U.S. patent number 3,725,895 [Application Number 05/271,437] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-03 for stolen article detection.
Invention is credited to Lawrence B. Haynes.
United States Patent |
3,725,895 |
Haynes |
April 3, 1973 |
STOLEN ARTICLE DETECTION
Abstract
A method and system for detecting stolen articles such as by
shoplifting. Articles in a store and the like are sprayed with a
non-toxic, humanly undetectable aerosol which is subject, being
highly aromatic in nature, to detection by a sensing device. In
removing the treated article a detection area or zone from the
store must be passed and if unauthorized or unapproved removal of
the article is attempted an indicator or alarm is activated by
detection of the aerosol, resulting in apprehension of the article
carrier. If the article is paid for or removal from the premises is
otherwise authorized, then when passing through an authorizing area
such as a checkout counter, the sensible odor can be neutralized or
rendered passive or an additional neutralizing agent or means can
be applied to the article, either method of which will serve to
prevent activation of the detection device.
Inventors: |
Haynes; Lawrence B. (Raleigh,
NC) |
Family
ID: |
23035564 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/271,437 |
Filed: |
July 13, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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98990 |
Dec 17, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/572.1;
73/23.4; 116/214; 340/572.3; 73/23.34; 73/31.05; 340/632 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
13/14 (20130101); G07G 3/003 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G07G
3/00 (20060101); G08B 13/14 (20060101); G08b
013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/280,237,258
;116/67,83 ;73/23,23.1,40.7 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Partridge; Scott F.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
98,990, filed Dec. 17, 1970 and now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of detecting attempted unauthorized removal of articles
from premises of an establishment including the steps of:
A. applying an olfactronic sensible material to the articles;
B. establishing an olfactronic detection zone requiring passage
therethrough of the so marked articles for removal from the
premises;
C. discriminately detecting existent olfactronic emissions from the
so marked articles during passage through the detection zone;
and
D. selectively activating indicating means by the presence or
absence of selected detected olfactronic emissions to indicate
attempted unauthorized removal of articles from the premises.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said olfactronic material
consists of odoriferous materials normally humanly undetectable and
in the nature of non-toxic Freon compounds.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 including encapsulating the
olfactronic material utilizing a microencapsulation technique
adapted for time release subsequent to application to the
articles.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 including the step of
neutralizing the olfactronic sensible material applied to the
articles to indicate authorized removal thereof from the
premises.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein an agent - remove agent
is applied to the article at the time of authorized removal whereby
any agent detected leaving the building indicates unauthorized
article removal attempt.
6. A method as claimed in claim 4 including applying a masking
agent to the first applied olfactronic sensible material for
indicating authorization of article removal.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 including applying two agents
having olfactronic sensible capabilities wherein one is applied to
articles as normally stored on the premises and a second is applied
at a time of article removal authorization whereby if only a single
agent appears on an article at the detection zone an indication of
attempted unauthorized removal results.
8. A method as claimed in claim 5 including removing the agent by
application of ultraviolet light.
9. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the detection agent is
encapsulated and subsequently removing the agent by means of
adhesives, magnetics or by bursting with ultrasonic vibrations.
10. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the secondarily applied
agent can consist of a label marked by a short life agent, a stamp
or a sales slip attached to the article.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein detection of the
olfactronic emissions is accomplished by an electron capture type
of gas chromatograph.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In both retail and wholesale merchandising there is an ever
increasing financial loss being incurred due to unauthorized
removal of articles or goods by stealing, shoplifting and the like.
This monetary loss has reached such proportions that not only
individual merchandisers are increasingly alarmed but also trade
organizations and law enforcement officials are actively
investigating the possibility of means or procedures to reduce and
substantially eliminate the volume of loss.
Efforts to decrease inventory shortages or losses resulting from
theft have included, as examples, installing closed-circuit
television, hiring additional security forces, closing in separate
departments with barricades and turnstile entrances, technologies
from optics to sound utilizing magnetics, thermionics, electricity,
etc. All such schemes and attempted solutions are extremely
expensive and in many instances, such as surveillance personnel
increases, have been ineffective.
