U.S. patent number 3,723,977 [Application Number 04/882,933] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-27 for gas discharge panel with photoconductive material.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Owens-Illinois, Inc.. Invention is credited to Robert F. Schaufele.
United States Patent |
3,723,977 |
Schaufele |
March 27, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
GAS DISCHARGE PANEL WITH PHOTOCONDUCTIVE MATERIAL
Abstract
A data conversion and storage system incorporating a gas
discharge panel having a light responsive element for sensing
external light. When the panel is illuminated by projecting light
onto the panel, the light responsive element combines with the
electric field generated by an AC power source to cause selective
glow discharges to occur. In this way, the image is converted by
the panel to digital form with the glow discharges having a pattern
corresponding to the image. After the image is removed, this
information is stored until erased and also non-destructive
transfer can be made to a readout device.
Inventors: |
Schaufele; Robert F. (Okemos,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Owens-Illinois, Inc.
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25381635 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/882,933 |
Filed: |
December 8, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
365/116; 345/60;
313/582; 315/169.4; 250/214LS; 315/169.1; 365/218 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
11/00 (20130101); G06F 3/033 (20130101); H01J
2893/0065 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G06F
3/033 (20060101); H01J 17/49 (20060101); H01J
17/38 (20060101); G11c 011/28 (); H01j 015/00 ();
H05b 041/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/173CR,173LT,173CH,324R,324A,166EL,173PL ;315/169R,169TV
;250/213A,22M |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Moffitt; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Hecker; Stuart
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gas discharge panel comprising housing means for a sealed gas
chamber, a pair of conductor arrays arranged one on each of the
opposite interior sides of said housing means; each array including
at least one conductor having relative orientation to the other so
as to provide one or more cross-points between the conductors in
the opposite arrays, dielectric means arranged interiorally of the
conductor arrays and providing surfaces defining at least a portion
of the gas chamber, and photoconductive means arranged interiorally
of the housing means in circuit with at least one of said conductor
arrays and relative to the cross-points, said pair of conductor
arrays, dielectric means, gas chamber and photoconductive means
being arranged in series electrically to provide a current path at
each of said cross-points, said gas chamber providing capacitance
in said current path and said photoconductive means being
insensitive to the spectral emission from a gas discharge, being
capable of increasing its conductivity and decreasing its effective
resistance when subjected to illumination and being operative in
response to illumination of a selected cross-point from a source
externally of said housing means when an operating voltage is
applied thereto to increase the operating voltage across the gas
chamber and cause a discharge within the gas chamber at the
selected cross-point.
2. A gas discharge panel comprising a pair of support members
having confronting spaced apart faces, each face having a conductor
array arranged relative thereto, each array including at least one
conductor having orientation relative to a conductor in the other
array so as to provide one or more cross-points between the
conductors in each array, a pair of dielectric members arranged
between the support members and having the confronting surfaces
thereof defining at least a portion of a gas chamber, and
photoconductive means arranged between the support members in
circuit with at least one of said conductor arrays and relative to
the cross-points, said conductor arrays, pair of dielectric
members, gas chamber and photoconductive means being arranged in
series electrically to provide a current path at each of said
cross-points, said gas chamber providing capacitance in said
current path and said photoconductive means being insensitive to
the spectral emission from a gas discharge, being capable of
increasing its conductivity and decreasing its effective resistance
when subjected to illumination and operative in response to
illumination of the selected cross-point from a source externally
of one of said support members when an operating voltage is also
applied thereto, to increase the operating voltage across the gas
chamber and cause a discharge within the gas chamber at the
selected cross-point.
3. A gas discharge display and memory system comprising a gas
discharge panel having a cavity therein, a pair of dielectric
members arranged within the cavity and constructed so that surfaces
thereof define at least a portion of a sealed gas chamber
therebetween, and a pair of conductor arrays one on each side of
the gas chamber and spaced therefrom by one of the dielectric
members, the arrays each including at least one conductor oriented
relative to a conductor in the other array so as to provide one or
more cross-points between opposite arrays; a power source
connectible to the arrays so as to apply an operating voltage
across the conductor arrays; and photoconductive means arranged
within said cavity in circuit with at least one of said conductor
arrays and relative to one of the conductors arrays, said conductor
arrays, pair of dielectric members, gas chamber and photoconductive
means being arranged in series electrically to provide a current
path at each of said cross-points, said gas chamber providing
capacitance in said current path and said photoconductive means
being insensitive to the spectral emission from a gas discharge,
being capable of increasing its conductivity and decreasing its
effective resistance when subjected to illumination and operative
in response to illumination of a selected cross-point from a source
externally of said panel to increase the operating voltage across
the gas chamber and cause a discharge at the selected
cross-point.
