U.S. patent number 3,720,188 [Application Number 05/105,561] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-13 for compact steam generator and system.
Invention is credited to George N. J. Mead.
United States Patent |
3,720,188 |
Mead |
March 13, 1973 |
COMPACT STEAM GENERATOR AND SYSTEM
Abstract
An ultra-compact flash steam generator is provided for driving
various types of steam engines such as turbines, rotary positive
displacement and reciprocating piston engines. Water or other
liquid medium is injected against one side of a heat transfer
boundary and premixed air-fuel fluid is injected against the
opposite side of the boundary where combustion becomes
self-sustaining. Sub-systems and controls are provided for a
complete, operational prime mover functioning on the generated
steam.
Inventors: |
Mead; George N. J. (Exeter,
NH) |
Family
ID: |
22306515 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/105,561 |
Filed: |
January 11, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
122/41;
431/347 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F22B
27/165 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F22B
27/00 (20060101); F22B 27/16 (20060101); F22b
027/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;122/40,41,250,367,39
;431/328,347 ;60/27 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sprague; Kenneth W.
Claims
Having thus described the invention what I claim and desire to
obtain by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A flash steam generator, comprising
a. a wall of solid, refractory and thermally conductive material
providing a heat transfer boundary,
b. means for directing a fluid medium in the form of a thin film
against one side of said wall,
c. means for heating the other side of said wall to a temperature
sufficient to initiate surface combustion, and,
d. means including at least one nozzle in close proximity to said
other side for delivering a combustible fluid fuel in the form of a
jet against said other side of said wall at a rate sufficient to
maintain surface combustion on said other side,
e. said one side of said wall including means for producing
capillary attraction of said medium.
2. A flash steam generator according to claim 1 in combination with
an expansion prime mover.
3. A flash steam generator according to claim 1 wherein said one
side of said wall is convex and the other side is concave.
4. A flash steam generator according to claim 1 wherein said means
for directing a fluid medium includes a spray tube formed with a
plurality of orifices in closely spaced relation to the one side of
said wall and feed means connecting said tube to a source of
pressurized liquid.
5. A flash steam generator according to claim 4 wherein said spray
tube includes a pair of resilient parallel conduits extending
lengthwise within said tube across said orifices, restraining means
engaging said conduits, means connecting said conduits to a source
of pressurized fluid for internally pressurizing said conduits and
maintain a seal across said orifices until the pressure within said
tube increases sufficiently to collapse said conduits and open said
orifices.
6. A flash steam generator according to claim 1 wherein the fluid
directing means includes a plurality of second nozzles each
defining a narrow clearance with said one side to form a thin film
of fluid medium therebetween.
7. A flash steam generator according to claim 6 wherein said one
side of said wall is formed with spiral grooves opposite said
second nozzles.
8. A flash steam generator according to claim 6 wherein each of
said second nozzles is formed with a concave end opposite said wall
and an apertured diaphragm is mounted across said concave end.
9. A flash steam generator according to claim 1 wherein said wall
includes a catalyst for intensifying the combustion reaction.
10. A flash steam generator according to claim 2 wherein said prime
mover is a reciprocating piston engine.
11. A flash steam generator according to claim 2 wherein said prime
mover is a turbine.
12. A flash steam generator according to claim 2 wherein said prime
mover is a rotary, positive displacement engine.
13. The method of generating steam from a fluid medium on one side
of a heat transfer boundary, comprising the steps of
a. directing said fluid medium into the form of a thin film against
said one side,
b. heating the other side of said wall to a temperature sufficient
to produce surface combustion thereon, and,
c. directing a flow of combustible fluid fuel in the form of a jet
against said other side at a rate sufficient to maintain surface
combustion thereon.
14. The method of claim 13 including the step of catalyzing
combustion at the surface of said other side.