There accordingly exists a great need for a detection method
wherein potential larceny is deterred and at the same time
legitimate sales or removal of goods can continue unaltered by the
detection scheme utilized. The present invention teaches a method
which is not only effective but of simplicity and is
inexpensive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides method and system for detecting
and/or preventing unauthorized removal of articles or goods from
stores or the like which overcomes drawbacks existent in presently
used systems and which is highly effective, simple in use and
inexpensive.
In accomplishing this result, the present invention utilizes an
olfactronic approach. The invention includes the application of
odoriferous agents to the articles or goods and which are non-toxic
and humanly undetectable aerosols. Electronic detection means are
placed at store exits, for example, which are capable of detecting
the odor on articles passing through the detection zone if removal
from the premises is unauthorized such as articles which have not
been paid for in the usual nature or course of business.
Olfactronic as used herein is a coined term combining olfactory,
which means "to smell," and electronic means of detecting smell.
The method and system also includes means for indicating approval
of removal of the article or goods from the premises such as by
payment in a usual manner. This can include removal of the primary
detection agent, application of a second or masking agent or
application of a second agent of different characteristics from the
first applied with the system requiring the composite agent
application for removal approval.
The masking or nullifying is normally accomplished at a checkout or
payment counter operated in the normal manner of conducting
business.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be
more readily apparent from the following detailed description of
embodiments thereof when taken together with the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view representing a method and system in
accordance with the invention and depicting an authorized article
removal;
FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a modified form of detection agent
nullification;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the method and system of
the invention operating under conditions of unauthorized article
removal; and
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 represent specifically different modes of the
invention.
The features and operation of the present invention are shown in
the drawings and described hereinafter with reference to a widely
used type of merchandising of goods but obviously is not to be
limited thereto since the principles are of much more widespread
application.
In many business establishments merchandise which is, for example,
prepackaged in containers 10, or the like, are stacked by store
personnel on merchandise counters 12 for selection by purchasers
who in the normal course of business take the packages or articles
or merchandise to a checkout counter 14 where the goods are paid
for. This operation of the customer is indicated by arrow 16.
Subsequent to payment, the customer, as indicated by arrow 18,
removes the article from the store or merchandising outlet through
store exit 20. In numerous instances, however, the customer, in a
broad sense, intentionally by-passes the checkout counter and
payment for the merchandise in various ways of conduct, and which
broadly can be considered as shoplifting or illegal purloining of
goods without any intention of payment. Such actions result in very
substantial losses to the selling establishment. It is this type of
operation that the present invention is designed to eliminate.
The method and system of the invention, in one embodiment, includes
the steps of applying a non-toxic, humanly undetectable aerosol
which, being highly aromatic in nature, is detectable by an
appropriate electronic sensing device. An applied application of
this aerosol is indicated by the spot 22 in FIG. 1 and is applied
from an aerosol container 24 by appropriate personnel. The
customer, in normal accepted practice then takes the so marked
article to the checkout counter 14 where payment is made. At this
point checkout personnel can, according to one embodiment of the
invention, apply a second aerosol marking agent as indicated by
spot 26 to the article from aerosol can 28. This second applied
agent, in the embodiment of FIG. 1 can consist of different
characteristics from that of the first applied or, as shown in FIG.
1A can consist of a masking agent applied appropriately to and over
the first spot 22 as indicated in broken lines at 30. Subsequent to
payment for the goods and appropriate marking by the checkout
personnel, as shown in FIG. 1, the customer removes the articles
from the store through exit 20.
Appropriately situated at or in proximity to the store exit are
detection means for unauthorized article removal detection. When
utilizing an olfactronic technique in accordance with the
invention, a directed air flow in the nature of a curtain or sheet
indicated by arrows 32 is established through holes of openings 34
in the desired location through which the customer must pass such
as the store exit. This flow of air can be very slight when highly
aromatic substances are used and in practice would be undetectable
by persons passing therethrough. The air flow will pass over or
about the purchased article 10, even if carried in a shopping bag
for example, and will entrain the olfactronic sensible material in
the air stream as indicated by arrows 36 and pass to an appropriate
detection device generally indicated at 38. If appropriate
procedure indicating authorization of removal has not been taken at
the checkout counter, the detector device 38 will activate an alarm
40 of any appropriate type and the bearer of the article can be
apprehended in the act of unauthorized removal of the goods. This
functioning of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 2 where
the article bearer has by-passed the checkout counter and passes
directly, for example, from the merchandise counter to the store
exit as indicated by arrow 42.
