U.S. patent number 3,721,297 [Application Number 05/062,379] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-20 for method for cleaning wells.
Invention is credited to Robert D. Challacombe.
United States Patent |
3,721,297 |
Challacombe |
March 20, 1973 |
METHOD FOR CLEANING WELLS
Abstract
A combination of repeated mild explosions and a series of
pressure pulsations provides both repetitive shock and repetitive
sustained fluid pulsations. The shock is required to break up and
loosen various formations and materials formed in the well casing
perforations and interstices of surrounding formation. The
pulsations achieve repeated flow of the well fluid back and forth
through the casing perforations and surrounding formation to
thereby remove particles of plugging material that are loosened by
the shock waves. A series of explosive caps, explosive power of
which is enhanced by surrounding layers of plastic sheet explosive,
are individually interposed between a number of gas pulsation
producing modules. Each module is arranged to effect burning of a
combustible in a series of pulses to produce the desired
fluctuating pressure pulses and fluid surging. The entire assembly
of gas producing modules and explosive caps is interconnected in a
string and arranged so that the burning or explosion of one element
of the string will, itself, initiate the burning or explosion of
the succeeding element, thus eliminating the need for multiple
control lines for the desired sequential ignition.
Inventors: |
Challacombe; Robert D. (Yorba
Linda, CA) |
Family
ID: |
22042094 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/062,379 |
Filed: |
August 10, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/299; 166/63;
166/311 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
37/08 (20130101); E21B 43/263 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
37/00 (20060101); E21B 43/25 (20060101); E21B
43/263 (20060101); E21B 37/08 (20060101); E21b
037/00 (); E21b 043/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/299,177,311,249
;102/21.6,21.23,1R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Claims
I claim:
1. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the step of
creating within said well a plurality of groups of pressure pulses,
said groups being initiated at successive times and respectively at
different points along the extent of said well, said step
comprising
creating each said group as a series of at least three pressure
pulses initiated at successive times and respectively at different
points along the extent of said well, at least one pressure pulse
of each group being explosively initiated and having a magnitude
substantially greater than the other pressure pulses of such
group.
2. The method of enhancing operation of a fluid well comprising the
steps of
sequentially detonating a plurality of explosions within the well,
and
upon occurrence of said detonations, generating a sequence of
pressure pulses each having a duration considerably greater than
the duration of said explosions.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said step of generating a sequence
of pressure pulses includes the steps of
burning a combustible within the well, and
releasing gases of said burning at a rate that fluctuates to
produce pressure pulses of released gas.
4. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the steps of
initiating an explosive shock within the well, and after initiating
said explosive shock, initiating a chronologically spaced series of
pressure pulses of relatively lesser intensity than said shock,
said step of initiating pressure pulses comprising initiating
deflagration of a series of discrete quantities of combustible that
burns at a rate that is less than the rate of said explosive
shock.
5. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the steps of
initiating a chronologically spaced series of explosions within the
well, and
during an interval between at least two of said explosions,
initiating a chronologically spaced series of pressure pulses each
having a duration considerably greater than the duration of said
explosions.
6. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the steps of
initiating a chronologically spaced series of explosions within the
well, and
during an interval between at least two of said explosions,
initiating a chronologically spaced series of pressure pulses each
having a magnitude substantially smaller than the magnitude of
pressure due to said explosions.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein each of said pressure pulses and
explosions, except the first of said explosions, in initiated by
the immediately preceding pressure pulse or explosion.
8. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the step of
creating within said well a plurality of groups of pressure pulses,
said groups being initiated at successive times and respectively at
different points along the extent of said well, said step
comprising
creating said group as a series of pressure pulses initiated at
successive times and respectively at different points along the
extent of said well, one pressure pulse of each group having a
magnitude substantially greater than the other pressure pulses of
such group and each of said pulses except the first being initiated
by the immediately preceding pulse.
9. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the step of
creating within said well a plurality of groups of pressure pulses,
said groups being initiated at successive times and respectively at
different points along the extent of said well, said step
comprising,
creating said group as a series of pressure pulses initiated at
successive times and respectively at different points along the
extent of said well, one pressure pulse of each group having a
magnitude substantially greater than the other pressure pulses of
such group, and having a duration considerably less than the
duration of the other pressure pulses of the group.
10. The method of cleaning a fluid well comprising the steps of
forming a pulsation generator having an elongated body with a
plurality of mutually spaced chambers interconnected by restricted
passages,
loading said passages and chambers with combustible material,
placing said pulsation generator within a well to be cleaned,
placing an explosive device within said well,
detonating said explosive device, and causing detonation of said
explosive device to ignite said combustible material.