15. The method of claim 13 including the step of forming said
medium into a spiral path against said one side.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to steam driven prime movers and
more particularly is directed towards a new and improved
ultracompact steam generator along with a steam driven engine
including a closed loop steam system with accessory equipment and
controls.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Considerable effort has been applied towards the development of
steam engines and especially towards one that is competitive with
the internal combustion engines. Most steam engines currently in
use are associated with installations having large power
requirements such as electric generating plants, ocean-going
vessels and the like. This is due primarily to the fact that steam
turbines are efficient under continuous high speed operation but at
low speed or intermittent operation, become inefficient. While
reciprocating steam engines have long been built for use in large
plants as well as in smaller units, such as for self-propelled
vehicles, the bulk, weight and complexity of such engines have
sharply limited their widespread adoption for use where efficiency
and compactness are of prime importance. More recent efforts have
been made towards developing small, efficient steam generators and
engines to replace the internal combustion engines for automobiles
as a means for reducing atmospheric pollution. Results to date have
been only marginally successful, the engines still lacking the
combination of performance, efficiency, compactness and lightness
in weight necessary to be competitive with internal combustion
engines.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to
provide improvements in steam generators and steam engines. A more
specific object of this invention is to provide a steam generator
and engine of efficient, compact design, having a minimum number of
parts and one which is easily controlled for rapid, flexible
operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention features an ultra-compact, highly efficient steam
generator, including a wall serving as a heat transfer boundary,
means for injecting water or other liquid medium against one side
of said wall where it is flashed into steam and means for injecting
a combustible fluid against the opposite side of said wall where
combustion becomes self-sustaining. The flash boiler may be formed
integral with an engine for a compact prime mover. Accessory
equipment and controls include a high efficiency feed water
preheater, an electronic control system for a reciprocating engine,
injectors and other components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view in side elevation of a flash steam
generator made according to the invention,
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a portion of the inner face of the
heat transfer barrier of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view somewhat enlarged, of a water
injection spray tube employed in FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a water injection system employed
in FIG. 1,
FIG. 5 is a detail sectional view in side elevation of a fuel
nozzle made according to the invention,
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a closed loop steam prime mover
system made according to the invention and applied to a
reciprocating engine,
FIG. 7 is a sectional view in front elevation of a reciprocating
steam engine made according to the invention,
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 8--8 of FIG.
7,
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a feed water preheater made according
to the invention,
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 10--10 of
FIG. 9,
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 11-11 of
FIG. 10,
FIG. 12 is a detail sectional view of the commutator assembly
employed in the system of FIG. 6,
FIG. 13 is a detail perspective view of a portion of the FIG. 12
assembly,
FIG. 14 is a sectional view in side elevation of a feed water
injector employed in the invention,
FIG. 15 is a sectional view in side elevation of a flash steam
generator embodied in a turbine engine,
FIG. 16 is a sectional view of a steam driven rotary piston engine
made according to the invention,
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 17--17 of
FIG. 16, and,
FIG. 18 is a detail sectional view in side elevation of a thin film
spray nozzle made according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
1. flash Steam Generator
Referring now to the drawings and to FIG. 1-5 in particular, there
is illustrated a flash steam generator 10 that adds the heat of
vaporization to saturated liquid water. Its basic elements include
a reaction chamber 12, a heat transfer boundary wall 14 and a water
injector system 16. The heat transfer boundary doubles in function
as part of a pressure container preferably being integral with an
engine as will presently appear. In order to achieve extreme
compactness, both the rate of heat release and rate of heat
transfer must be unusually high.
The chamber 12 functions on the principle of impingement surface
combustion in order to achieve high rates of heat release and heat
transfer. Surface combustion is used both to concentrate the
combustion reaction and to eliminate the stagnant laminar sublayer
that usually reduces the heat transfer rate of a heated surface.
Impingement is used to accelerate the rate of bringing fresh
reactants to the surface and moving products of combustion away
from the reaction zone.
The material of the wall 14 preferably is a solid, thermally
conductive, refactory material such as a nickel-base or cobalt base
super alloy with good high temperature oxidation resistance, e.g.,
Hasteloy or Haynes Alloy 188. The reaction temperature may be
lowered by the use of a catalyst added to the wall material. Nickel
oxide or platinum, for example, may be surface-coated onto or
diffused into the wall material.
The chamber includes a number of nozzles 18 (FIG. 5) that direct
jets of premixed fuel and air against the hot heat transfer
boundary 14, the heat input with respect to heat extraction is
controlled so that the impingement surface operates above the
ignition temperature of the fuel-air mixture.