If an article has been appropriately paid for and appropriately
marked at the checkout counter, the alarm in the embodiment shown
in FIG. 1 will not be activated since in the shown embodiment the
use of two agents of different characteristics, one applied before
display, and one applied at the time of purchase, can be sensed by
the detector as indicating proper purchase of the article. If,
however, the second application at 26 is omitted, as depicted in
FIG. 2, the detector will indicate unauthorized removal.
Modifications of the principles of the invention can consist in use
of one agent - remove agent at time of sale so that any agent
detected upon leaving the building indicates that the article is
stolen. Use of a second agent as a masking agent for the first
agent, indicated at 30 in FIG. 1A, applied to the article at the
time of sale to indicate purchase can also be sensed by the
detector to indicate an authorized and approved sale.
Many specifically different forms of agents and detectors can be
used within the principles and teachings of the invention. The
detectors, for example, can include a short analysis device such as
is presently being used in bomb detectors. The prime device is a
gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture type detector,
such as but not limited to a Beckman GC-4 gas chromatograph
equipped with a model 134060 electron capture detector. Its working
principle is .DELTA. changes in electron capture = conductivity.
The form of the electron device contemplated by the present
invention is one that does not require reverse flashing of the
analysis chamber by an innate gas. A continuous sampling
chromatograph could also be used if the .DELTA. time between
sampling ingestion and definition is adequate.
The olfactronic or odoriferous agents can include a whole series of
agents available from non-toxic Freon compounds. These agents are
preferably encapsulated utilizing a microencapsulation technique
and subject to "time release" after application to the article to
be displayed for purchase (or pilferage). Other compounds based on
unique, fairly rare in the market place of use, types of compounds
can be used.
The actual detection techniques could utilize, as mentioned
hereinbefore, one agent - remove agent at time of sale, so any
agent detected leaving the building indicates that the article is
stolen. The use of an agent as a marking agent, to be applied to
the article at time of sale to indicate purchase is contemplated as
also is the use of two agents of different characteristics, one
applied before display, and one applied at the time of purchase. If
only one agent appears at the detector location this is an
indication that the article is stolen.
When utilizing a technique of adding a secondary agent at the point
of sale it is contemplated to use "sold" or "thank you" labels at
the point of purchase or checkout counter, the label having been
marked by a short life agent. A stamp applied to the article or a
sales slip attached to the article could likewise be utilized.
Specific examples of some techniques which can be employed within
the teachings of the invention are set forth hereinafter.
EXAMPLE 1
A semi-volatile, polymerizable material such as an unsaturated
ester, for example methyl or ethyl linoleate or methyl or ethyl
stearolate, is used at 22A to mark all merchandies. At the
check-out counter, see FIG. 3, a dilute mist of a radical
initiating agent, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide, is sprayed at 28A
on the merchandise before it passes through an intense, short
wavelength ultraviolet light chamber which polymerized the
unsaturated marking material. Merchandise so treated may be removed
from the premises without incident. Without this treatment the
presence of the volatile unsaturated marking material would be
detected by a rapid, automatic sampling capillary gas chromatograph
38A equipped with a flame ionization detector such as but not
limited to a BGC-4 gas chromatograph with a model 102250 Hydrogen
Flame Detector. The identity of the marking material being
determined by its characteristic retention time. Improved
sensitivity could be obtained by prior concentration of the
unsaturated substance contained in large air sample by slow passage
of the air sample through a highly purified high molecular weight
saturated hydrocarbon oil, such as but not limited to an apiezon
oil. The oil is then flash heated in the inlet of the gas
chromatograph.
