
half 140, and a top 142. The mold forms the exterior of the pig to
the double dished shape of the preferred embodiment. A void is left
in the mold which provides for the externally facing rings and
grooves in the manner of the embodiment 100 shown in FIG. 7.
The method of manufacture of the pig 120 having an externally hard
surface comprised of a plastic binder and hard particles will next
be considered. An opening 144 is left in the top plate 142 to
permit the addition of a small but measured quantity of mixed
liquid urethane polymer and hard particles. The particles again can
be particles of extreme hardness, such as tungston carbide
particles, or others. The liquid urethane binder and particles are
added through the opening 144 which is then temporarily closed. The
mold 132 is placed with its axis horizontal and is rotated at a
relatively slow speed, perhaps 10 to 30 RMP. This centrifugally
forces the liquid plastic binder and hard particles to the exterior
of the pig. After some interval of time, the liquid dries and
becomes sufficiently tacky that it will cling to the outer wall of
the mold 132. At this juncture, rotation is stopped and the mold is
turned vertical with the opening 144 at the top. At this juncture,
the mold is completely filled to the top, and is permitted to sit
until the remainder of the body is cast and becomes firm. The
second addition of liquid elastomer to the mold binds the foamed
core 122 to the hardened external coating previously formed on the
outer wall of the mold. Thus, the completed product is fully bonded
together, and yet comprises different hardnesses at different
locations for purposes set forth above.
It should be noted that the molding process described above forms a
double dished pig having an axial support through the center. This
is in accordance with the teachings recited earlier herein. The
exterior surface is extremely hard, and achieves the purposes
desired as mentioned before with respect to the embodiment 120. The
molding sequence described herein is perhaps the most convenient to
execute and yields a finished product having a controlled external
diameter so that the pig can be assigned duty in a pipeline of
known nominal diameter.
The foregoing has been directed to the method of manufacture of the
present invention. The pipeline pig manufactured by the method of
the present invention has likewise been described. Numerous
alterations and variations can be included with the present
invention without departing from the scope hereof. For instance,
the several dimensions of the pig can be varied within reason to
provide a workable structure without departing from the scope of
the present invention. The pig is utilized in the manner implied
above. More specifically, the pig is placed in the pipeline and is
forced through the pipeline by the pressure of the fluid flowing in
the pipeline. It should be understood that the pig is forced
downstream in response to either gas or liquid flow. The pig of the
present invention is particularly adapted to wipe the side walls of
the pipe clean. The dished ends tend to flare slightly, which
enhances the gripping action of the pig at both ends against the
side walls. This enhanced gripping action tends to remove paraffin
coating and other accumulations within the pipeline.
The foamed elastomer may be shaped into a cone, a section of which
shows two straight line segments, or it may have the form of a
curve or arc. Thus, both ends may be shaped to this alternative
form. The arc may be that of a circle or ellipse.
While many alterations and variations of the present invention may
be incorporated, the terminology adapted herein is extended to the
claims which are appended hereto.
* * * * *