The fuel-air nozzles 18 heat the impingement surface to the
ignition temperature and then serve to stabilize the combustion
process. In order to help the combustion process to transfer to the
impingement surface, to stabilize combustion and increase heat
transfer, the impingement surface is extended with many small
projections 20 like a miniature "waffle iron" pattern as best shown
in FIGS. 1 and 2. As the flow from each jet radiates out along the
impingement surface, it passes these small projections and
generates vortices. Accordingly, these projections serve as
miniature flameholders that stabilize the flame over the whole area
washed by each fuel-air jet. The fuel-air nozzles 18 that direct
the jets are also high intensity pilot burners that provide stable
flameholding over a large turndown ratio. These burner nozzles
feature a swirling "splash pilot" design that produces strong
recirculation and turbulence.
When the flames, stabilized by the small projections 20, have
heated the surface of the wall 14 to ignition temperatures, the
reaction condenses onto the surface so that the visible flames
disappear. At this stage, the combustion reaction is consuming the
stagnant laminar sublayer of absorbed gases that usually limits the
rate of heat transfer.
Preferably the boundary wall 14 is concave as shown to enhance and
control the flow of gases applied thereto. The configuration may be
hemispherical for certain applications or annular for other
applications to be described more fully below.
The fuel-air nozzles 18 are mounted on a concave inner wall 22
defining a plenum chamber 24 that distributes premixed fuel and
air, introduced through a port 26, to the jets so that one surface
of the plenum chamber forms one wall of the reaction chamber 12.
Therefore, the plenum chamber and burner nozzles constitute an air
preheater which not only reduces fuel consumption but also recovers
heat that would otherwise leak out through the plenum chamber. The
incoming fuel-air mixture also serves to prevent the plenum chamber
from reaching ignition temperatures and supporting surface
combustion. Metal screen or perforated metal plates (not shown) may
be located inside the plenum chamber to block radiant heat losses,
protect against flashback and improve air preheating.
Premixed propane gas and air is supplied to the plenum chamber
through a venturi proportional mixer 30 (FIG. 6) with a pressure
regulator 32 that provides the correct fuel-air mixture over a
large turndown ratio. Air is supplied by a centrifugal blower 34
and the rate of reaction chamber heat input is modulated by a
throttle valve 36 located at the blower air intake.
The reaction chamber heat input throttle 36 is controlled by a
thermostat 38 (FIG. 6) so as to maintain the desired temperature of
the heat transfer boundary. A standby flame maintains the design
temperature when the engine is not operating so that it is always
ready to generate steam when the operator calls for power. The
device 38 used to sense temperature could be a photoelectric cell
that measures radiation intensity from the incandescent surface of
the heat transfer boundary and actuates the throttling valve
electrically. A back-up device shuts off the gas supply if the
temperature exceeds safe limits.
Ignition is achieved by utilizing a high-energy sparkplug 40. A
flame-proving and air purging system is used to insure safe
operation. The burner can be adapted to any other gaseous or liquid
fuels.
The outer or steam generating side of the heat transfer boundary
wall 14 is designed to achieve flash boiling with the highest
possible rate of heat extraction. This is achieved by using a heat
transfer surface temperature that is several hundred degrees higher
than the boiling temperature of the water. Ordinarily, this would
result in stable film boiling; however, this condition is avoided
by the use of needle jets impinging on the hot surface or a disc
type nozzle to be described below for forming a thin film. Using a
high velocity stream of water insures that liquid water reaches the
surface and spreads out for a short distance; steam is able to
escape between the jets so that the flows of liquid and vapor do
not interfere with each other.
In order to distribute the injected water uniformly over the
surface, maintain water in a liquid state until impingement and
insure high-velocity needle jets throughout the injection period, a
specially designed injector 16 system, organized about an elongated
spray tube 42 (FIG. 3), is used and helically disposed in closely
spaced relation with respect to the convex side of the wall 14.
Other requirements are that all spray orifices 44 open
simultaneously and quickly, that feedwater be subject to negligible
heating or cooling during its passage through the spray tubes and
that the tubes take up a minimum of space.
In the spray tubes of FIG. 3, the spray orifices 44 are closed by a
hydraulic valve consisting of two flexible tubes 46 and 48, perhaps
made of teflon or the like and contained in a rigid tube 50 that is
drilled to let water in on one side and out to the spray orifices
44 on the other side. These flexible tubes 46 and 48 are connected
by a conduit 51 to the pressure side of a circulation pump 52 so
that they are filled with water or other liquid at a pressure of
500 psi, for example. This forces the tubes 46 and 48 tightly
together so that water cannot pass between them.
