U.S. patent number 3,725,697 [Application Number 04/871,513] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-03 for luminaire comprising means for reducing temperature of exterior refractor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Holophane Company, Inc.. Invention is credited to Vearl S. Wince.
United States Patent |
3,725,697 |
Wince |
April 3, 1973 |
LUMINAIRE COMPRISING MEANS FOR REDUCING TEMPERATURE OF EXTERIOR
REFRACTOR
Abstract
A luminaire for indoor area lighting is provided with an
intermediate member for at least diffusing and optionally
distributing light emitted from a high intensity light source onto
a prismatic lens, with means for diffusing light reflected by the
luminaire housing, with the refractor and the intermediate member
having such a relationship to each other that the efficiency of the
luminaire will be increased and the temperature of the exterior
refractor is minimized permitting fabrication thereof from
plastic.
Inventors: |
Wince; Vearl S. (Newark,
OH) |
Assignee: |
Holophane Company, Inc. (New
York, NY)
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Family
ID: |
25357621 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/871,513 |
Filed: |
October 3, 1969 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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816873 |
Mar 19, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
362/294;
362/309 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F21V
5/008 (20130101); F21V 5/02 (20130101); F21Y
2103/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F21V
5/00 (20060101); F21V 5/02 (20060101); F21v
013/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;240/25,78,78CF,78H,51.11,92,93,106,41.3,41.4,46.01,46.51,46.55,46.57,46.59 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Queisser; Richard C.
Assistant Examiner: Snee, III; Charles E.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
816,873, filed Mar. 19, 1969, now abandoned.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. A luminaire comprising a housing, a high intensity light source
mounted within said housing, first refractor means for closing the
bottom opening of said housing, means for reducing the temperature
at said refractor means mounted between said light source and said
first refractor and comprising means for intercepting direct light
from said light source that would otherwise strike said first
refractor, said temperature reducing means including means for
diffusing said intercepted light, said first refractor including
cut-off means for internally reflecting light which would otherwise
be emitted at relatively high angles, the interior surface of said
housing comprising means for diffusing light from said light source
and for directing a portion thereof to said bottom opening, said
temperature reducing and light diffusing means being spaced from
said first refractor so that a substantial portion of the light
from said light source which is diffused by said housing and
directed therefrom to pass out of said bottom opening will not be
intercepted by said temperature reducing and light and wherein said
temperature reducing and light diffusion means further comprises
means for redistributing a portion of the infrared heat energy of
said intercepted light, and wherein substantially all of said
temperature reducing and light diffusing means and the periphery
thereof is spaced from said first refractor so that air will be
freely circulatable between said first refractor and said
temperature reducing and light diffusing means.
2. A luminaire comprising a high intensity light source, a first
light controlling member spaced from said light source, a second
light controlling means positioned intermediate the source and
first light controlling member for reducing the temperature at said
first light controlling member and comprising means for
intercepting substantially all direct light from the source which
would otherwise be incident on said first member and for diffusing
such light upon the incident surface of said first member, a
housing completely enclosing the source and said light controlling
means and having a substantially wholly diffusely reflective
internal surface, the internal surface of said housing constituting
means for receiving direct light from the light source and
diffusely reflecting the same to said first member, said housing
having an opening, said first member extending across and filling
that opening and comprising means for receiving diffused light from
said light controlling means and for receiving diffused light from
said housing internal surface and for redirecting the same onto
relatively large areas said light controlling means being
fabricated of glass and being spaced from said light source and
said first member and the periphery of said light controlling means
being spaced from said housing so as further to constitute means
for redistributing heat energy of the light incident thereon and
for permitting circulation of air thereabout.
3. A luminaire as claimed in claim 2 wherein said diffusing means
includes concentric prisms.
4. A luminaire comprising a high intensity light source, a housing
surrounding said source and having an opening, an interior surface
of the housing being diffusely reflective whereby that portion of
the light from the source incident upon the interior surface is
diffusely reflected to said opening, a light diffusing means
positioned between said source and opening and spaced from said
source and opening and from said housing for reducing the
temperature at said light controlling member, said diffusing means
being located to intercept substantially all direct light between
said source and opening and a light controlling member positioned
in said opening to intercept substantially all light passing
therethrough and to receive diffused light from said housing and
said light diffusing means, said light controlling member having
means for internally reflecting light which would otherwise be
emitted at relatively high angles through said opening, said
diffusing means being heat resistant and of material to absorb and
redistribute heat from the light source which otherwise would be
directed upon localized areas of said light controlling member, and
said light controlling member being of a thermo plastic material
and being so located relatively to the light source that it would
be adversely effected by the heat from said light source but for
the interposition of said diffusing means.