11. The method of cleaning a well comprising the steps of
forming a plurality of chambers interconnected to provide an
elongated string of chambers,
loading said chambers with a combustible that burns at less than
explosive rate,
inserting said string of loaded chambers into a well to be
cleaned,
initiating combustion of the combustible in a first one of said
chambers,
initiating combustion of the combustible in each of the other of
said chambers in succession, each in response to combustion in an
adjacent chamber, and
including the step of detonating an explosive device within said
well.
12. The method of claim 11 including the step of causing detonation
of said explosive device to effect said step of initiating
combustion of combustible in said first chamber.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the enhancement of operation of
fluid wells and more particularly concerns methods and apparatus
for cleaning well casings and the immediately surrounding
formations.
Increasingly large numbers of oil, gas and water wells that produce
fluids through perforated casings and/or well screens via porous
productive formations, including sand, gravel, or shale are
confronted with the problem of accelerating reduction of
production. Casing perforations commonly used throughout fluid
bearing strata in oil, gas or water wells tend to become clogged
with various incrustations, asphaltum, paraffin, alkali or other
material that may be deposited upon or within the casing
perforations and upon or within the interstices of formations
immediately surrounding the casing. Mineral, bacteria or algae-like
growths gradually deposit on passage surfaces reducing the area, or
in some cases, completely blocking some passages. Fine sand or silt
material is drawn into and deposited within the relatively small
passages that form a part of the porous formation whereby the flow
of fluid through such formations and into the well casing or
screening is significantly reduced.
The problem of clogged interstices and well casing perforations is
emphasized in those wells that employ water injection to enhance
production. The water itself includes additional chemicals that may
not be naturally occurring in the area of the productive formation.
Such chemicals introduce still other well-clogging deposits within
the casing, its perforations, or within the gravel pack that is
sometimes emplaced between the casing and the surrounding
productive formation. Further, with velocity increases that may
occur as the result of water injection, additional fine silt-like
materials will be drawn into and deposited in the relatively narrow
passages, thus further accelerating degradation of the well flow
characteristics.
2. Description of Prior Art
When production from such a well decreases materially due to
clogging conditions as described above, washing and/or cleaning
operations are undertaken. Washing operations of the swabbing type
employ a piston-like element that is inserted into the well,
substantially extending across the entire internal area of a
portion of the well casing, and arranged to be reciprocated within
the well to cause the fluid therein to surge back and forth through
well perforations and the surrounding formations. Swabbing is
ineffectual when the perforations are clogged because surging
action alone will not loosen relatively hard incrustations.
Moreover, where the casing to be cleaned is several hundred feet in
length, the task of inserting and operating such a device is
difficult, expensive, and time consuming.
Various chemicals, heat, or sustained pressures have also been
employed in cleaning, all without significant success since scale
and other clogging materials are not readily removed by such
methods.
In order to break up and loosen hard scale deposits, various types
of explosive cleaning arrangements have been suggested. For
example, U. S. Pat. No. 2,414,349 to Alexander suggests a single
line of exceedingly high velocity explosive to provide a shock wave
substantially simultaneously along a significant length of the well
casing. Greene, in U. S. Pat. No. 2,650,539, suggests that
explosive cleaning charge be supplemented with either heat or a
continuous pressure. Other workers in the field such as Ebaugh, U.
S. Pat. No. 2,756,826 and McCloud, U. S. Pat. No. 2,790,388,
suggest plural or sequential detonation of explosive charges either
with or without chemical treatment. Where a number of explosive
charges are lumped at vertically spaced points within the casing,
the operator is faced with an almost insurmountable task of
striking a suitable compromise between the use of charges light
enough to avoid damaging or rupturing the casing, and charges heavy
enough to assure actual cleaning of the casing at all points
between the charges. With charges of strength adequate to break up
clogging deposits in the casing perforations, there is the
inevitable consequence of the development of relatively intensive
pressure waves that travel longitudinally of the casing. Such
traveling pressure waves may build up cumulative peak pressures at
localized points between charges to thereby greatly complicate the
problem of obtaining a group of charges of sufficient strength to
perform an optimum cleaning operation without doing serious damage
to the casing.
In any event, whether a single explosive charge is employed or a
sequence of such charges are employed, and presuming that the
problem of selecting optimum charge strength has been solved, the
explosively created shock waves are of substantially instantaneous
duration and at best, will break or loosen clogging deposits. Such
deposits, after termination of the explosion or explosions, will
tend to remain in place although broken and loosened and thus the
desired cleaning is only partially accomplished, at most.