When the injection cycle begins in a particular cylinder for a
multi-cylinder reciprocating engine, for example, a solenoid 54
that lets the heated injection water enter the spray tube also
closes a valve in the line 51 between the pump and the flexible
tubes 46 and 48; this traps the water in the tubes 46 and 48 so it
cannot escape back toward the pump. The other ends of the flexible
tubes 46 and 48 are closed by a pressure relief valve 56 set for
3000 psi or higher, for example.
As the heated water is pumped through a line 58 into the spray tube
42 by an injector pump 60, it elastically displaces a core 62 of
resilient material that fills the tube. This resilient material is
preloaded to a pressure of 500 psi, for example, and, as the volume
of water in the spray tube increases, the pressure level of the
heated water increases and the trapped water in the flexible tubes
46 and 48 also increases. The flexible tubes 46 and 48 try to take
on a minimum energy cross-section; therefore as the pressure
increases, the seal is formed more tightly and resists leakage
between their opposing faces.
When the pressure level inside the flexible tubes 46 and 48 reaches
3000 psi, for example, the pressure relief valve 56 opens and lets
the trapped water escape back through return lines 64 and 66 to the
suction side of the pump 52. The flexible tubes 46 and 48 then
collapse and quickly and simultaneously open all the spray orifices
44. Typically the relief valve 56 is set not to close until the
pressure drops to 1000 psi.
The elastic energy stored in the resilient material then forces the
water through the spray orifices 44. When the solenoid 54 closes,
it simultaneously connects the flexible tubes 46 and 48 to pump
pressure. However, the flexible tubes 46 and 48 cannot close the
orifices 44 until the pressure in the tube 42 drops to 500 psi, at
which point all the water has been injected.
The valve system works with the speed of sound in water which
should be adequately fast for a reciprocating engine or the
like.
The resilient core material 62 may consist of gas-filled
microballoons bonded together with silicone rubber or similar
material. The surface would be folded to allow it to spread out
when the core material is compressed.
The unheated water in the flexible tubes 46 and 48 helps prevent
the spray tube 42 from overheating. When the engine is not running,
a small built-in leak insures that this water will not
overheat.
The water jets from the orifices 44 impinge on the outer convex
side of the cylinder head heat transfer boundary wall 14 and spread
out radially on the surface. Each spray orifice 44 may be extended
by a short tube 68 so that it leaves only a thin annular outlet
between the heat transfer surface and itself. This maintains the
high pressure to prevent vaporization of the water until the heat
is added. It also turns the water flow radially under high pressure
and prevents rebound or splashing of liquid water.
To minimize rebound and splashing plus extend the heat transfer
area, wire bristles 70 may be silver brazed or stud welded to the
steam generating surface. The projections would serve to trap the
liquid water by capillary attraction until its conversion into
steam; this effect could be augmented by providing small heads on
the ends of the wires.
For use with steam generators that require intermittent, short
bursts of steam, it is desirable to apply a layer 72 of material
having high thermal conductivity to the steam generating surface.
This layer acts as a heat reservoir that is filled slowly between
injection periods and drained quickly when heat is extracted by
flash steam generation. In addition to high thermal conductivity
the steam generating surface must resist corrosion and scaling at
1200.degree.- 1400.degree. F and not weaken the superalloy by
diffusion migration of its atoms. Possible materials for this layer
would be silver, silver-copper alloy, silver-nickel composite or
silver-tungsten composite.
It is desirable that the water mass flow for each jet be small. At
high pressures, this would result in extremely small orifices which
may be subject to clogging. This condition may be avoided by the
use of swirl type nozzles.
The objective of the water injection system is to create a thin
liquid film against the hot surface. In FIG. 18 there is
illustrated a device for producing a thin film, which device
includes a spray tube 42" with a nozzle 68' extending towards the
steam side of a heat transfer boundary wall 14'. The nozzle is
formed with a relatively wide range or disc 71 having a concave
lower face with the peripheral outer edge bearing against the
surface of the wall 14' and close to surrounding abutments 73.
