U.S. patent number 3,725,538 [Application Number 05/029,987] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-03 for production of carbon from waste materials.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Garbalizer Corporation of America. Invention is credited to John C. Brewer.
United States Patent |
3,725,538 |
Brewer |
April 3, 1973 |
PRODUCTION OF CARBON FROM WASTE MATERIALS
Abstract
A waste materials processing system and method sometimes
involving material recycling, which converts solid waste materials,
such as household garbage, demolition debris, and so forth, to
usable products such as carbon, ash as lightweight aggregate,
metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous, and inert fill material.
Various methods of separation techniques are applied to separate
combustibles from non-combustibles, ferrous materials from
non-ferrous materials, lights from heavies, and liquid from solids,
to accomplished desired results. Floatation techniques are relied
upon to accomplish essential separations as hereinafter
described.
Inventors: |
Brewer; John C. (Salt Lake
City, UT) |
Assignee: |
Garbalizer Corporation of
America (Salt Lake City, UT)
|
Family
ID: |
21851949 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/029,987 |
Filed: |
April 20, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
423/461; 201/17;
209/162; 241/DIG.38; 423/DIG.18; 209/18; 209/930; 209/40; 209/39;
110/346; 201/25; 209/166; 209/172; 264/332 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B03B
9/065 (20130101); B03B 9/06 (20130101); C01B
32/324 (20170801); Y10S 209/93 (20130101); Y10S
423/18 (20130101); Y02W 30/58 (20150501); Y10S
241/38 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C02F
1/24 (20060101); B03B 9/00 (20060101); B03B
9/06 (20060101); C01B 31/08 (20060101); C01B
31/00 (20060101); C02F 9/00 (20060101); C01b
031/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;23/209.4,209.1,209.9,260,259.1 ;201/25,17
;209/173,172,214,162-165,166,12 ;241/20,24,68 ;110/8P ;71/14
;423/449,461 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Meros; Edward J.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of processing municipal non-sewage waste materials
comprising various types of mixed, non-floatables and also
floatable carbonaceous substances, to obtain carbon from the
latter, including the steps of collecting said waste materials,
shredding the so-collected waste materials, sink-float classifying
and thereby separating said floatable carbonaceous substances from
said non-floatables, drying said floatable carbonaceous substances,
charring said carbonaceous substances, milling the so-charred
carbonaceous substances and subjecting to a froth-flotation step
the so-milled substances to separate out carbon therefrom.
2. A method of recovering carbon from non-sewage municipal waste
comprising a variety of non-floatables and also floatable
carbonaceous substances including the steps of collecting said
waste, shredding the so collected waste, sink-float classifying and
thereby separating said floatable carbonaceous substances from said
non-floatables, wet-shredding said floatable carbonaceous
substances, drying said floatable carbonaceous substances, charring
said floatable carbonaceous substances to produce a carbon and
ash-containing material, milling said material, and then subjecting
to froth-flotation the so-milled material to separate carbon from
the ash-containing residue thereof.
Description
The present invention relates to waste materials treatment and,
more particularly, provides a system and process for treating waste
materials of various types and descriptions in such manner that
commercial end products are derived therefrom.
In the invention dry waste materials such as demolition debris is
processed through a series of steps, culminating in milling, to
produce granule-sized earth-fill material and separation of ferrous
and non-ferrous metals. Garbage such as general household waste is
processed in a wet environment which, ultimately, through flotation
techniques, is separated on the basis of combustibles and
non-conbustibles, this for separate processing to produce char
(ultimately carbon and ash) and other products.
Recycling is incorporated, particularly as to water requirements,
so that a closed aqueous system can be used to supply water at
essential points.
Accordingly, a particular object of the present invention is to
provide a new and improved process and system for the treatment of
garbage and other debris.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a recycling
type of waste processing system wherein water and/or other
materials are recycled in an advantageous manner to achieve the
results desired.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a
waste-treatment system wherein flotation techniques are relied upon
to achieve desired separations.
An additional object is to provide in a waste-treatment system a
flotation system wherein ash and carbon may be separated, as in the
presence of a disbursing agent, to produce carbon and light-weight
aggregate for storage.
An additional object of a waste system for accommodating a wide
variety of disposable debris, including even appliances, ferrous
metals, construction debris, and this as well as general household
waste.