Furthermore, clogging materials that remain in place even though
loosened will form the basis for a much more rapid rebuilding of
the clogging materials, whereby the well will soon experience a
return of decreased production.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
method and apparatus for well cleaning that will both break up and
loosen clogging materials and will also tend to remove such
materials from the fluid flow passages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In carrying out the principles of the present invention in
accordance with a preferred embodiment thereof, a fluid well is
cleaned by producing within the well a sequence of explosive shocks
of relatively high intensity and short duration and following at
least one of such explosive shocks by a sequence of pressure pulses
of relatively long duration and lesser intensity. The lesser
intensity pressure pulses, although providing a relatively
sustained pressure increase, are not continuous to thereby provide
a pulsating flow of fluid that travels through the casing
perforations and surrounding formations with a rapidly fluctuating
velocity whereby improved washing and flushing action is
achieved.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a well casing having inserted
therein apparatus (shown enlarged relative to the casing) for
performing the combined shock and flushing operation of this
invention,
FIG. 2 shows a section of a portion of the well casing and
apparatus therein of FIG. 1, showing the upper portion of the
casing inserted apparatus,
FIG. 3 illustrates a section of the well casing containing the
lower end of the apparatus (also enlarged) inserted therein,
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of one portion of the apparatus of FIGS.
1 through 3 illustrating certain details of construction and modes
of connection of the several elements,
FIGS. 5 and 6 are cross-sections of the apparatus shown in FIG.
4,
FIG. 7 shows a modification of the apparatus of FIGS. 1-6, and
FIG. 8 illustrates another modification.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In order to properly clean a relatively long section of a well by
both shock wave and flushing action, the present invention
contemplates, in a preferred embodiment, the provision of an
explosively generated shock wave followed by a sequence of
relatively sustained but substantially discrete pressure pulses of
relatively lower intensity. Such combination of pressure pulses and
shock waves provides adequate cleaning for a given length of the
well and, accordingly, for cleaning a significant extent of the
well, the combination of explosion or shock wave followed by
sustained discrete pressure pulses is repeated. Thus, the apparatus
for producing the desired effect within the well casing may extend
for a considerable length of the casing. Sequentially timed
operations are required to be carried out in the desired sequence
at points that may extend many hundreds of feet from the surface.
For multiple shock waves and multiple pressure pulses, individual
control of timing or ignition from apparatus on the surface becomes
impractical, if not impossible, because of the large number of
control lines that would be required.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the
apparatus is arranged so that each group of a single shock wave and
a plurality of sustained pressure pulses is connected to the
following group to actually trigger the operation of such following
group upon completion of the operation of the preceding group. Not
only does the operation of one full group initiate operation of the
following group, but within each group, each explosion or pressure
pulse itself triggers the next operation of the group. That is, the
explosion or shock wave that occurs first within a group, will
initiate a first one of the sustained pressure pulses. The latter,
upon its termination, thereupon initiates the succeeding one of the
sustained pressure pulses of the group. Termination of the final
pressure pulse of one group will itself cause initiation of the
explosion of the following group. The latter, in turn, initiates
the first sustained pressure pulse of its group and so on down the
entire length of the string. Thus, timing and sequence of operation
of shock waves and sustained pressure pulses are all inherent
within the apparatus which accordingly needs but one control line
to start the entire sequence.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, for cleaning a well casing 10, there is
inserted into the casing, and positioned at the portion of the
casing that is to be cleaned, a string of pressure producing
devices comprising a series of combinations of an explosive cap and
a gas pulsation generator. The uppermost one of such combinations
comprises an explosive cap 12 and a pulsation generator 14. The
second such combination includes an explosive cap 16 and pulsation
generator 22. The particular number of combinations of explosive
cap and pulsation generator may vary from two to as many as fifty
or more in a single interconnected string and it is within the
concept of the present invention to employ but one combination of
explosive cap and pulsation generator.
A cable or wire 28 is suitably secured to the entire string as by a
substantially continuous spiral wrapping of tape (not shown). A
thin polyethylene or vinyl adhesive coated tape has been found to
be satisfactory. The cable is secured at its upper end (not shown)
to suitable apparatus such as a power winch or the like and is
looped at its lower end and secured to a weight 30 for lowering the
assembly for emplacement at the desired portion of the well casing.
All that is required to withstand shock action and heat of the gas
generated is a light weight steel wire, for example, of from 0.05
to 0.08 inches in diameter.
The parts of each combination of explosive cap and gas pulsation
generator are held together by connecting sleeves 32, 34, 36 and
like sleeves for additional assemblies or groups (not shown). The
several groups are interconnected by insertion of the elongated gas
pulsation generators into enlarged upper ends of the several
explosive caps. As more particularly illustrated in FIG. 2, the
first explosive cap 12 is a conventional electrically detonated cap
such as, for example, the Instantaneous SF Electric Blasting Caps
manufactured by Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc. of Wilmington Del.,
having electrical leads 38, 40. Conveniently, the electrically
conductive supporting cable 28 may be connected to one of the
electrical leads 40 to provide a ground therefor, the other lead 38
being continued to the surface for selective completion of the
electrical circuit between the leads for initiation of the action
of the explosive cap 12. To controllably enhance the explosive
force of cap 12, one or more layers 42 of a plastic sheet explosive
is wound around and affixed to the cap by a standard adhesive. An
example of sheet material suitable for this use is the EL-506
series of flexible sheet explosive manufactured by E. I. duPont
deNemours & Co., Inc. of Wilmington, Del. The sleeve 32 has an
upper portion 44, (between the sheet explosive and the cap), an
intermediate portion 46 and a lower enlarged portion 48.