4. A data storage and conversion system comprising, in combination,
a gas discharge panel having a sealed gas chamber, a pair of
conductor arrays arranged one on each of the opposite sides of the
gas chamber, each array including at least one conductor having
relative orientation, so as to provide one or more cross-points
between the conductors in each array, dielectric means providing
surfaces defining at least a portion of the gas chamber, and
photoconductive means arranged within said panel in circuit with at
least one of said conductor arrays and relative to one of the
conductor arrays, said conductor arrays, pair of dielectric
members, gas chamber and photoconductive means being arranged in
series electrically to provide a current path at each of said
cross-points, said gas chamber providing capacitance in said
current path and said photoconductive means being insensitive to
the spectral emission from a gas discharge, being capable of
increasing its conductivity and decreasing its effective resistance
when subjected to illumination and operative in response to
illumination of a selected cross-point from a source externally of
said panel when an operating voltage is also applied to the
selected cross-point to increase the operating voltage across the
gas chamber and cause a discharge at the selected cross-point; a
power source connectible to the conductor arrays so as to apply the
operating voltage across the conductor arrays; and write-in means
for illuminating the photoconductive means at the selected
cross-point to cause a discharge.
5. A gas discharge display and memory system comprising, in
combination, a gas discharge panel having a sealed gas chamber, a
pair of conductor arrays arranged one on each of the opposite sides
of the gas chamber, each array including at least one conductor
having relative orientation to the other so as to provide one or
more cross-points between the conductors in each array, dielectric
means providing surfaces defining at least a portion of the gas
chamber, and photoconductive means arranged within said panel in
circuit with at least one of said conductor arrays and relative to
one of the conductor arrays, said conductor arrays, pair of
dielectric members, gas chamber and photoconductive means being
arranged in series electrically to provide a current path at each
of said cross-points, said gas chamber providing capacitance in
said current path and said photoconductive means being insensitive
to the spectral emission from a gas discharge, being capable of
increasing its conductivity and decreasing its effective resistance
when subjected to illumination and operative in response to
illumination of a selected cross-point from a source externally of
said panel when an operating voltage is also applied to the
selected cross-point to increase the operating voltage across the
gas chamber and cause a discharge at the selected cross-point, a
power source connectible to the conductor arrays; write-in means
for energizing selected cross-points for effecting a visual image
on the panel of one light intensity; and highlighting means for
energizing certain cross-points to cause illumination of another
light intensity on the panel.
6. A gas discharge panel comprising a pair of support members
having confronting spaced apart faces, each face having a conductor
array arranged relative thereto, each array including at least one
conductor having orientation relative to a conductor in the other
array so as to provide one or more cross-points between the
conductors in each array, a pair of dielectric members arranged
between the support members, and photoconductive means arranged on
the surface of at least one of the dielectric members, the surface
thereof defining at least a portion of a gas chamber, said
photoconductive means being in circuit with at least one of said
conductor arrays and proximate the cross-points, said conductor
arrays, pair of dielectric members, gas chamber and photoconductive
means being arranged in series electrically to provide a current
path at each of said cross-points, said dielectric members and gas
chamber on opposite sides of said photoconductive means providing
capacitance in said current path and said photoconductive means
being capable of increasing its conductivity and decreasing its
effective resistance when subjected to illumination and operative
in response to illumination of a selected cross-point from a source
externally of one of said support members when an operating AC
voltage is also applied through the conductors at the selected
cross-point, to increase the operating voltage across the gas
chamber at the selected cross-point and cause a discharge within
the gas chamber at the selected cross-point only.
7. A gas discharge panel comprising housing means for a sealed gas
chamber, a pair of conductor arrays arranged one on each of the
opposite interior sides of said housing means; each array including
at least one conductor having relative orientation to the other so
as to provide one or more cross-points between the conductors in
the opposite arrays, dielectric means arranged interiorally of the
conductor arrays, and photoconductive means arranged interiorally
on the surface of the dielectric means, the surface thereof
defining at least a portion of the gas chamber, said
photoconductive means being in circuit with at least one of said
conductor arrays and proximate the cross-points, said pair of
conductor arrays, dielectric means, gas chamber and photoconductive
means being arranged in series electrically to provide a current
path at each of said cross-points, said dielectric means and gas
chamber on opposite sides of said photoconductive means providing
capacitance in said current path and said photoconductive means
being capable of increasing its conductivity and decreasing its
effective resistance when subject to illumination and being
operative in response to illumination of a selected cross-point
from a source externally of said housing means when an operating AC
voltage is applied through the conductors at the selected
cross-point to increase the operating voltage across the gas
chamber at the selected cross-point and cause a discharge within
the gas chamber at the selected cross-point only.