An additional object is to provide a waste processing system
wherein combustibles are separated from non-combustibles and
separately processed through permissible application of flotation
techniques.
The features of the present invention which are believed to be
novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The
present invention, both as to its organization and manner of
operation, together with further object and advantages thereof, may
best be understood by reference to the following description, taken
in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGS. 1-3 presents a schematic diagram in block diagram form, and
illustrates one embodiment of a preferred system and method of the
present invention; certain units thereof are particularized, with
flow extensions of the three sheets of drawings being represented
by identical letters, references to other drawing sheets being
supplied.
In FIG. 1 truck 10 is shown to have an elevated bed 11 which dumps
its contents into a first stage generally identified as "General
Household Solid Waste In." This may comprise a receiving hopper 12
the contents of which are passed to a feeder conveyor 13. Feeder
conveyor 13 is a standard endless conveyor manufactured by numerous
materials handling companies. The conveyor feeds into what is known
in the art as a force feeder, see stage 14, which is of a
double-drum or other type.
Feeder 14 feeds into a multi-stage or other type of conventional
shredder, preferably of the dry type, which can be identical or
similar to the shredder manufactured by the Eidal Company of
Albuquerque, N. Mex. The purpose of the shredder, of course, is to
shred all of the materials fed to it through stages 12-14. In
particular, shredder 15 is included in the system to reduce in size
the materials fed to it, for convenience of handling.
The output from shredder 15 is fed to a conventional endless
conveyor 16 of standard design to enter into log washer 17. Stage
17 generically comprises a re-pulper; any one of a number of types
of equipment may be employed herein. It is preferable to use a log
washer type re-pulper such as that manufactured by the McLanahan
Company (a U.S. company). Water, as shown, is fed into the
re-pulper, specifically log washer 17, so as to mix with the
shredded materials disposed therein.
Care should be taken in choosing the time cycle of operation of log
washer 17. It is preferable that the materials be urged speedily
through the log washer so that the paper contents that are in the
waste material fed through the washer will not tend to disintegrate
excessively or otherwise become difficult to handle. Thus, it is
preferable to use the log washer or other "re-pulper" at stage 17
in a manner such that there results a mere mixing of the materials
therein and a combination thereof with the water fed into the input
as indicated, this without permitting the materials to be retained
in the log washer long enough so as to cause an awkward
disintegration and suspension of paper products in the liquid
environment.
The discharge from log washer 17 is fed into a classifier, termed
as stage 18 in FIG. 1, which generically comprises a flotation
system. In the system shown in FIG. 1 the classifier takes the form
of a modified bowl classifier HMS ("heavy media separation") e.g.,
the classifier manufactured by the Koppers Company, a domestic
manufacturer. This system, classifier 18, operates as a sink-float
system by which there is floated out, via float "No. 1," the
floating combustibles such as cellulosic material, plastics,
rubber, and some wet garbage. These materials are subsequently fed
via line B (see now FIG. 2) to a wet shredder 19. The input to the
wet shredder 19 also includes some additional materials the
production of which will be hereinafter described.
Relative to classifier 18, the resulted materials, i.e., that which
did not separate and float out via the float No. 1 route in FIG. 1,
will be conducted to a second classifier 20 which can be a modified
cone classifier (HMS) such as that manufactured by the Wemco, a
division of Envirotech, Inc., a domestic corporation. It is noted
that the modified bowl classifier receives not only the residue,
that is, the non-floatables, but also such floatables as were not
separated out via classifier 18. It is to be understood that there
may be a small portion of paper or other fibrous materials held in
suspension in the water and not separated out via the float No. 1
path. Thus, materials such as plastic, rubber, and some cellulosic
material with some wet garbage, are picked up and separated out via
the modified cone classifier 20 and subsequently combined via the
float route No. 2, with the materials at float No. 1, for routing
to wet shredder 19.
It will be seen that dropping out of the classifier at 20 will be
the non-floatables such as the metals, rock products, dirt, and
glass. These refer to the "sink" portion of classifier 20,
identified as such, and these materials are fed into a magnetic
separation stage identified in FIG. 1 as magnetic separators stage
21. Magnetic or other suitable means separates out the ferrous
metals and deposits these suitably at a stage 22. In practice, the
ferrous materials recovered from the magnetic separators' stage 21
will be conveyed, so as to be separated from the magnetic
separating stage and, if desired, directed through a furnace 23 so
as to kill all bacteria that may be present. Subsequently the
ferrous metals may be further processed, if desired, for sale or
other desired disposal.