Snugly secured to and within the lower enlarged portion 48 of the
sleeve 32 is the upper end portion 50 of the first of the gas
pulsation generators 14. The gas generator 14, which is
substantially identical to each of the other gas generators, such
as those indicated at 18 and 22 of FIG. 1, is formed of a solid
body 52 of a suitable plastic material such as, for example,
polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride which may be readily molded to
the desired shape. The body 52 of gas generator 14 has formed
therein a plurality of combustion chambers of which those indicated
at 54, 56, 58, 60 and 62 are illustrated in FIG. 2. Of the series
of chambers in gas generator 14, the uppermost chamber 54 of the
group and the lowermost chamber 62 are open at the respective upper
and lower ends of the generator. Within each gas generator and
between and communicating with adjacent chambers are necked down or
restricted conduits or passages such as indicated at 64, 66, 68,
and 70 in FIG. 2.
Snugly mounted within the intermediate portion 46 of each malleable
metal containing sleeve 32, 34, 36, etc., is a spark producer
comprising a cylinder 72 (FIG. 4) having its exterior grooved to
enhance its connection to and within the sleeve when the latter is
crimped thereon. Each spark producer has an internal conical
surface 74 upon which is coated a spark producing compound 76 such
as the conventional phosphorous trisulphide commonly employed on
matchheads. The larger upper end of the conical surface 76 is open
to the bottom of the adjacent explosive cap 12 and the lower,
smaller end is open to the open upper end of the uppermost chamber
54 of the gas pulsation generator 14.
The second combination of explosive cap and gas generator in the
string is substantially identical to the first as are all of the
succeeding combinations of explosive caps and gas generators with
one significant exception. The explosive cap of all succeeding
combinations is not electrically detonated but is arranged to be
combustion detonated and, further, is deformed to provide the
connection with the immediately preceding gas generator. Thus, for
example, the second explosive cap 16 (FIG. 2) of the second group
of cap and gas generator has the upper end thereof enlarged as at
78 to snugly receive the lower end of the first gas pulsation
generator 14 to which it is crimped to enhance the rigidity of the
connection. The lower portion of cap 16 contains the explosive
charge and, in accordance with the illustrated embodiment of the
present invention, has the explosive power thereof controllably
enhanced by one or more layers of sheet explosive 80 which surround
the cap just as described in connection with the electrically
initiated explosive cap 12. No sheet explosive need be used in some
applications wherein the explosive charge of the cap is itself
deemed adequate. The connecting sleeve 34 has the upper end thereof
snugly receiving and secured to the lower body of the cap and, as
described in connection with the electric cap 12, extends between
the body of the cap and the circumscribing sheet explosive 80. Also
secured within the intermediate portion of sleeve 34 is a second
spark producing cylinder 82, substantially identical to the spark
producer 72, having the lower smaller end opening into and in
communication with the upper end of the uppermost chamber of the
connected gas pulsation generator. The latter has the upper end
thereof snugly secured to and within the lower end of the malleable
metal connecting sleeve 34.
Subsequent assemblies of explosive cap, spark producer, and gas
pulsation generator are all constructed and arranged just as the
combination previously described and the several assemblies are
connected in a string in end to end relation by the above-described
connecting arrangements.
Portions of the lowermost of the gas pulsation generators and the
end of the string are illustrated in FIG. 3 which indicates that
this gas pulsation generator is cut to the desired length within
the length of any given chamber. Thereafter its terminal portion is
suitably sealed against fluid and pressure by any one of a number
of conventional means such as, for example, simply immersing the
end in a plastic coating and sealing compound 84.
Each of the chambers of the gas pulsation generators and also each
of the restricted necks or passages thereof are completely filled
with a suitable combustible or propellant that generates the gas
pressure upon deflagration. The combustible mixture contained
within the chambers and conduits of the gas pulsation generators
preferably has a relatively slow burning rate as compared with the
detonation rate of the explosive within the standard caps 12, 16,
etc., and the sheet explosive 42, that is attached thereto.
Preferably the combustible comprises fuel such as a standard black
powder, ball powder, or other deflagrating mixture, and may include
significant percentages of aluminum or magnesium powder to increase
the expansion rate of the gases generated by the combustion. More
specifically the black powder may be mixed with aluminum powder in
the ratio of 40 percent aluminum powder to 60 percent black powder
in order to increase the expansion rate. A high rate of expansion,
of as much as 3,000 to 1, is desired for optimum operation.
