U.S. patent number 3,725,715 [Application Number 05/163,825] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-03 for spark plug.
Invention is credited to Cecil J. Krow.
United States Patent |
3,725,715 |
Krow |
April 3, 1973 |
SPARK PLUG
Abstract
A spark plug having in combination an adjustable axial air gap
spark and circumferentially interrupted ground electrode means
which creates a surface flame spark. The surface flame and air gap
spark are transverse to each other, permitting adjustment of the
shorter air gap spark electrode. The spark plug comprises a central
electrode within an insulator, an air gap surrounding the insulator
and a ground electrode carrying a pin which extends over the
central electrode. In one embodiment, the air gap is relatively
narrow, and carbon-reducing slots are formed in the ground
electrode. In a second embodiment, radially adjustable surface
flame ground electrode pins are provided. In another embodiment, a
non-adjustable pin is carried by the ground electrode for the
surface flame. In still another embodiment, a single J-shaped pin
acts both as an adjustable air gap spark electrode and an
adjustable surface flame electrode.
Inventors: |
Krow; Cecil J. (Ralston,
OK) |
Family
ID: |
22591741 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/163,825 |
Filed: |
July 19, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/131R;
313/141; 313/140 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01T
13/52 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01T
13/00 (20060101); H01T 13/52 (20060101); H01t
013/42 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/130,131,140,141 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Hostetter; Darwin R.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a spark plug, a central electrode, an insulator surrounding
said electrode and having an end surface, a ground electrode
surrounding said insulator, a pin secured to said ground electrode
and extending over the end surface of said central electrode to
form a relatively short adjustable air gap spark extending in the
direction of the spark plug axis, said air gap spark being
adjustable by bending said pin, and means spaced radially outwardly
from the end surface of said insulator to form circumferentially
interrupted means on said ground electrode inducing a relatively
long surface flame spark transverse to said air gap spark.
2. The combination according to claim 1, said last-mentioned means
comprising a circumferentially interrupted end surface on said
ground electrode.
3. The combination according to claim 2, said pin being arched so
that its mid-portion is further away from the end face of said
insulator than its end portion is from said central electrode end
face.
4. The combination according to claim 1, said last-mentioned means
comprising a plurality of circumferentially spaced pins mounted on
said ground electrode and extending inwardly toward the said
insulator.
5. The combination according to claim 4, said pins being threadably
mounted in said ground electrode so as to be adjustable toward and
away from the insulator.
6. The combination according to claim 1, said last-mentioned means
comprising a second pin secured to the end surface of said ground
electrode and angularly spaced from said first pin, the second pin
extending toward said insulator end face.
7. The combination according to claim 1, said central electrode
having a neck portion extending outwardly beyond the end surface of
said insulator.
8. The combination according to claim 1, said last-mentioned means
comprising an end portion on said pin extending axially inwardly
toward said insulator end face, the air gap between said
last-mentioned pin portion and the insulator end face being
adjustable by bending the pin.
9. The combination according to claim 1, the length of said air gap
spark being 0.030 inches, the length of said surface flame spark
being 0.060 inches.
10. The combination according to claim 1, the length of said flame
surface spark being approximately 0.060 inches.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to spark plugs for internal combustion
engines, and particularly to installations where misfire may be
caused by electrical resistance elements of radios or other
components which are disposed between the high voltage ignition
coil and the spark plug itself. More particularly, the invention
relates to spark plugs of the type having the combination of an air
gap spark electrode and a surface flame electrode. It is an object
of the invention to provide such a spark plug which furnishes
easier low voltage cold motor starting, smoother motor performance,
greater gas mileage, more horsepower and longer plug life.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Beesch U.S. Pat. No. 3,313,972 shows a spark plug with combined
high tension gap and creepage spark gap. This patent, however, has
several shortcomings with respect to the present invention. Among
others, the high tension gap is not at right angles to the creepage
gap and is not adjustable. Burley, et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,488,544
and 3,488,556 show a spark plug with a semiconductor teaser gap.