The materials remaining, that is, non-ferrous materials, are
directed to a baum jig 24, identified in the drawing as a "gravity
separators' baum jig" that can be supplied by a domestic
corporation known as the McNally Company. The purpose of baum jig
24 is to separate out non-ferrous metals and other heavies, see
stage 25, and route glass, dirt, etc. via flow path F, see also
FIG. 3, to ball mill 27" the operation of which will be described
hereinafter. The materials at stage 25, if desired, may be
subjected to further processing, as needed, for proper disposal
and/or sale. By way of example, the materials at 25 may be formed
as ingots, for supply to industry.
In returning to FIG. 2 at this time, it is seen that the wet
shredder 19 utilized in the system may be such as that manufactured
by the Bauer Brothers Company, an Ohio company. Feeding into the
wet shredder 19 via conveyor line I will be the woody waste and
other light non-grindables 27' in FIG. 3, the production of the
latter of which will be described hereinafter. The purpose of the
inclusion of the wet shredder 19 is to further reduce the in-coming
material so that such may be adaptable for processing in a
centrifuge and small enough for the following agglomeration stage.
The materials received by centrifuge 27 (i.e., a centrifuge unit
such as that currently manufactured by the Bauer Corporation of
Ohio,) from the wet shredder 19 is separated such that the liquid
phase enters a thickener 28, whereas the solids' phase enters the
agglomeration stage 29. The agglomeration stage 29 may take the
form of a currently manufactured "agglomerator" as manufactured by
the Komerek-Greeves Company of Illinois.
Thickener 28, such as one manufactured by the Eimco Corporation of
Utah, is also fed materials assuming flow-path H, i.e., the
thickened liquid phase received from the mechanical classifier 29
of FIG. 3; a description of the operation of the latter follows.
The output from thickener 28 is divided such that a portion thereof
is fed to drum filter 30, whereas a remainder travels via conveyor
line D to the modified cone classifier 20 in FIG. 1. It is noted
that this pulp conveyed via line D will approximate 1.33 in
specific gravity. Output from drum filter 30 is conveyed as solids
to the agglomeration stage 29, with liquid overflow being routed to
thickener 28. Now the overflow from thickener 28 is routed down to
activated sludge system 31 in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2 it is seen that
liquid from the activated sludge system 31 is directed to clarified
liquor storage stage 32 for re-use as liquid in the process.
Correspondingly, sludge from the activated sludge system 31 is
directed back to the agglomeration stage 29.
We shall now return to the agglomeration stage 29.
The agglomeration stage 29 has as its purpose a mixing of its
inputs, i.e., the solid residue of the centrifuge, the solids from
the drum filter 30, and so forth. Accordingly, the agglomerator at
29 serves as a mixer for feeding the contents thereof to a drying
stage 33. Gases from dryer stage 33 are fed to an after-burning or
gas cleaning system 34 such as a so-called gas scrubbing system as
manufactured by Western Precipitators, a domestic company. The
drying stage 33 may comprise a Ruggles-Coles dryer as manufactured
by the Koppers Corporation above referenced, and is employed to
further remove liquid and liquids as gases prior to charring. The
dried materials are subsequently routed to the charring, indirect
firing or controlled "atmospheric firing." Gases coming from the
charring stage 35 are fed to the gas scrubbing system stage 34, and
sludge, particulate matter, and condensate from the latter are
routed to thickener 28 in a manner shown.
Regarding again to the charring stage 35, the char therefrom is
routed to a ball mill 36 for grinding. The end products of ball
mill 36 are routed to flotation system 37 where a reagent is added
so that the ash and carbon portions of the char material may be
separated. The reagent used operates as a dispersing agent and can
comprise any one of a number of chemicals such as sodium silicate,
tannic acid, sodium hexameta-phosphate, or a chemical going under
the trade name Calgon.
After the separation is effected by a flotation system 37, then the
carbon is collected at 38 and the ash is sent to compactor 39.
Introduced into compactor 39 is a binder originating from a binder
source 40. This binder may comprise common cement or any
cementicious substance. The result is of course the production of a
light weight aggregate or aggregate blocks to be used in the
building industry, for example.