Alternate formulations of suitable combustible mixture include the
conventional ball powder and various standard igniter mixes such as
employed, for example, in electric blasting caps of Atlas Chemical
Industries, Inc. The function of the combustible is to provide a
continuous deflagration (as distinguished from the detonation of
the explosive caps) that assures a rapid expansion of generated
gaseous combustion products.
Where the gas pulsation generator is made in two halves separated
along a longitudinal plane, the combustible is mixed with a
suitable solvent to provide a mixture having a consistency of a
heavy paste or light putty so that it may be readily spread or
emplaced within the chambers and necks of the gas pulsation
generator body. The latter is molded in longitudinally split halves
(FIG. 6) and the several chambers and necked passages are then
filled with the paste or putty-like combustible mixture of fuel and
oxidizer to ensure a continuous body of combustible throughout the
length of the gas pulsation generator. The two halves, with the
combustible contained therein are then mated and fixedly secured to
each other by conventional adhesive. For improved bonding of
relatively long sections of gas pulsation generator, the body
portion is molded in longitudinally split 1 foot long sections.
After filling the chambers and passages with propellant the mating
surfaces are covered with adhesive. The propellant is temporarily
masked during application of the adhesive to avoid contamination.
The one foot half sections are assembled to provide gas pulsation
generators in lengths of from 18 to 60 inches or more. Obviously,
other lengths of half sections and lesser or greater assembly
lengths may be employed. The length of the gas generator will
determine the number of long duration pressure pulsations between
successive explosions. In assembly, opposite half sections may be
staggered longitudinally so as to avoid butt joints that extend
entirely across the body.
In assembly of the explosive cap, spark producer and gas pulsation
generator, the spark producer is first placed within the
intermediate portion of the associated malleable sleeve such as
sleeve 32, the latter is then crimped to securely engage with the
grooves in the exterior of the spark producer, the explosive cap is
then snugly inserted into the upper portion of the sleeve and the
latter crimped if deemed necessary or desirable to ensure
positioning of the cap. Thereafter the gas pulsation generator has
the upper end inserted in the lower enlarged portion 48 of the
malleable connecting sleeve and the latter then is crimped to
ensure the connection. The sheet explosive is then emplaced upon
and secured to the portion of the connecting sleeve extending about
the explosive cap if enhancement of explosive force is desired. A
number of such assemblies of explosive cap, spark producer, and gas
pulsation generators are assembled with the first one of such
assemblies having an electrically initiated explosive cap and each
of the other assemblies having a combustion initiated cap of which
the upper end thereof is enlarged to a diameter sufficient to
snugly receive the lower end of the body of the gas pulsation
generator. Thereafter, several of the assemblies are interconnected
to form a string of assemblies simply by inserting the end of one
of the gas pulsation generators into the end of the explosive cap
of the next assembly and crimping the latter into place. The final
gas pulsation generator of the string of assemblies is suitably
sealed as indicated previously. The cable 28 is taped to the string
of assemblies. The string may then be coiled, with a coil diameter
of as little as 16 inches, for transport. Prior to emplacement and
use the electrical leads of the first of the explosive caps are
connected as illustrated, the weight is attached, and the entire
string of assemblies lowered to the desired position at the desired
depth within the well casing.
The assembly as previously indicated is emplaced within the well
casing 10 which has a number of perforations such as indicated at
86 that are to be cleared of obstructions, deposits, growths, and
the like that block these perforations. The blocking material
extends as indicated at 88 (FIG. 2) to coat the interior or
exterior of the casing closely adjacent the various perforations.
After proper emplacement of the string of assemblies, the
electrical lead 38 and the electrically conductive cable 28
connected to lead 40 are connected to the terminals of a suitable
power source so as to initiate detonation of the explosive cap 12
which, in turn, effects detonation of the circumscribing sheet
explosive 42. Thus, a first high intensity pressure pulse or shock
of very short duration is created to break and loosen the various
hard scale-like deposits on the interior of the casing, within its
perforations and within and on the interstices and walls of the
surrounding porous formation. The magnitude of this initial
explosion and of each of the other explosions is readily varied
during assembly of the apparatus by control of the type,
longitudinal extent, thickness and number of layers of sheet
explosive 42 affixed to the explosive cap. The magnitude or
intensity of the explosion employed is considerably less than that
required in prior art arrangements that employ solely explosives
because the explosion is to be followed by a sequence of sustained
pressure pulses as will be described. Upon detonation of the
explosive cap, fragments of the metallic case thereof are forcibly
expelled into and upon the conical internal surface of the spark
producer 72 to impinge upon the spark-producing coating thereof,
producing a flame that is ejected from the small end of the conical
opening within the spark producer. This flame contacts the
combustible with which all of the combustion chambers of the gas
pulsation are filled, and thereby initiates its deflagration.