8. A gas discharge panel as described in claim 1, wherein the
photoconductive means includes luminescence means operative in
response to illumination from the discharge to emit light at the
selected cross-point.
9. A gas discharge panel as described in claim 1, further including
luminescence means arranged relative to the gas chamber so as to in
response to illumination from the discharge at the selected
cross-point emit light at the selected cross-point.
10. A gas discharge display and memory system comprising, in
combination, a gas discharge panel having a sealed gas chamber, a
pair of conductor arrays arranged one on each of the opposite sides
of the gas chamber, each array including at least one conductor
having relative orientation to the other so as to provide one or
more cross-points between the conductors in each array, dielectric
means insulating said conductor arrays from said gas chamber, and
photoconductive means arranged within said panel on at least one
surface of said dielectric means and providing at least one surface
defining at least a portion of the gas chamber, said
photoconductive means being in circuit with at least one of said
conductor arrays and proximate one of the cross-points, said
conductor arrays, pair of dielectric members, gas chamber and
photoconductive means being arranged in series electrically to
provide a current path at each of said cross-points, said
dielectric members and gas chamber on opposite sides of said
photoconductive means providing capacitance in said current path
and said photoconductive means being capable of increasing its
conductivity and decreasing its effective resistance when subjected
to illumination and operative in response to illumination of a
selected cross-point from a source externally of said panel when an
operating voltage is also applied through respective conductors to
the selected cross-point to increase the operating voltage across
the gas chamber at the selected cross-point and cause a discharge
at the selected cross-point, an AC power source connectible to the
conductor arrays; write-in means for energizing selected
cross-points for effecting a visual image on the panel of one light
intensity; and highlighting means for energizing certain
cross-points to cause illumination of another light intensity on
the panel.
11. A gas discharge display and memory system as described in claim
10 wherein the write-in means and the highlighting means both
include a light source.
12. A gas discharge display and memory system as described in claim
10 wherein the highlighting means includes a light source for
energizing the certain cross-points so that the background of the
visual image has a light intensity different from that of the
visual image.
13. A gas discharge display and memory system comprising a gas
discharge panel having a cavity therein, a pair of dielectric
members arranged within the cavity with photoconductive means
arranged on the surface of at least one of said dielectric members,
the surface thereof defining at least a portion of a sealed gas
chamber, and a pair of conductor arrays one on each side of the gas
chamber and spaced therefrom by one of the dielectric members, the
arrays each including at least one conductor oriented relative to a
conductor in the other array so as to provide one or more
cross-points between opposite arrays; and an AC power source
connectible to the arrays so as to apply an operating voltage
across the conductor arrays; said photoconductive means being
arranged within said cavity in circuit with at least one of said
conductor arrays and proximate one of the conductor arrays, said
conductor arrays, pair of dielectric members, gas chamber and
photoconductive means being arranged in series electrically to
provide a current path at each of said cross-points, said
dielectric members and gas chamber on opposite sides of said
photoconductive means providing capacitance in said current path
and said photoconductive means being capable of increasing its
conductivity and decreasing its effective resistance when subjected
to illumination and operative in response to illumination of a
selected cross-point from a source externally of said panel to
increase the operating voltage across the gas chamber at the
selected cross-point and cause a discharge within the gas chamber
at the selected cross-point only.
14. A gas discharge display and memory system as described in claim
13, wherein the photoconductive means is also operative in response
to the illumination from the discharge to sustain the
discharge.
15. A gas discharge display and memory system as described in claim
13, wherein the photoconductive means includes luminescence means
operative in response to illumination from the discharge to emit
light at the selected cross-point.
16. A gas discharge display and memory system as described in claim
13, further including luminescence means arranged relative to the
gas chamber so as to in response to illumination from the discharge
at the selected cross-point emit light at the selected
cross-point.
17. A data storage and conversion system comprising, in
combination, a gas discharge panel having a sealed gas chamber, a
pair of conductor arrays arranged one on each of the opposite sides
of the gas chamber, each array including at least one conductor
having relative orientation, so as to provide one or more
cross-points between the conductors in each array, dielectric means
insulating said conductor arrays from said gas chamber, and
photoconductive means arranged within said panel on the surface of
said dielectric means and providing at least one surface defining
at least a portion of the gas chamber, said photoconductive means
being in circuit with at least one of said conductor arrays and
proximate one of the conductor arrays, said conductor arrays, pair
of dielectric members, gas chamber and photoconductive means being
arranged in series electrically to provide a current path at each
of said cross-points, said dielectric members and gas chamber on
opposite sides of said photoconductive means providing capacitance
in said current path and said photoconductive means being capable
of increasing its conductivity and decreasing its effective
resistance when subjected to illumination and operative in response
to illumination of a selected cross-point from a source externally
of said panel when an operating voltage is also applied through
respective conductors to the selected cross-points to increase the
operating voltage across the gas chamber at the selected
cross-point and cause a discharge within the gas chamber at the
selected cross-point; an AC power source connectible to the
conductor arrays so as to apply the operating voltage across the
conductor arrays; and write-in means for illuminating the
photoconductive means at the selected cross-point to cause a
discharge.
18. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 17,
wherein the photoconductive means is also operative in response to
the illumination from the discharge to sustain the discharge.
19. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 17,
and further including erase means extinguishing the discharge.
20. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 19,
wherein the erasing means includes a source of illumination for
selectively quenching a discharge.
21. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 17,
wherein the write-in means includes means projecting an illuminated
image on the panel to cause discharges at selected cross-points to
provide a corresponding image in digitized form.
22. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 21,
and further including read-out means including light detecting
means associated with each cross-point for sensing illumination
therefrom and erase means extinguishing the discharge.
23. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 17,
and further including readout means responsive to the
discharge.
24. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 23,
wherein the read-out means is moveably positioned proximate the
panel and includes light detecting means associated with each
cross-point for sensing the illumination therefrom.
25. A data storage and conversion system as described in claim 23,
wherein the read-out means is positioned remotely of the panel and
includes light conducting elements associated with each cross-point
for transferring illumination therefrom to the read-out means.
Description
This invention relates to improvements in gas discharge panels and
also to data conversion and storage systems adapted for converting
visual data to digital form and thereafter storing this
information.
Gas discharge panels with electric memories are useful in providing
visual displays of various data, such as numerals, letters, etc.
These panels typically include a sealed gas chamber between a pair
of dielectric members. Each dielectric member is backed by a
conductor array and then a glass viewing plate. The conductor
arrays have a transverse relative orientation and when an
appropriate alternating operating potential is connected across
selected conductors of each array, a glow discharge results in the
chamber at the cross-points of these selected conductors. These
glow discharges can thereafter be sustained with a reduced
operating potential, which accounts for the panels memory ability.
Typically this operating potential is derived both from a suitable
write-in circuit and an AC source of sustaining potential. The
write-in circuit selectively supplies the panel with write-in
pulses of the proper phase and magnitude so that when summed with
the sustaining potential, the total potential is sufficient to
initiate the glow discharge. Thereafter, the write-in pulses can be
removed because the sustaining potential is adequate to maintain
the discharges.
In accordance with the invention a new and different gas discharge
panel is now contemplated that also permits the selective write-in
information with an external light.
Also contemplated is a novel gas discharge panel incorporating a
light responsive provision that permits external light write-in and
that can utilize the illumination from the glow discharge to
sustain the discharge.
Further contemplated is a gas discharge panel in which the panel
can be erased with an external light.
Another object is a system that converts visual data to digital
form, that can store this digitized information until erased, and
that provides a non-destructive readout of this digitized
information.
Also an objective is a system utilizing a gas discharge panel which
permits visual data to be projected onto a viewing face of the
panel where the projected information is converted to digital form
and then can be stored.
Other objectives include the provision of a gas discharge panel
that requires less power, that is more reliable in operation, and
that can be selectively turned on and off in several different ways
to thereby render the panel more versatile in application, that
incorporates provision for enhancing illumination, that affords
highlighting and that provides a choice of colors of
illumination.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention
will be apparent from the following description and the
accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a visual data conversion and
storage system incorporating the principles of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a gas discharge panel with the halves
separated to show the conductor arrays;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view partially in section of a visual data
conversion and storage system similar to the FIG. 1 system and
includes a gas discharge panel with a photoconductive material;
FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the current flow in the panel's gas
discharge chamber during one half cycle of operation;
FIG. 5 depicts an equivalent circuit for the FIGS. 1 and 3 gas
discharge panels; and
FIGS. 6 and 7 are sectional views of modified gas discharge
panels.
Referring first to the FIG. 1 data conversion and storage system,
the numeral 10 denotes a gas discharge panel, which is positioned
opposite an image projector 12. Visual information derived from the
projector 12 is, in a way to be explained, converted by the gas
discharge panel 10 to digital form and stored. Thereafter, this
information can be readout by a readout device 14, shown against
the side of the panel 10 and then erased.
The details of the panel 10 can be best observed in FIGS. 2 and 3.
As shown in FIG. 3 the panel 10 has spaced apart support members or
plates 16 and 18 which are formed of an electrically inert
material, such as polished commercially available soda lime plate
glass. The support plates 16 and 18 are also optically transparent
so as to pass light and are capable strength wise of withstanding
the pressures and the temperature changes to which the panel 10
will be exposed during operation.