In referring now to FIG. 3, where a sub-system relating
construction debris is to be utilized, debris such as waste rocks,
bricks, other demolition products, and so forth, at stage 41 is
routed, for example, to an area 42 wherein coarse timber cobbing
takes place. This is to say, the coarse timber is manually removed.
The timber is then sent through a shredder 43 and is routed via
conveyor line A to the hopper receiving the general household waste
as at 12 in FIG. 1. Also fed to the shredder are appliance products
such as toasters, stoves, refrigerators, so forth which are
shredded and also routed back to the input hopper at 12. After
timber cobbing, the remaining materials are fed to a coarse
crusher, at 43, of conventional design, wherein rock and concrete
products are reduced in particulate size. The end products of
coarse crushing step at 43 are fed to an area or hopper wherein
magnetic cobbing as at 44 takes place. The coarse ferrous materials
are separated by conventional magnetic means whereas the remaining
materials at stage 44 are fed to a screening stage 45. At the
screening stage 45 the fines U.sub.1 are routed to mechanical
classifier 29 hereinbefore identified. The coarse materials 0.sub.1
at the screening stage 45 are fed through a fine crusher as
indicated by stage 46 so that the fines may be routed back to
screening 45 to appear ultimately as U.sub.1 fines routed to
classifier 29.
Mechanical classifier 29 may be provided with a rotary waste
screen, an optional, standard classifier item, which will route
woody waste and other light non-grindables at 27' via line I to wet
shredder 19 in FIG. 2, to proceed through the related sub-system
shown in FIG. 2. The balance of the materials at the classifier
stage 29 are fed to ball mill stage 27" and combined with the
glass, dirt, and so forth, at stage 26 for further reduction. The
products from ball mill 27", i.e., dirttype products, glass and so
forth, are routed from ball mill 27" to a rotary dryer to become
inert and used as earth fill. The coarse, non-grindables from the
ball mill 27" are routed via unit jig 41 in the conveyor direction
G. Such will comprise metallics and other heavy non-grindables, as
illustrated in stage 41.
Unit jig 41 can be identical to the baum jib before referenced.
It is noted relative to FIG. 3 that the heat-treated and, hence,
inert fines from the rotary dryer 43 are routed to a storage place
simply identified as earth fill storage. It is noted that the
metallics and other heavy non-grindables at stage 42 are routed via
conveyor line G back to the "sink" portion of the modified cone
classifier 20, where such drop into the magnetic separator stage
21.
The above description has considered the individual stages,
elements and processes in detail in connection with the present
invention. A general summary is deemed helpful and now will be
made.
Firstly, general household solid waste material is conveyed as by
truck to an input hopper at 12 in FIG. 1. The materials to be
household solid waste materials are received and processed as
indicated to the flotation system 18, preferably a bowl classifier,
and in any event which accomplishes a sink-float method of
separation. The initial float fraction, i.e., taking the coarse
"float No. 1," is combined with a second float fraction produced
through by the cone classifier 20, so that these materials can be
passed through the wet shredder 19 and ultimate agglomeration,
drying, and charring. Gases are cleaned such that clean vapors
and/or gases are exhausted to the atomosphere, for example, whereas
the char is milled and introduced into a separate and independent
flotation system for separating carbon and ash. The carbon and ash
are independently collectible and stored for desired uses. It is
noted that all of the materials collected at the float No. 1 and
the float No. 2 points are conbustibles so as to be directly routed
to the carbon-ash sub-system, i.e., the left-hand side of FIG. 2.
It is noted that this sub-system also takes cognizance of and
processes the coarse timber and other combustibles related to
demolition products collection as at 41.
There remain other portions of the over-all system which are
important. These include taking cognizance of the possible presence
of ferrous or magnetic materials which are separated out at stage
21 in FIG. 1 for subsequent processing and/or storage. It is noted
that it is difficult to separate metals where metal fragments are
surrounded by combustible materials. In the present invention such
difficulty is avoided since the combustible materials are first
separated out, i.e., floated out, so that all that remains are the
ferrous and non-ferrous materials plus glass, dirt and so forth.
This is a much more effective approach in easily removing, by
conventional magnetic means, the ferrous materials for stock piling
at 22 and possible subsequent treatment as at 23.