EXAMPLE 2
One of the several Freons is encapsulated in a semi-porous polymer
matrix, such as a polyvinyl acetate, and used to mark all
merchandise. At the check-out counter a different Freon, similarly
encapsulated, is sprayed on all merchandise passing along the
conveyor counter. The air door is monitored by a rapid gas sampling
device which periodically sends an air sample such as an amount
ranging from 10 .mu.L - 10 ml, through a capillary gas
chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector, such as
but not limited to a BGC-4 gas chromatograph equipped with model
134060 electron capture detector. From the characteristic retention
times of the two Freons a null reading is given. If only one of the
Freons is detected, indicating stolen merchandise, the alarm is
activated.
EXAMPLE 3
A high molecular weight unsaturated ester, nitrile such as linoleyl
nitrile, or other suitable unsaturated material of moderate
volatility would be applied to all merchandise on the shelf. When
checking-out all merchandise purchased would pass through an
intense short wavelength ultra-violet light box on the check-out
conveyor. This treatment would serve to polymerize the unsaturated
marking substance thus dramatically diminishing its volatility.
Removal of such treated items from the store would not set off the
alarm. However, untreated material would be detected by a high
capacity, capillary column gas chromatograph equipped with a flame
ionization detector which was connected to an automatic gas
sampling device, such as might be assembled from a Beckman 102396
Gas sampling valve and a 102397 switching valve, sampling the air
flow at or near the store exit.
EXAMPLE 4
A highly halogenated gaseous material such as one of the Freons is
microencapsulated in a polymer matrix, such as polyvinyl acetate,
in which state it has an appreciable leak rate sufficient to be
easily detected by a gas sensing device (similar to an electron
capture type chromatography detector) composed of two metal plates
separated by a few mm. and charged with several hundred volts. One
of the plates is coated with a B-emitting material (such as but not
limited to tritium) sufficient to ionize a small fraction of the
gas passing between the plates. The resulting small flow of current
between the plates results in a steady "null" reading. When a
highly halogenated material such as one of the Freons passes
between the plates, the current drops off (disrupting the "null",
i.e., sounding the alarm). In the invention proposed, articles to
be purchased would pass along a conveyor at the check-out, see FIG.
4, during which passage an ultra-sonic chamber 50, such as one
250-watt chamber with a 20,000 - 30,000 HZ capacity, encased in a
high air flow area 52 would burst the polymer encapsulating
material, releasing the marking olfactory material. Passage of such
material through the exit area would not set off the alarm. Any
untreated item would be detected, however, even if concealed in a
pocket or bag.
EXAMPLE 5
All merchandise to be legally removed from the store might be
placed in a bag 60 that had been "perfumed" as it was pulled out of
the bag storage bin. The odiferous agent might be a species such as
.alpha., .alpha., .alpha.-tricholorotoluene which would be only
slightly odorous and which would evaporate in about 30 minutes.
Thus the previously described electron capture gas chromatograph
sampling the "air door" would in this application be switched to
read null when .alpha., .alpha., .alpha.-trichlorotoluene was
detected but would sound an alarm when this marking substance did
not accompany passage through the door.
"Neutralizing" by polymerization can be induced by short wavelength
black light of but not limited to 2,537A for a period of up to 30
seconds.
In recapitulation, the invention utilizes detection of specific
vapors or gases to prevent pilferage of material, products, or
commercial or potentially commercial goods. The technique is
selective in indicating authorized or unauthorized removal of goods
or materials from a merchandising establishment and defies
detection by individuals. The technique utilized is unique and
eliminates disadvantages of previously developed systems for
prevention of pilferage. The material utilized preferably has a
prolonged capability of release of a gas and/or vapor. The gas or
vapor is foreign to the environment in which its utilization is
contemplated and is not detectable by the normal human olfactory
system either by concentration of the material utilized or by the
nature of its vapor or gas. The material or its vapor or gas is not
irritating or toxic to humans. It will not damage any material on
which it is applied, is invisible to an unaided human eye and
exhibits no distinctive tactile qualities. If desired, an
identification material, such as a radiolucent dye identifiable
under ultraviolet light, can be added to the odoriferous material
to facilitate identification of the treated area by deactivating
personnel.
The sensor device and the gas or vapor collection means can vary
and can be specific to record only certain materials and/or a
combination thereof. In like manner the specific detection means or
device utilized can vary within the skill of knowledge in
electronic sensing or detection.
Obviously changes in details can be effected within the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined in and limited solely by the
appended claims.
* * * * *