Each of the combustible filled chambers is approximately
three-quarters of an inch in length and five-sixteenths of an inch
in diameter. The outer diameter of the body 52 of the molded gas
pulsation generator is slightly larger than the diameter of the
chamber whereby the wall of the combustion chamber, indicated at 90
and 92 in FIG. 4, has a total thickness of approximately
thirty-thousandths of an inch. Accordingly, with appropriately
chosen propellant mixtures as described above, combustion will
occur within the mixture contained in a single chamber of the
indicated dimensions in a period of approximately 16 to 17
milliseconds. With the heat generated by this mixture and the
relatively thin combustion chamber walls, the latter soften and are
breached almost immediately to release the gaseous combustion
products into the immediately surrounding well fluids. The released
gases create a pressure pulse of an intensity considerably less
than the intensity of the pressure produced upon explosion of the
cap and sheet explosive, but of a sustained duration, a duration
considerably greater than the duration of the explosion. The
sustained pressure pulse causes a relatively rapid surge of well
fluid outwardly through the casing perforations and through the
interstices of the immediately surrounding producing
formations.
When the combustible mixture in a given chamber, such as chamber
54, burns down to the lower end thereof it thereupon begins to burn
within the relatively narrow necked down passage 64. Thus,
combustion is sustained within the passage and will thereafter
progress along the passage until the propellant within the adjacent
chamber begins to deflagrate. However, during the time that the
deflagration is taking place within the combustible mixture of the
conduit 64, the pressure pulse is terminated and the pressure
within and applied to the fluid within the well is considerably
diminished as compared to the pressure existing during the burning
of the combustible mixture within any one of the enlarged chambers.
With diminution of pressure, well fluid surges inwardly to return
through the casing perforations.
Each of the conduits or neck passages 64, 66, etc., has a length of
about half the length of one of the chambers, that is, a length of
about three-eighths of an inch, and has a diameter of approximately
thirty-thousandths of an inch, whereby the portions of the body of
the gas pulsation generators adjacent to the necked down passages
are considerably heavier as indicated at 94 in FIG. 4. Thus, the
gaseous products of combustion within the passage are considerably
smaller in quantity and furthermore are partially restricted in
their radially outward propagation to thereby achieve a
considerably diminished pressure during this portion of the
burning. When deflagration has propagated completely through the
combustible in the necked down portion, combustion begins in the
adjoining chamber to produce a second sustained pressure pulse.
Termination of the second pulse initiates sustaining deflagration
of combustible within the following necked down passage. Thus the
operation continues through alternate ones of successive chambers
and passages until the completion of combustion of propellant
within the final chamber, such as chamber 62 of the first gas
pulsation generator 14. Thus there is achieved a
pulse-delay-pulse-delay cyclical operation that causes the surging
of the well fluid.
When combustion of the material in chamber 62 reaches the lower end
thereof, it causes ignition and denotation of the explosive cap 16
and the circumscribing sheet explosive 80. Fragments of the cap
thereupon strike the spark-producing compound coating the conical
surface of spark-producer 82 which thereby initiates combustion of
the propellant in the first of the combustion chambers of the
following gas pulsation generator 18.
It will be seen that the described arrangement provides a sequence
of groups of pressure pulses wherein the pressure pulses of each
group comprise a first explosively produced pulse of high intensity
and short duration followed by a number of discrete, sustained
pressure pulses each of considerably lesser intensity, but of
greater duration than the first explosively produced pulse.
Further, the last of the series of the sustained lower intensity
pulses of each group itself initiates the first high intensity
short duration explosive pressure pulse of the following group.
Thus, in this embodiment there is no need for a large number of
individual control lines, cables, or electrical leads since the
sequence, once initiated by the single electrically triggered
explosive cap, is self-sustaining and each of the pulses, in turn,
initiates the succeeding pressure pulse.
Improved well cleaning is achieved by following each of the
explosions with a series of pressure pulsations that cause the
fluid within and about the well and casing to surge back and forth
through the casing perforations and formation, and through the
formation interstices. In effect, there is provided a combination
of explosive and swabbing action. Each explosion is followed by a
number of relatively sustained and relatively gentle pulsations of
well fluid through the perforations and formations.
It will be seen that completion of firing leaves a minimum of
residue suspended in the well liquid. Metallic parts settle to the
bottom, plastic parts are consumed, and the cable is withdrawn.
The specific size, length and number of gas pulsation generators,
explosive caps, or chambers in any one or numbers of assemblies may
be varied as deemed necessary or desirable. In an embodiment
employing dimensions described above as typical for a particular
application, the arrangement is such that about one-half second
elapses between successive detonations of the explosive caps. In
such an arrangement employing combustion chambers of three-quarters
of an inch in length, between which are interposed passages of
three-eighths of an inch in length, a gas pulsation generator body
of approximately 18 inches in length includes 20 combustion
chambers such as those indicated at 54, 56, etc., in FIG. 2.