Once the magnetic or ferrous materials are removed, gravity
separators such as a baum jig 24 can be utilized to separate out
non-ferrous metals and other heavies from the glass, dirt and so
forth that remains. The latter, of course, is routed to the ball
mill 27" for grinding, and the fines coming therefrom can be dried
and stored as earth fill material. Coarse or non-grindable
materials at ball mill 27" can be routed through a unit jig for
separation into future grindables or heavy non-grindables as at
G.
In any event, the result is a collection of ferrous metals at 23,
of non-ferrous metals at 25, and of earth fill storage at the
output side of rotary dryer 43.
Note is to be made that the materials to be subjected to a ball
mill process include not only the glass, dirt and so forth at stage
26 in FIG. 1, but also includes the materials resulting from the
collection and processing, as shown in FIG. 3, of the construction
demolition materials.
Note, further, is to be made of the unique closed liquid system of
the invention wherein all liquids used are fed into the sub-systems
shown in the upper right-hand portion of FIG. 2. Here, by the use
of thickener 28, drum filter 30, activated sludge system 31 and
liquor storage 32, the water may be continuously re-used and fed,
for example, into stages 17 and 18 in FIG. 1 as well as into the
mechanical classifier 29 in FIG. 3.
Note also is to be made that the processed water at 32 in FIG. 2 is
also employed in the cleaning or scrubbing system as at 34.
Reduced to barest essentials, then, in the present invention
shredded materials are conveyed to a log washer where a water-mix
action takes place. The result is discharged to a bowl classifier
wherein cellulose, plastics, rubber, and other combustible
materials are separated and sent through a wet shredder to be
reduced and agglomerated. This agglomeration is combustible and
will be sent to a by-products furnace for coking, see charring
stage 35.
While this is being performed relative to the combustibles, the
non-floatables, non-combustibles such as dirt, glass, metals, and
so forth are sent through a magnetic separation stage 21 wherein
the ferrous metals are removed. The balance of non-floatables will
be sent through a gravity separation stage, see baum jig 24,
wherein the non-ferrous metals and other heavies are removed. The
rest of the non-floatables are sent to a ball mill, for example, to
be reduced to dirt. The dirt and recovered metals are heat treated
to kill all bacteria and to be rendered inert. Referring again to
the combustibles as they were derived in the sub-system relating to
the charring stage 35, it is noted that charring or char products
are fed to ball mill 36 where the ultimate production of separated
carbon and ash takes place. In a larger sense, stage 35 may be
referred to as a distillation stage, i.e., in the sense that vapors
arising from the char may be separately cleaned, collected, derived
as condensate and stored as clean gas and/or condensate. In any
event, if simple scrubbing is desired, then suitable water spray
will be supplied stage 34 to accomplish the desired effect. It is
to be noted at this point that, if desired, gases such as chlorides
and florides may be separately collected and stored, even as
liquids, relative to the charring or distillation step at 35.
It is noted that the resultant carbon at 38 may be sold for fuel,
water treatment or for other purposes where finely divided
absorbative carbon is required. The remaining products can likewise
utilizable in various industries for various needs as above
described.
It is seen that the above describes a new system and process,
incorporating a series of sub-systems and sub-processes, of refuge
treatment, for multiple uses and purposes, and incorporates
appropriate recycling where necessary to cover the broad spectrum
of waste disposal and treatment. Where not needed in specific
environs, certain portions of the system, such as the sub-system
beginning at 41 in FIG. 3, may be deleted from the over-all system,
where such treatment is not needed; note, for example, the absence
of demolition waste.
By way of further explanation relative to flotation system 37,
conventional flotation cell such as that used in the copper
industry may be utilized. This time, however, in addition to the
dispersing agent utilized aforementioned, kerosine may be
introduced in the acqueous cell as a carbon collecting agent.
Kerosine has the effect of coating the surfaces of the particulate
carbon so that the same will cling to bubbles formed in the froth
of the cell. The froth is produced by the addition of a suitable
frothing agent such as metholisobutylcarbinol.
In practice, the carbon is drawn off via the froth whereas the ash
will tend to settle and/or be suspended as a thick slurry in the
lower portion of the flotation cell. Where desired, and depending
on the percentage of water used in the cell, the ash may be routed
to a thickener and then filtered and dried, as required.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been
shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art
that changes and modifications may be made without departing from
this invention in its broader aspects, and, therefore, the aim in
the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications
as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
* * * * *