The support plate 16 has a projection face 20 in front of the
projector 12 on which is projected an image 22 shown as the letter
Z in FIG. 1. Opposite the projection face 20, the support plate 16
has a conductor array 24 arranged as demonstrated in FIG. 2. The
other support plate 18 has a viewing face at 26 and an opposite
face with a conductor array 28. These conductor arrays 24 and 28
are connected to a source of AC power 29 and may have any suitable
relative orientation; e.g., they may be at right angles relative to
each other as they are shown in FIG. 2. Also, these conductor
arrays 24 and 28 may, for certain applications, be in the form of a
single conductor; e.g., a single conductive coating covering all of
one or both of the support plate faces. These opposite conductor
arrays 24 and 28 establish between the intersections of the
individual and opposite conductors one or more cross-points 30
adequate in number for the intended use of panel 10. For example,
when the panel 10 is operated in way to be explained, the selected
cross-points 30 are illuminated so that glow discharges (shown as
small dots in FIG. 1) will occur at these cross-points 30 so as to
form the FIG. 1 outline of the letter Z.
The conductor arrays 24 and 28 may be formed on the support plates
16 and 18 by any well known process, such as photoetching, vacuum
deposition, stencil screening, etc., or they may be in the form of
wires or filaments. These arrays 24 and 28 should be made of a good
current conducting material, such as copper, gold, silver, or
aluminum and if optical transparency is required, transparent or
semitransparent conductive materials, e.g., tin-oxide, and/or gold
or aluminum may be used.
These conductor arrays 24 and 28 are insulated on the sides
opposite the support plates 16 and 18 by dielectric members 31 and
32 respectively. These members 31 and 32 may be either a film or a
coating and are optically transparent. The material of these
members 31 and 32 should be thermally compatible with the material
of the support plates 16 and 18.
Also the exposed surfaces of the dielectric members 31 and 32
should be relatively smooth and have relatively good charge
trapping abilities. By way of example, the dielectric members 31
and 32 can be made of a glass material commercially known as Pemco,
which has a high lead content and a low melting point. Also solder
glass materials can be screened on the support plates 16 and 18 in
the form of glass frit which is cured in place.
Spacers 34 separate the dielectric members 31 and 32 and establish
the gap size for a sealed gas discharge chamber 36. These spacers
34 may be made of the same material as the dielectric members 31
and 32 and formed integral with one. The spacers 34 could in the
alternative be made of solder glass and have a bead like structure.
As beads, the spacers 34 could be located near the cross-points of
the opposite conductors in the arrays 24 and 28, and suitably fused
to one or both of the dielectric members 30 or 32. The number of
beads used will be determined by the stress and the gap accuracy
requirements of the panel.
The support plates 16 and 18, the dielectric members 31 and 32, and
the spacers 34 are suitably connected and arranged so that the gas
discharge chamber 36 can be filled with any well known inert
gaseous discharge medium. The chamber 36 is then evacuated and
sealed with an appropriate sealant 37, e.g., a high strength
devitrified glass to maintain the gaseous mixture within the
chamber 36 at the proper operating pressure. The gaseous mixture
should be capable of being discharged upon application of a firing
potential to selected conductors in each of the arrays 24 and 28
and produce an abundant supply of ions and electrons. Exemplary is
a gaseous mixture consisting of neon gas as a major constituent and
a small effective amount of at least one minor constituent selected
from argon, krypton or xenon in an amount to provide a Penning
mixture. A 90 percent neon and 10 percent nitrogen mixture is
another example.
For purposes of demonStration only and without limitation, the
panel 10 may have the conductors in the arrays 24 and 28 from 0.1
to 0.5 mils thick and from 2 to 6 mils wide, with center to center
spacing of the conductors in the respective arrays 24 and 28 of
about 20 to 30 mils. The thickness of the dielectric members 31 and
32 can be something less that 1 to 2 mils and the gap between the
confronting faces of the dielectric members 31 and 32 may be about
4 to 9 mils. A gas pressure of 0.2 to 5 atmospheres within the
chamber 36 can be used and, of course, the structural strength of
the panel 10 will have to accomodate the selected pressure.
The foregoing description of the panel 10 is considered adequate
for purposes of understanding the invention. If additional
information is wanted, reference can be made to U. S. Pat. No.
3,499,167 to Baker et al, issued Mar. 3, 1970.
To render the panel 10 capable of write-in with an external light,
a light responsive provision, which in the FIG. 3 embodiment is a
photoconductive element 38, is incorporated in the panel 10. As is
well known a photoconductor's conductivity increases with
illumination and its effective resistance, decreases. This
characteristic is utilized in a way to be explained.