Accordingly, each group of pulses will comprise a single high
intensity short duration shock caused by the explosion of the cap,
followed by 20 pressure pulses each of about 16 milliseconds
duration and each following the immediately previous sustained
pressure pulse by about 8 milliseconds, which is the time required
for the deflagration to traverse the entire length of the
three-eighths inch long necked passage. Assemblies of explosive
caps, spark producers, and the gas pulsation generators may be
interconnected in a single string with the number thereof limited
only by economics and facility of handling of the assembly. Total
lengths of assembly of from 3 to 60 feet have been found to be most
convenient for handling.
Results obtained with the described method of sequential explosions
each followed by pressure pulses are considerably improved as
compared with previously known arrangements. For example, in
application to a coastal oil well drilled at about a 69.degree.
angle under the ocean floor, it was determined that cleaning was
required when well production had been degraded to 400 barrels
gross and 114 barrels of oil net per day. The arrangement described
above was employed to clean approximately 180 feet of the well
producing zone. This was achieved by cleaning different sixty foot
sections at three successive times. After such cleaning, production
of the well was found to be 1,100 barrels per day gross and 214
barrels of oil per day net. The described arrangement can be used
in casings of varying sizes such as oil well casings having an
inside diameter of as little as 3 inches or less through sizes
including 26 inch diameter water well casing.
Illustrated in FIG. 7 is a portion of an embodiment that is
preferred for improved precision, controllable operation and
greater simplicity of manufacture. Improved back and forth surging
of well fluid is also provided. In this embodiment, the overall
arrangement of a string of assemblies of explosive caps each
followed by a spark producer and a length of gas pulsation
generator is the same as that described in the previous embodiment.
The arrangement of caps, layers of sheet explosives and spark
producer are exactly the same as previously described and
successive sub-assemblies are similarly held together by malleable
sleeves and portions of the caps which need little or no
enlargement in this arrangement. In the form shown in FIG. 7, the
gas pulsation generator is modified to facilitate manufacture,
although as modified, it will perform almost the identical function
performed by the gas pulsation generator described above in
connection with FIGS. 1 through 6. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the
modified gas pulsation generator includes a thin walled tube,
preferably of polyvinyl chloride, having an outside diameter of
approximately five-sixteenths of an inch. The thin walled tube 150
has alternate longitudinal sections thereof, filled with
combustible mixture 154 (preferably in powder form) of the type
previously described, alternating with cylindrical delay tubes or
separators 164 which perform a function equivalent to that of the
necked down portions 64 of FIGS. 1 through 6. The delay tubes 164
are solid cylinders, one-quarter inch diameter, fitting snugly but
slidably within the tube 150 and having a total length of
three-quarters of an inch with an elongated central aperture or
conduit 167 therein of approximately one-sixteenth of an inch in
diameter. The elongated aperture or restricted passage 167 is
countersunk at each end of the cylinder as indicated, for example,
at 169.
The aperture or passage 167 of the delay tubes 164 may be filled
with the same combustible mixture as included in the gas producing
chambers 154. It is found preferable, in the embodiment of FIG. 7,
to fill the aperture 167 with a delay mix used in standard delay
type electric blasting caps such as those manufactured by duPont,
Atlas, Olin and others. A mixture of selenium, barium peroxide and
sulphur, for example, is a well known delay mix. The countersinking
of apertures 167 may be convenient in manufacture, although it is
found in practice that it is not necessary since the ends of the
cylindrical delay tubes 164 may be cut in a plane normal to the
cylinder axis and still have contact with the combustible 154
sufficient to ensure continuity of the deflagration such as from
one combustible chamber through the delay tube to the next
chamber.
In assembly of the gas pulsation generator of FIG. 7, the first
step after the selection of a length of tubing 150 is to form the
apertures in delay tube cylinders 164 and fill these with the delay
mix. One of the delay tubes 164 then is inserted into a length of
tubing 150 that is selected to be of the desired length of the gas
pulsation generator and the delay tube is located substantially in
the center of the tube 150. Predetermined amounts of the
combustible powder are inserted in measured quantities into the
tube on either side of the first delay tube 164 to extend for a
length that will determine the time of generation of the gas
pressure pulse. This combustible powder is compacted to the desired
degree, increased compaction effecting a decrease in deflagration
rate as well known. Second and third delay tubes 164 are then
inserted into opposite ends of the tube and pressed down onto the
free surface of the combustible powder and measured amounts of
combustible are again added. Thus the gas pulsation generator is
built up from the center toward either end, from the first inserted
delay tube outwardly toward each end of the tube.
When the desired total length of gas pulsation generator has been
achieved, as for example, a length in the order of 5 feet, one end
of the tube with chambers of combustible 154 alternating with delay
tubes 164 is then inserted into the upper portion 178 of the
conventional explosive cap 144 just as described in connection with
the embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 6. In this arrangement, in order
to secure the end of the cap 144 to the tube 150, a suitable
adhesive has been found adequate although crimping will insure
improved sealing.