This construction has several shortcomings compared with the
present invention, including the possibility of carbon formation on
the face of the semiconductor which could cause malfunction of the
plug. Lang U.S. Pat. No. 895,030 shows another spark plug designed
to produce two sparks, but which is constructed and functions
differently than the present invention. Other patents found in a
search but which are not deemed to anticipate the present invention
are the following:
Re 15,304 2,563,625 1,315,935 2,578,754 1,815,423 2,609,808
1,962,869 2,852,713 1,984,952 2,870,363 2,017,364 2,890,365
2,136,206 2,899,585 3,313,972
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, the invention comprises a spark plug having an elongated
central electrode surrounded by an insulator body, the latter being
in turn surrounded by a ground electrode with an end face spaced
from the insulator and circumferentially interrupted means for
producing a surface flame spark across the end face of the
insulator. A pin is secured to the ground electrode end face and
extends outwardly and then over the central electrode, the spacing
between this pin and the central electrode being substantially less
than the spacing between the central and ground electrodes across
the insulator and face. The short air gap between the central
electrode and pin is adjustable by bending the pin. In a preferred
example, the air gap spark is 0.030 inch and the spark across the
insulator end face, or surface flame spark, is 0.060 inch, giving a
combined right angle spark length of 0.090 inch.
With this construction it has been found that detrimental surface
flame misfire, caused for example by radio or other resistance
components positioned between the high voltage ignition coil and
plug, are eliminated. During low voltage cold motor starting, the
invention provides maximum electrode spark and surface flame fire
areas. The construction also provides smoother motor performance,
greater gas mileage, more horsepower and longer plug life, and is
excellent for higher compression liquefied petroleum propane
operation. The novel spark plug further furnishes effective
sparking through the surface flame when high compression cylinder
turbulence tends to squeeze or blow out the air gap spark. The
adjustable nature of the pin permits the spark plug to be adapted
to any of various cylinder compression and ignition voltage
conditions. The positioning of the short air gap pin over the
central electrode reduces the likelihood of excessive carbon, scale
or crust accumulation on the end of the central electrode, thus
contributing to greater surface flame firing. The short air gap
electrode pin also acts as a standby electrode to eliminate
excessive or continuous arcing and overload of the surface flame
path on the insulator. Moreover, the shorter air gap spark will
automatically take over and operate satisfactorily in case the
surface flame path of the insulator becomes cracked or otherwise
damaged from the severe heat and pressure in the combustion
chamber.
In a first embodiment of the invention, the end face of the ground
electrode is relatively close to the insulator end face, and
angularly spaced radial slots are formed in the ground electrode
end face to reduce the surface flame area and the possibility of
carbon fouling deposits. This will reduce the likelihood of misfire
or quenching of the surface flame which is generally caused by
excessive carbon buildup and oil formation. The pin in this
embodiment is arched or curved to permit a more even distribution
of the surface flame between the central and ground electrodes. The
construction shown in this embodiment is suitable for use over a
relatively broad temperature range.
In a second embodiment of the invention, a plurality of angularly
spaced pins are threadably mounted in the ground electrode and
extend radially inwardly, thus serving as adjustable surface flame
electrodes. This construction is adapted for installation on
previously manufactured conventional spark plugs or may be utilized
in original manufacture without requiring extensive changes in
molds, dies or the like used for forming conventional spark plugs.
It may also be used to convert conventional spark plugs to high
compression racing plugs, and high compression plugs for propane
fuel operation.
A third embodiment of the invention utilizes a relatively short
radially extending pin in addition to the first-mentioned pin, this
second pin acting as a non-adjustable surface flame electrode.
In a fourth embodiment of the invention, the pin which extends
outwardly and then over the central electrode, extends past the
central electrode and then inwardly. The pin thus serves a dual
purpose, namely an adjustable short air gap spark electrode and an
adjustable surface flame electrode.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view, partly sectioned, showing a first
embodiment of the spark plug incorporating the principles of this
invention.
FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of the plug of FIG. 1 showing the
slotted ground electrode.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary elevational view, partly sectioned, showing
a second embodiment of the invention with adjustable flame ground
electrodes.
FIG. 4 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 3 showing
the locations of the adjustable surface flame ground
electrodes.
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view in elevation showing a
third embodiment of the invention in which the ground electrode is
provided with a pin for the surface flame.
FIG. 6 is a partially sectioned fragmentary elevational view
showing a fourth embodiment of the invention in which a single pin
extending from the ground electrode acts both as an adjustable air
gap spark electrode and an adjustable surface flame electrode,
and
FIG. 7 is a chart showing the relative performance of a
conventional single gap spark plug and the plug of this invention
under varying pressures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring first to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the spark
plug is generally indicated at 11 and comprises a central electrode
12 of tapered shape extending through an insert cap 13 in the upper
end of an insulator 14 fabricated of porcelain or similar material.
A terminal 15 surmounts the central electrode and is in electrical
contact therewith. The lower end of insulator 14 is surrounded by a
ground electrode 16 with gaskets 17 and 18 being disposed between
the ground electrode and insulator. The lower end 19 of ground
electrode 16 is threaded for mounting in the engine.
In this embodiment, the end surfaces 21 and 22 of the central
electrode and insulator respectively are substantially flush. An
air gap 23 is provided between the lower end 19 of ground electrode
16 and the outer edge of end surface 22 of the insulator. In a
preferred construction, the radial distance from end surface 21 of
the central electrode to end surface 24 of the ground electrode
could be 0.060 inches.
A plurality of relatively large radial slots 25 are provided in the
end face 24 of ground electrode 16. These slots are seen best in
FIG. 2, four being shown in the present embodiment. The presence of
slots 25 will greatly reduce the fire area of the ground electrode,
in this case to approximately one-half that which would be present
with an uninterrupted end surface. The purpose of the slots is to
reduce the possibility of misfire or quenching of the surface flame
which could be caused by excessive carbon buildup and oil
formation, bearing in mind that the air gap 23 in the embodiment of
FIGS. 1 and 2 is relatively narrow.
A pin 26 is secured at one end to end surface 24 of ground
electrode 16 and extends inwardly, the other end being disposed
directly over end surface 21 of central electrode 12. End 26 thus
forms an adjustable spark air gap with the central electrode which
is at right angles to the surface flame spark. Preferably, end 26
is arched or curved as shown to reduce the tendency of the surface
flame to follow a channel path under the pin, which might occur if
the pin were too close to the end surface 22 of insulator 14. The
arched construction of the pin will permit the surface flame to
distribute itself more evenly around the end surface 24 of the
ground electrode. In a preferred example, the air gap between
electrode 12 and pin 26 is 0.030 inches.
A series of tests of the novel spark plug (the two embodiments of
FIGS. 1 to 4) in a transparent chamber, with various pressures,
disclosed the following spark and surface flame performance (FIG.
7) with a standard 12 volt primary and high volt secondary ignition
input, compared with a conventional spark plug. At atmospheric
pressure both surface flame and air gap sparks fire, the short
spark master firing. As the pressure increases, the spark and
surface flame brighten and the lower resistance surface flame
begins to predominate and master fires. Although both the short the
spark and surface flame may fire simultaneously, depending on
resistance and voltage reserve, or can shift back and forth, the
surface flame tends to dominate as the pressure increases. At still
higher pressures, approximately 90 to 220 p.s.i. or higher, the
larger surface flame will completely predominate and will fire
until squeezed out. In comparison, a conventional plug with 0.035
inch air gap was squeezed out at approximately 130 p.s.i.