The photoconductive element 38 can be a coating applied to the
chamber side of the dielectric member 31 or it can be insulated
from the chamber 36 by a dielectric material similar to that of the
dielectric members 31 and 32. If wires are employed as the
conductors they can be clad with the dielectric material of the
dielectric members 31 and 32 and the photoconductive coating
applied to the exterior. Also, the photoconductive material may be
non continuous as long as proximate the cross-points 30, e.g., in
the form of lines or dots 39 as designated 39 in FIG. 6, the shape
of dots 39 can be other than circular; in fact, considerably
varied. Any well known photoconductive material can be used, e.g.,
cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenide each with copper added to
serve as an activator. The photoconductive material should have a
spectral response that meets the operational requirements of the
panel 10; i.e., the photoconductive material should properly change
its conductivity with the type of external light used and whether
the glow itself is to alter the conductivity will be determined by
whether or not optical coupling is wanted. Also whether the
photoconductive element 38 is applied to one or both of the
dielectric members 31 and 32 will, as those versed in the art will
appreciate, be determined by the circuit parameters required by the
application of the panel 10.
The projector 12 can be of any commercially available type that is
capable of projecting visual information onto the projection face
20 of the panel 10. The projector 12 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes
an incandescent lamp 40 which illuminates a pair of lens 42. These
lens 42 are between the incandescent lamp 40 and a picture slide
44. The letter Z image displayed in FIG. 1, is, of course, a
digitized representation of the pictures on the slide 44. Opposite
the picture slide 44 is a projector lens 46 maneuverable in the
usual way to vary the size of image 22 and establish the proper
focus. If required a suitable filter (not shown) can be
included.
The readout device 14 functions to convert the image 22, which
would be viewed on the face 26, into some form of information. For
example, the readout device 14, could be a camera (not shown), or
could include an array of light detectors 47 such as photodiodes or
photoconductors, which control a printer 48 of some kind or a
computer memory. There would be one light detector for each of the
cross-points 30 of the conductors in the arrays 24 and 28 and they
would individually sense the glow discharges at these cross-points
30.
The location of the readout device 14 can be varied to meet the
requirements of different applications. As mentioned in FIG. 1, the
readout device 14 is against the face 26 of the panel 10. The
readout device 14 can be made movable relative to the face 26;
e.g., by a tongue and groove type of track 50 or there may be a
hinge like arrangement (not shown), which permits the readout
device 14 to be swung out of the way, so that direct observation of
the face 26 can be made. If for some reason it is preferred that
the readout device 14 be remotely positioned from the panel 10,
then an appropriate lens (not shown) can be used or as shown in
FIG. 3, an array of light transmitting elements 52, e.g., of the
fiber optic type, can be suitably connected by a plate 54 to each
of the cross-points 30 of the conductor arrays 24 and 28 and
transfer the illumination of the glow discharges to the remotely
positioned readout device 14. At this remote station, the readout
device 14 could have a corresponding array of light detectors which
would develop the output that could be stored in the computer
memory or used to drive the printer 48.
To operate the FIG. 3 system, the power source 29 is first turned
on. Since the source 29 is connected across the arrays 24 and 28, a
voltage will be applied across the gas discharge chamber 36 at each
of the cross-points 30. Next the projector 12 is turned on to
project the image 22 onto the face 20 of the panel 10. This
illumination will energize the photoconductive element 38 at only
the selected cross-points 30, i.e., those cross-points 30 in the
path of the projected light rays that form the letter Z. Hence, at
these cross-points 30, the resistance of the photoconductive
element 38 will decrease. This resistance decrease will increase
the voltage across the gap of the gas discharge chamber 36 at these
cross-points 30 until the glow discharge level is reached. Then
glow discharges will occur at these cross-points 30 so that the
image 22 will be the digital representation of the letter Z from
the picture slide 44.
To explain the reason for these glow discharges reference is now
made to FIGS. 5 and 6. In the FIG. 5 equivalent circuit, the
photoconductive element 38 is shown as a variable resistor and the
dielectric member 31 and 32 and the gas discharge chamber 36 as
capacitors. This equivalent circuit can be considered as
representative of the circuits for each of the illuminated
cross-points 30. When the photoconductive element's resistance
decreases, there is less voltage dropped across the photoconductive
element 38 but there is a corresponding increase in the voltage
dropped across the chamber 36. Keeping in mind that a breakdown or
a glow discharge cannot occur without a charge carrier, as this
voltage across the chamber 36 increases, for instance, during the
positive half-cycle of the AC source 29, the correspondingly
increasing electric field applied to the illuminated cross-points
30 will force charge carriers, which may be loosely bound
electrons, from the surfaces of the dielectric members 31 and 32.