A malleable metal sleeve 132 functionally equivalent to the sleeve
32 or 34 of FIGS. 2 and 4 is fixedly secured as by crimping and/or
adhesive to the lower end of the cap 144 and one or more layers of
sheet explosive 142 are wrapped around the lower end of the cap
with the malleable sleeve 132 between the explosive and cap. The
explosive 142 increases the explosive power just as described in
connection with the previous embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 6.
A spark producer 172, having a spark producing compound 176 coated
on an internal conical surface thereof is securely affixed to and
within the intermediate portion of the malleable metal sleeve 132
as by crimping or adhesive or both, just as previously described. A
second gas pulsation generator 151, having a first or uppermost
combustible containing chamber 154 followed by the first of a
number of delay tubes 164 has the upper end thereof suitably
secured as by adhesive, or crimping or both, to and within the
lower end of the malleable sleeve 132 in sealing engagement
therewith. Accordingly in the assembly, after the production of two
or more of the gas pulsation generators, each has the lower end
thereof inserted in an upper portion of one of the explosive caps
144, one of the sleeves 132 is affixed to the cap, sheet explosive
142 is wrapped around the sleeve at the lower end of the explosive
cap, a spark producer is inserted into the intermediate portion of
the sleeve, if it has not already been inserted prior to the
assembly of the cap and the sleeve, and then the upper end of a
second one of the gas pulsation generators such as that indicated
at 151 is inserted upwardly into the lower portion of the malleable
sleeve 132 and secured and sealed thereto.
It will be understood that, just as described in connection with
FIG. 2, the upper end of the first of the series of gas pulsation
generators 150 is secured in a malleable sleeve having in addition
to a spark producer, an electrically initiated cap instead of the
combustion initiated cap, whereby the entire sequence of explosions
and gas pulsations may be triggered by a single electrical signal.
The lowermost end of the last of the gas pulsation generators of
the series is sealed as by a plastic cap (not shown in FIG. 7) or
the like just as described in connection with the previous
embodiment.
In those situations, such as water wells for example, where some
metallic debris may be tolerated, all of the explosive caps of an
entire string, such as caps 12, 16 and 20 of the string FIGS. 1 and
2 and caps 144 of the string of FIG. 7 may be electrically
initiated. Although it is possible to sequentially detonate a
series of such caps by connecting separate trigger wires and
circuits to each, it is preferable, for such a system, to employ a
group of delayed caps all electrically initiated by a single signal
on a single wire. As described, for example, in U. S. Pat. No.
2,756,826 the several caps are each provided with different time
delay values. Thus, electrical energization of the single circuit
and single electrical wire will energize each of the delayed caps,
but because of the different delay times, the explosive charges of
the second and subsequent caps will detonate a predetermined time
after detonation of the preceding cap. The time interval between
successive cap detonations may be varied within wide limits. It is
preferred that no two caps be detonated simultaneously, to prevent
mutual reinforcing of shock waves.
In a preferred arrangement for delayed electrical detonation of all
caps, some nine to 15 caps may be employed, each cap connected in
the described assembly of cap, spark producer and gas pulsation
generator. For example, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 8, the
caps (and associated spark producer and gas generator assemblies)
may be arranged in three groups, designated A, B and C, of three
caps each, designated 1, 2 and 3. Group A and cap 1 thereof may be
located at the lower end of the string with caps 2 and 3 of Group A
positioned at successively higher locations. Groups B and C and the
caps 1, 2, and 3 thereof are likewise positioned successively
higher. In such arrangement, the delay times of the several caps
are selected so that cap 1 of Group A is detonated first, followed
at intervals by successive detonations of each cap 1 of each of the
other groups. Following detonation of cap 1 of the last or highest
positioned group (Group C in FIG. 8) by about one to two seconds,
each cap 2 of all groups are similarly successively detonated at
selected intervals, from the lowest positioned group to the
highest.
After another one to two second interval, each cap 3 of all groups
are successively detonated at similar millisecond intervals. In the
exemplary illustration of FIG. 8 the order of cap detonation, as
determined by the chosen delays as A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, A3, B3,
C3.
Just as previously described, detonation of each cap, via its
associated spark producer, initiates deflagration of the associated
gas pulsation generator. Accordingly in this all electrically
detonated arrangement, a number of the latter may be operating
simultaneously although at spaced locations along the string of
assemblies.
There has been described an improved method and apparatus for well
cleaning employing both explosive and pressure pulsation
principles. Novel assemblies have been described to create groups
of pressure pulses comprising a first high intensity pulse of short
duration followed by a number of relatively low intensity pulses of
long duration. For some applications the arrangement is
self-triggering to provide the desired sequence in response to but
a single initiating signal.
The foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as
given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope
of this invention being limited solely by the appended claims.
* * * * *