5. A luminaire as claimed in claim 4 wherein said housing is shaped
to intercept substantially all light from the source that does not
pass directly from the source to said light controlling means.
6. A luminaire as claimed in claim 4 wherein said diffusing means
comprises flutes extending radially from the center thereof.
7. A luminaire as claimed in claim 4 wherein substantially all of
the internal surface of said housing is diffusely reflective.
8. A luminaire comprising a housing substantially all of the
internal surface of which is diffusely reflecting, a high intensity
light source mounted within said housing and being enclosed
thereby, a bottom opening in said housing, a prismatic light
distributing means for closing the bottom opening of the housing,
prismatic light diffusing means for reducing the temperature at the
light distributing means located between the light source and the
light distributing means and comprising a generally circular
element having on that surface thereof closest to the light source
a plurality of radially disposed flutes and on its opposite side a
plurality of annular prisms whereby direct light incident upon said
fluted surface is emitted from said other surface in a diffused
fashion and infrared heat energy is redistributed, said light
diffusing means having its periphery spaced from the internal
surface of the housing and being of such size and so located that
the light distributing means is substantially evenly and only
illuminated by diffused light from said diffusing means and by
diffused light reflected from said housing, said prismatic light
distributing means having prisms formed therein for directing the
diffused light issuing therefrom above a low angular range and into
a wide area.
9. A luminaire comprising a high intensity light source, a housing
surrounding said source and having an opening, all of the interior
of the housing being diffusely reflective whereby that portion of
the light from the source incident upon the interior surface of the
housing is diffusely reflected to said opening, a light diffusing
element positioned between said source and said opening and spaced
from said source and opening and from said housing, said element
being located to intercept substantially all direct light between
said source and opening, and a light controlling member positioned
in said opening to intercept substantially all light passing
therethrough and to receive diffused light only from said housing
and said light diffusing element, said light controlling member
having means for internally reflecting light which would otherwise
be emitted at relatively high angles from said opening, said
diffusing element being heat resistant and of a material to absorb
and redistribute a substantial portion of the heat from the light
source which otherwise would be directed upon localized areas of
said light controlling member and said light controlling member
being of a thermo plastic material and so located relatively to the
light source that it would be adversely effected by the heat from
said light source but for the interposition of said light diffusing
element whereby said light diffusing element is constituted as
means for protecting the light controlling member against the
adverse affects of the heat from said light source.
Description
This invention relates to luminaires and more particularly to the
recessed or suspended ceiling or surface mounted type which utilize
relatively small and concentrated light sources and which are used
for indoor lighting purposes.
Mercury lamps are presently being manufactured with such desirable
characteristics that a demand for luminaires utilizing these lamps
has arisen in the stores, banks and other interior lighting areas.
When luminaires using mercury lamps are compared to luminaires with
other light sources, it is found that the former is relatively
expensive, such a lamp requires ballast equipment in order to
function. Therefore, to bring about an economical utilization of
these lamps, to make such luminaires competitive with standard
lighting units, the light distribution pattern from a particular
luminaire utilizing a concentrated light source such as a mercury
lamp must be significantly larger than the light distribution
arising from present luminaires which utilize low intensity or
non-concentrated light sources in order that the higher cost of
these high intensity light source luminaires will be offset by
there being required fewer of them to provide the desired light
distribution.
At first attempts were made to achieve this increased light
distribution in high intensity sourced luminaires by simply
increasing the size of the luminaire. But by simply increasing the
size of the present optical systems, greatly enlarged costs were
encountered and as a result of the increased ratio of lens size to
source size very poor brightness patterns were created, that is,
the appearance of high intensity and low intensity interrelated
streaks became very apparent as a result of inadequate
diffusion.
Somewhat the same situation occurred in the early days of
fluorescent lighting when it was found that the optical systems
used for incandescent lamp sources were not practical with
fluorescent lamps due to the differences in the size and brightness
characteristics of the two types of sources. The solution to the
problem and the one most commonly used today for fluorescent light
sources is to substitute a painted steel housing for the standard
reflector. This greatly increases the diffusion characteristics of
the luminaire housing and thereby reduces the maximum to average
brightness ratio of the luminaire. To control high angle glare the
opening of the luminaire is covered with a refractor panel or lens,
as they are called, which has cut-off prisms thereon. Since the
primary purpose of this panel is to cut off high angle glare it is
made up of prisms having one fixed angle. Being of one fixed angle
these prisms are inherently limited in their diffusing
characteristics.