Spiral grooves 75 are formed in the wall 14' opposite each nozzle
and serve to enhance the transfer of heat from the wall 14' to the
thin film of water or other liquid formed between the disc 71 and
the wall. A diaphragm 77 with a central opening is mounted across
the bottom of the disc 71 and serves to form a very thin film of
water when the water is injected through the nozzle. Wires 79 may
be mounted on top of the abutments 73 for super-heating the steam
generated by the device.
Alternatively, in order to generate and maintain a stable liquid
film, several small wires 74 (FIG. 3) radiate out from each water
nozzle for a distance equal to half the spacing between nozzles.
These wires spread water droplets into a thin film, the wires
should spiral in the swirl direction and possibly touch the heat
transfer surface lightly. An additional device that may be used to
prevent the escape of liquid water before it is converted to steam
is a wire mesh or screen 76 that contains clearance holes for the
water nozzles and overlays the wires 74 radiating from the water
nozzles. It may prove desirable to design this wire screen with
projections that can be silver soldered to the heat transfer
surface so as to extend the heat transfer surface and add
additional heat to the steam and possibly, to superheat the
steam.
2. The System
Referring now to FIG. 6 of the drawings, the overall system
embodying the foregoing steam generator will be described followed
by detailed descriptions of the various components and
sub-systems.
The system of FIG. 6 is organized about a reciprocating steam
engine embodiment indicated generally by the reference character 78
and comprised of a piston 80 mounted for reciprocation in a
cylinder 82, the piston being drivingly connected to a crank shaft
as will be described more fully below. The engine is provided with
a combination cylinder head and integral flash steam boiler 10
whereby water or other liquid injected into the cylinder will
convert to steam to drive the piston. The combination cylinder head
and steam generator 10 is heated by the ignition of combustible
fluids fed from a fuel tank 84 via a conduit 86, through the gas
pressure and mixture regulator 32, thence via a conduit 88 to mix
with air delivered from the combustion blower 34 through a conduit
90. The fuel and air mix with one another just before entering the
flash steam generator 10 to heat the injected water. The exhausted
combustion gases then discharge through a line 92 and pass through
a feed water preheater 94 to the atmosphere.
The steam-water system essentially is a closed loop and includes
the feed water pump 52 taking suction from a condensing section
including a jet ejector 96, a water cooler 98 and an ejector pump
100 connected via conduits 102, 104 and 106 respectively. The feed
water pump 52 draws condensate from the conduit 104 and delivers it
under pressure, unheated, through a conduit 110 to a three-way
valve 111 operating a booster 112 for the feed water injector 60. A
single injector 60 is connected to all of the spray tubes 42 with a
solenoid actuated valve 54 provided for each cylinder. The feed
water entering the cylinder converts to steam and is then exhausted
through a conduit 114 to the ejector 96 to be condensed. An
injector return switch 116 serves to open the timing circuit after
each pulse as will appear more fully below.
The operation of the reciprocating engine is under control of an
electronic system including an operator control device 120
connected to an engine condition feed back unit 122 which, in turn,
connects to coils 236 and 236', used only in the starting mode, to
a series of Hall effect commutator segments 126, 128, 130 and 132.
Each of the commutator segments controls a related SCR 134, 136,
138 and 140, respectively. Each SCR, in turn, controls a related
solenoid actuated valve 54, 54', 54", and 54'", it being understood
that a solenoid 54 will be provided for each cylinder of an engine
with the illustrated system serving a four-cylinder engine.
3. The Engine
In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8, the engine 78 is
comprised of four cylinders 82, 82', 82", 82'" arranged radially in
the same plane and oriented 90.degree. from one another. Each
cylinder is provided with an associated piston 80 having a concave
outer end, with the pistons of opposing cylinders connected by
rigid piston rods 142 and 144. The rod 144 is formed with a
transverse slot 146 to accommodate the rod 142 extending
therethrough so that their reciprocating motions are not restricted
by their intersections with one another. Each piston rod includes
an eccentric 148 at their mid-points, these eccentrics being joined
to each other and to a crank shaft 150 through pivot pins 152. The
eccentricity of each eccentric 148 is equal to one-fourth of the
piston stroke length. The mechanism of eccentrics and crank pins is
enclosed in a crank case 154 to facilitate lubrication without
contaminating the steam and also to shield the mechanism from the
hot pistons. While the interaction between the piston rods
introduces a side thrust, this thrust is reduced insofar as it is
divided between two cylinders.