Tests have indicated that the occasional dead spot or flameout
misfire which occurs through the fuel acceleration cycle due, for
example, to radio resistance wires installed between the high
voltage ignition coil and plugs, tend to be corrected by the
invention, namely the presence of the adjustable short air gap
spark and the large surface flame right angle combination.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a second embodiment of the invention which
incorporates the basic principles described above but has a
plurality of adjustable pins on the ground electrode for the
surface flame portion of the firing combination. The spark plug is
generally indicated at 101 and comprises a central electrode 102,
an insulator 103 and a ground electrode 104. In this case, the end
face 105 of the ground electrode is more widely spaced from the end
face 106 of the central electrode than in the previous embodiment,
leaving a larger air gap 107. Moreover, the end face 108 of
insulator 103 is recessed from the end face 106 of central
electrode 102. Pin 109 in L-shaped, one end being secured to end
face 105 (which is uninterrupted in this embodiment) and the other
end extending over central electrode 102 to form a relatively short
spark gap at right angles to the surface flame spark.
A plurality of pins 111 are threadably mounted in threaded portion
112 of central electrode 104 and extend inwardly toward insulator
103 adjacent its end face 108. Pins 111 are adjustable toward or
away from central electrode 102 by their threaded nature. They will
act as surface flame ground electrodes, similar to the segments of
end surface 24 in the previous embodiment. Four such pins are shown
in FIG. 4 although the number and size of pins could be varied to
suit requirements. This construction could be adapted for
installation on previously manufactured conventional spark plugs
such as by drilling and tapping the threaded portions of the ground
electrode to receive pins 111. Such an arrangement could be used to
convert conventional plugs into high compression racing plugs.
FIG. 5 illustrates a third embodiment of the invention which again
has the same principles but incorporates a non-adjustable surface
flame electrode pin. The spark plug is generally indicated at 201
and has a central electrode 202, an insulator 203 and a ground
electrode 204 with a threaded portion 205. The end face 206 of
insulator 203 is recessed from the end surface 207 of central
electrode 202, and an air gap 208 is formed between the
uninterrupted annular end surface 209 of ground electrode 204 and
insulator 203. An L-shaped pin 211 is secured to the ground
electrode end surface and extends over central electrode 202 as in
the previous embodiment.
A second L-shaped pin 212 is secured to end surface 209 of ground
electrode 204 opposite pin 211. Pin 212 serves as a non-adjustable
surface flame ground electrode, extending toward the end surface
206 of insulator 203. As in the previous embodiments, the flame
surface spark will be substantially longer than the air gap spark.
In a typical example, the air gap spark will be 0.025 inches and
the surface flame spark 0.060 inches.
FIG. 6 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the invention generally
indicated at 301. The spark plug in this case has a central
electrode 302, an insulator 303 and a ground electrode 304. As in
the embodiment of FIG. 5, end surface 305 of central electrode 302
extends outwardly past end surface 306 of insulator 303. End
surface 307 of ground electrode 304 is spaced radially outwardly
from the insulator to form an air gap 308.
The pin in FIG. 6 is generally indicated at 309 and comprises a
relatively short leg 311 fixed to end surface 307 of the ground
electrode, a relatively long leg 312 extending over and past end
surface 305 of central electrode 302, and a relatively short outer
end 313 which extends back inwardly parallel to the spark plug axis
toward air gap 308. Portion 312 of pin 309 will act to induce a
relatively short air gap spark with the central electrode as in the
previous embodiment. Portion 313, however, being disposed between
end surface 307 of ground electrode 304 and end surface 306 of the
insulator, will induce a surface flame spark at right angles to the
air spark. The positions of both portions 312 and 313 of pin 309
will be adjustable with respect to the central electrode by bending
pin 311 at corners 314 and 315 respectively. A slight air gap 316
is provided between end 313 of pin 309 and insulator end face 306
to increase resistance and force firing of the surface flame.
The exposed ends of the central electrode in embodiments of FIGS.
3, 5 and 6 are utilized to gain additional electrode fire area and
increase the depth and/or width of the surface flame to pins 111,
212, or pin portion 313 as the case may be. Normally, the surface
flame spark will occupy the shortest distance or path from the
exposed portion of the central electrode to ground. Carbon buildup
on and around the end face of the insulator and the exposed portion
of the central electrode will shift the surface flame to a new path
of least resistance which could be a curved path anywhere around
the exposed "neck" of the central electrode to the ground.
* * * * *