The applied electric field will accelerate these electrons and any
free electrons present, to initiate collisions with the gas atoms
and/or molecules and the dielectric member surfaces. This creates
additional electrons and ions which are also accelerated by the
electric field and ultimately there is an electron avalanche and a
plasma discharge. The visual glow from this discharge occurs when
the bound electrons in the gas atoms and/or molecules return to
their normal ground states and emit photons of light. Upon
discharge there is a flow of current across the chamber 36 and this
appears as a spike 56 on the positive going side of the current
trace in FIG. 4. This current spike 56 also corresponds to the
projection of the image 22 on the panel face 20.
At or near the end of the positive half cycle of the AC source 29,
the glow discharge extinguishes, but now charges have accumulated
on the surface of the dielectric members 31 and 32 and are
available for facilitating the discharge during the next
half-cycle. Owing to the stored electrons for the initiation of the
electron avalanche, the next discharge can be initiated with a
lower voltage. For exemplary purposes only, if a peak to peak
voltage of 400 volts was required to dislodge electrons from the
dielectric member surfaces to start the first discharge, the
additional electrons available after the first discharge can
thereafter be accelerated with 300-350 volts peak to peak to
initiate subsequent discharges.
Therefore, once the first discharge occurs this memory mechanism
permits the projector 12 to be turned off and the panel 10 will
continue to operate. Thereafter, the voltage of AC source 29 alone
will be adequate to sustain the subsequent discharges. Because the
photoconductive element 38 provides, in effect, a write-in voltage,
which when summed with the source sustaining voltage, will generate
the initial discharge for write-in purposes, it can be appreciated
that the AC source 29 never has to provide more than one voltage.
This feature eliminates the need for a complicated and expensive
adjustable power source.
The cycle of operation continues at whatever frequency is chosen
for the AC source 29. Frequencies of about 50 to 500 KC are
suggested only for exemplary purposes. As can be appreciated at
these frequencies, the extinguishing of the glow will not be
discernable by the human eye but will appear as a continuous
glow.
Once the panel 10 is operating and the information has been
written-in, e.g., the letter Z image 22, readout can be made at any
time with the external readout device 14. If it is preferred to
make an internal readout, the FIG. 3 system could include any
suitable electronic readout circuit 58, such as conventional, line
scan or random access systems. If the latter readout circuit 58 is
employed the side of the panel 10 including the support plate 18,
the dielectric member 32 and the conductor array 28 does not have
to be made of optically transparent material.
To erase the panel 10 the power source 29 is turned off. This
removes the sustaining voltage, and consequently, all discharges
will terminate. Also, erasure can be done by quenching, i.e., by
retarding the radiation with radiation of another wave length, from
the projector 12. For example, quenching can be done with infrared
light since it tends to retard the photoconductivity of certain
photoconductive materials.
The panel 10 may be operated in a slightly different way if
preferred, by incorporating an appropriate write-in pulse
generating source 60 in addition to the AC source 29. Write-in
pulses from the source 60 could be applied to the entire panel 10,
to one conductor at a time, or to one cross-point 30 at a time.
Write-in would be effected only when a selected cross-point 30 had
simultaneously applied to it a write-in pulse, the sustaining
voltage from the source 29, and additionally is illuminated by
light from the projector 12. Consequently without the write-in
pulse, the sustaining voltage would not be adequate to produce a
glow discharge even with the cross-point 30 illuminated with light.
The sources 29 and 60, for these purposes, may be of the general
type disclosed in application Ser. No. 699,170 to Johnson et al,
filed Jan. 19, 1968, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,071.
There are different ways to erase when the write-in pulse source 60
is used. One way is as before, to turn off the source 29. Another
way is to apply an erase pulse from a suitable source which could
be the write-in pulse source 60. The erase pulse will be of such a
phase and magnitude as to terminate the discharge at the selected
cross-point 30 only if at the same time it is illuminated by
external light, which can be provided by the projector 12. By this
latter way a discharge is generated that is properly out of phase
with the desired discharge so as to interfere with the memory
mechanism by preventing the accumulation of charges. Therefore, the
discharges are extinguished. These erase pulses could, as with
write-in pulses, be applied to the entire panel 10 or to a
conductor at a time or a cross-point 30 at a time.
The panel's ability to be erased by quenching with an external
light of the appropriate wave length permits the direct addition
and/or subtraction, or even correction, of information displayed on
the panel. For example, if the visual image 22 includes several
sentences, all or a portion of a sentence, or a word, or a part of
a word may be erased by quenching and then if wanted replaced by
writing-in the new information in the previously described way with
the same projector 12 or any other type light source capable of
providing light at the proper wave length and intensity.