Since the fluorescent sources utilized in these luminaires are
elongated and since a plurality of these sources are usually
utilized in close spatial relationship in a given luminaire, these
sources have a large effective area and therefore light emitted
from these sources will strike any particular point of the
refractor panel throughout a wide angular range, and this results
in there being no further need to diffuse this emitted light.
When a concentrated high intensity light source is utilized, the
light which would strike a particular point on such a refractor
panel would not be incident throughout a relatively wide angular
range as in the case of a fluorescent source. Therefore the mere
use of refractor panels having cut-off prisms which proved
satisfactory when fluorescent sources were utilized is not adequate
when these concentrated light sources are utilized if the luminaire
is to have a light distribution ratio of maximum to average
brightness which would be acceptable for use as an indoor light
luminaire.
Also the refractor lenses suitable for fluorescent light sources do
not take into account the emission of a high degree of heat, which
is typical of high intensity light sources, resulting in unwanted
heat, disrupting normal heat flow patterns whether they arise from
air heating or cooling.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide
luminaires with high intensity light sources for lighting the
interior areas and more particularly large interior areas such as
stores, banks and the like.
It is a further object to provide a luminaire with a high intensity
light source and which provides a relatively high degree of
diffusion of light from the source.
It is a further object to provide such a luminaire wherein the
brightness contrast will be low.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a mercury
lamp luminaire wherein build up in heat intensity at the exposed
refractor surface is minimized, so that it can be made of plastic
or other economical substances.
It is a further object to provide substantially uniform
distribution of light from the mercury lamp luminaire.
Another object is to increase efficiency in such luminaires.
The present invention achieves the above objectives by painting the
luminaire housing with a high reflectance paint and by placing a
light diffusing element which may optionally direct light incident
thereon between the mercury or other high intensity light source
and a cut-off prism panel. The intermediate member is positioned to
prevent light emitted from the source from being directly incident
on the cut-off prism panel thereby providing the additional
necessary diffusion for all the light emitted and this member may
be optionally specially designed to distribute light onto the
cut-off refractor in the proportions desired to obtain the desired
optical effect.
When the intermediate member is made of glass, the infrared energy
emitted as light rays from the mercury or other high intensity
source are redistributed by the member. This, therefore, reduces
the prism panel temperature and thereby, makes the temperature
comfortable and allows utilization of plastic in the making of the
prism panel.
Turning now to the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an elevational sectional view of a prior art fluorescent
luminaire in which is utilized a high intensity light source;
FIG. 2 is a view of the prior art fluorescent luminaire along axis
II -- II of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an elevational, cross-sectional view of a preferred
embodiment of a luminaire according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an elevational, cross-sectional view of the intermediate
member of the luminaire having the preferred embodiment shown in
FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 A-B is a divided bottom plan view and top plan view of the
intermediate member of FIG. 4 as viewed in the direction of arrows
V.sub.1 - V.sub.2 ;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional, partial view of the intermediate
member taken along VI -- VI of FIG. 4, showing typical rays
indicating the lateral diffusion provided by the member;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an intermediate member made in
accordance with the teachings of the present invention having a
second preferred embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an intermediate member having a
third preferred embodiment; and
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of an intermediate member having a
fourth preferred embodiment.
Referring now, more specifically to the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a refractor panel or lens 12 utilized in prior
art fluorescent lamp luminaires. These refractor panels 12 carry
cone shaped cut-off prisms 13 for internally reflecting light which
would otherwise be emitted at high angles. The light source,
diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 1 as L.S. is a high intensity
light source and in particular, represents a mercury lamp
source.
As has already been mentioned, fluorescent light sources, though
having a relatively high intensity, have a large effective area and
are not therefore very concentrated. These prisms 13 which act so
well to cut off high angled light by internally reflecting the same
do little to diffuse incident light. When such a lens is utilized
with a high intensity light source L.S. the rays a, b, are not
diffused by the lens 12 but are emitted as a', b', and as a result
the observer, beneath the luminaire, views the light source L.S. as
a substantially circular image A which has a high brightness level
with the remaining refractor areas being dark. The brightness
contrast is not substantially reduced by the light diffusion which
results from the utilization of a luminaire housing which has high
reflectance paint thereon. This contrast therefore makes use of
this type of luminaire in combination with a high intensity light
source undesirable for indoor lighting purposes.
Of course, the configuration of light distributed can be varied
with the utilization of pyramid shaped prisms but since the prism
angle cannot be varied substantially due to the fact that the lens
12 is primarily utilized as a means for preventing high angle glare
no diffusion can be obtained in addition to that arising from the
luminaire housing covered with high reflectance paint.
FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The luminaire is comprised of five primary components. A high
intensity light source M.L.S. (diagrammatically shown) as for
instance a mercury lamp, a housing 10 painted with high reflectance
white paint on the inner surface and which is utilized in the place
of a reflector to achieve higher light diffusion properties, a heat
baffle 17 placed at the top of the housing 10, lens 12' including
cone shaped cut-off prisms 13', on the light emitting surface
thereof enclosing the housing 10, and a light diffusing and
directing member 14 positioned between the high intensity light
source M.L.S. and the lens 12'.
In this preferred embodiment, the light directing member 14 is
positioned a substantial distance (approximately one-third the
width of the lens) above the lens 12'. This placement results in a
substantial amount of the light which is reflected and diffused by
the housing 10 only passing through lens 12'.
The luminaire housing 10 is coated on its internal surface with a
high reflectance paint (not shown). As can be seen in FIG. 3 light
incident thereon f, g is diffused into infinite components
diagrammatically shown as (f', f", f"' and g', g", g"') which are
shown in this figure optically so that the longer the ray the more
light will be diffused into that ray direction.
It can also be seen in FIG. 3 that a large percentage of the rays
diffused and reflected by the housing f", f'", g", g"' will not
strike the light diffusing and directing panel 14 but will only
strike the lens 12' and pass therethrough. This is desirable since
the housing 10 with its high reflectance coating diffuses the
reflected light to a sufficient degree that no further diffusion is
required and since the loss of light through transmission is
significant by so positioning the diffusing panel 14 the efficiency
of the luminaire will be increased.
Also since the light directing member 14 redistributes a portion of
the infrared light incident thereon, excessive hot areas which
would occur on lens 12' if it received energy directly from the
source, are avoided. By separating the two refractors 12' 14 and by
having the air therebetween communicate freely with the air within
the luminaire housing a means is provided to uniformly distribute
the heat energy absorbed by the light directing member 14 and the
panel 12' and which is transferred to the air therebetween, within
the luminaire housing which thereby reduced substantially the
temperature of panel 12'. This is desirable in that this refractor
could then be made of an acrylic plastic or the like which would
result in a more economical unit. This objective of uniform heat
distribution can be further achieved by the utilization of a heat
baffle 17 positioned internally at the uppermost part of the
luminaire housing 10.
The light directing and diffusing member 14 shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and
5 is comprised of a light incident surface and a light emergent
surface. There is a series of radial flutes 15 on the light
incident surface. As can be seen in FIG. 6 light rays c, d,
incident upon these flutes 15 are diffused laterally c', d'. In
addition, the light emergent surface has a series of concentric
prisms provided with curved or fluted emergent surfaces which
provide further diffusion of rays such as e and which provide
concentration of light from the source, such as at e' and e" to
thereby direct such light onto the lens 12' as shown by the typical
ray e' striking the left area of the lens in FIG. 3.
Theoretically, the luminaire of the invention should be designed
specifically for a particular light source shape. While we think of
the mercury lamp source as having a concentrated point source, in
truth, the source has a finite size and shape depending upon the
type of lamp. Generally, the source is longer in varying degree
along the lamp axis. Some lamps have a phosphorescent coating on
the bulb which modifies the color of the light generated by the arc
and effectively increases the size of the source. Therefore, a
different light directing member 14 could be made having the
optimum design of prisms and flutes for each of these lamp
variations. But the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4 and
5 is a compromise design that works satisfactorily with all lamps
presently available.
The invention has been illustrated with reference to a preferred
embodiment utilizing a prismatic diffuser 14 positioned
intermediate the lens 12' and the light source M.L.S. which
provides a controlled diffusion since prisms 16 are utilized to
redirect the light incident thereon in a predetermined way on lens
12'. This combination of an intermediate diffusing and light
directing member provides the best brightness contrast and light
distribution control.
In many work situations such a high degree of control is not
required. In such situations the intermediate member 14 need only
act as a diffusing element without controlling the distribution of
light incident thereon. Such an intermediate member 14' could be
made of a plain diffusing material such as opal glass, etched or
sand blasted glass, or glass with some diffusing material applied
to the surface of the glass (FIG. 7). If it were desired to achieve
a brightness contrast which would be better than that provided by
this simple diffusing intermediate member 14', the intermediate
member 14" made of the plain diffusing material could be designed
so that the density of the diffusing material would be higher in
the center of the intermediate member than it would be at the edges
thereof (FIG. 8). Additionally by designing the intermediate member
14"' so that the center of the diffuser is farther away from the
light source a better brightness contrast could be obtained. This
could be done by making the depth of the intermediate member
greater without changing the diameter 14"' (FIG. 9). A conically or
spherically shaped intermediate member would be advantageous in
achieving these results.
* * * * *