The operation of the foregoing described panel 10 assumes that
there is no optical coupling between the photoconductive element 38
and the discharge, i.e., there is no overlap of the spectral
emission from the gas discharge and the spectral sensitivity of the
photoconductor element 38 such that the illumination from the gas
discharge maintains the photoconductive element 38 in its low
resistance state. If an optical coupling is wanted, the
photoconductive material and the gaseous mixture must be selected
accordingly. When an optical coupling is employed, it will be
appreciated that because of the assist from the glow the sustaining
voltage can be less that without an optical coupling and therefore
there will be a saving in power. The panel 10 with the optical
coupling can be erased in any of the foregoing described ways.
It is possible with an optically coupled panel 10, depending on the
dark decay characteristics of the photoconductive material, to turn
off the power for a limited period of time and then turn it on
before the photoconductive element 38 resistance has increased
beyond a certain amount to refire the panel 10. This feature may be
useful in some readout systems.
Additionally and with reference to FIG. 7, a luminescent material
can be added to the panel for supplemental illumination. For
instance, a phosphor known as P-31, which is zinc sulphide with a
copper activator, can then be combined with the material of the
photoconductive element 38, added as a continuous layer 62 or as
noncontinuous lines, dots, etc. In FIG. 7, the panel which has been
designated the numeral 10' is, except for the luminescent layer 62,
the same in construction as the panel 10. The layer 62 is shown
only on one side of the chamber 36 but as explained with respect to
the photoconductive element 38 can, along with the photoconductive
element 38, be on both sides.
In operation, the panel 10' will operate substantially the same as
the panel 10. When light write-in is initiated, the resistance
decreased by the photoconductive element 38 will cause the
selective discharges. Photons of light from the discharges will
then photoexcite the phosphor of the layer 62 and cause
luminescence. This additional illumination at the selected
cross-points 30 can be very helpful in high ambient light
environments. Panel turn off or erasure can be achieved in the
aforedescribed way. Also these additional illuminations can enhance
the optical coupling if wanted.
As well understood by those versed in the art, the involved
parameters, such as the gas and the luminescent material, are
selected so that the radiation is of the proper wave length for
photoexciting the material. The P-31 material for the layer 62 and
the mentioned neon and nitrogen gaseous mixture have produced
satisfactory results. Then too the color of the illumination can be
varied depending on the choices of gases and luminescent
materials.
In some instances a single material can be selected to serve both
functions; i.e., both the photoconductive and the luminescent
functions. The suggested P-31 material is capable to some extent of
accomplishing this. Of course, this will be determined by the
amount of luminescence desired as well as the photoconductive
requirements that must be met by a particular application.
For various reasons, one may wish to highlight all or only a
portion of an image on the projection face 20 of one of the panels
10 or 10'. This is accomplished by operating the panels 10 or 10'
at above the discharge threshold so as to increase the
intensification and can be done in different ways.
For example, if the panel 10 or 10' employs an electronic write-in
provision, such as the mentioned write-in pulse generating source
60, to effect the glow discharges, an external light can be
projected unto the face 20 at one or more of the cross-points 30.
This will cause a reduction in the resistance of the
photoconductive element 38 in the aforedescribed way and cause the
intensification at the already illuminated cross-points 30, for the
desired highlighting. Relating this to the letter Z in FIG. 1, one
or more of its small dots can be selectively highlighted.
If light write-in is used, a supplemental light from a suitable
source; e.g., the projector 12 or another similar projector or even
an appropriate pen light, can also be projected unto the face 20 or
the opposite face 26 at one or more of the illuminated cross-points
30. With the panel 10 or 10' being operated at the discharge
threshold to attain the initial illumination, the supplemental
light will further decrease the resistance of the photoconductive
element 38 to, in effect, overdrive the gaseous mixture and produce
the light intensification at these cross-points 30.
The highlighting ability of these panels 10 and 10' enables still
further versatility by providing gray scale operation. Hence, in
addition to the On and Off states, for a given voltage and light
intensity, there is available a second On state that differs
significantly in intensity from the first On state. For example,
the image 22 can have its intensity increased by the overdriving
effect and then its background, instead of being dark, illuminated
but at a reduced intensity by operating this background at the
discharging threshold, or the illumination of the background can be
greater than that of the image.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated the described visual
data conversion and storage systems incorporating one of the gas
discharge panels 10 or 10' can be printed or written-in, from an
external source of illumination. When the information is
written-in, an analogue to digital conversion is made, after which
the digitized information is stored. Readout can be thereafter
carried out without destroying the digitized information. Erasure
can be accomplished in several ways, including the use of an
external light source.
This invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
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