The configuration of the engine may be classified as a
single-acting uniflow design wherein the water injected to the
cylinder head is expanded to drive the piston and exhausted through
ports 156 and 158 that are uncovered when the piston reaches the
end of the power stroke. This design eliminates intake and exhaust
valves as well as eliminating gland seals around the piston rods.
As a result, the clearance volume is at a minimum, heat transfer
surface is maximized and steam leakage is practically eliminated.
Further, the configuration also will avoid mechanical complexity of
valve gear and crossheads.
The engine requires a good seal against leakage plus minimum
friction for the reciprocating piston. These requirements may be
met by using a cylinder liner made of isotropic or pyrolitic
graphite shrunk into a steel cylinder and employing piston rings
faced with a material such as "Teflon" or the like. Pyrolitic
graphite is characterized by a hard surface and serves as a good
insulator. Furthermore, water on graphite provides a very low
coefficient of friction.
Uniflow engines, because they exhaust steam at the end of the
expansion stroke, always contain come residual steam during the
compression stroke. This is true even for engines that exhaust to a
condenser. Since this characteristic can reduce power during normal
operation or can even damage the engine if the condenser should
fail or be overloaded, it is desirable to provide an auxiliary
exhaust valve 160 in the piston itself. This valve permits any
residual steam to pass through the piston and out through the
cylinder exhaust ports to the condenser. This valve may be actuated
by means of a push rod timed to close before each injection of
water takes place.
A further advantage of this design is that both sides of the piston
are evacuated so that condenser vacuum does not retard the
pistons.
The power output and thermal efficiency of the engine may be
improved by higher steam pressures and temperatures and higher RPM.
This may be brought about by a higher rate of heat flow into each
cylinder. One way to achieve this would be to heat the face of the
piston so that the flash boiler area would be doubled. For this
purpose, a heat pipe (not shown) may be employed to transmit heat
into reciprocating pistons. The heat pipe may extend between two
connected pistons at each end of a connecting rod. At the point
where the pipe passes through the crank case, the heat pipe may be
enveloped by a stationary heat jacket with hot combustion gases
flowing through it. Seals and insulation may be used to limit gas
leakage and heat losses. The heat transfer would take place whether
or not the piston was moving so that flash boiler temperatures may
be maintained. The heat pipe is light in weight since it is hollow
and contains only vapor, therefore, reciprocating masses are not
greatly increased. Also, the heat pipe need not be a stressed
member.
The convective heat transfer into the heat pipe may be improved by
utilizing its reciprocating motion to create turbulence. It is also
possible to again use surface combustion to add heat directly and
eliminate any stagnant gas films.
4. Feed Water Preheater And Water Temperature Control
The function of the feed water preheater unit 94 is to heat the
pressurized water supplied by the feed water pump 52 to a
temperature slightly below the saturated liquid condition. The heat
is provided by the combustion gases exhausting from the combination
cylinder head flash steam generators of the engine. This also
extracts the low temperature heat energy from the combustion gases
and minimizes heat rejected with exhaust gases.
Insofar as it is desirable that the power plant respond instantly
to any change in power demand, particularly where used for a prime
mover, the reaction time of the preheater must be extremely quick.
This will also shorten start-up time for a cold engine. In
addition, compact size is desirable for obvious reasons and a
minimum mass of metal to avoid a fly wheel effect. These
requirements dictate a high rate of heat transfer per unit of water
mass flow and per unit of preheater volume.
Referring now particularly to FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, there is
illustrated a feed water preheater having the desirable
characteristics of compactness and a high rate of heat transfer.
The unit includes an outer casing 162 in the form of a thermally
insulated pressure vessel formed from two concentric hemispheres
joined at their maximum diameters to provide a hemispherical
annular cavity 164. The use of hemispheres makes possible a
stronger pressure vessel. The pressurized feed water flows through
this cavity, entering through a hub 166 at the smaller diameter and
leaving at the large diameter through a conduit 168 to the cylinder
water injector 60.
Suspended inside the hemispherical cavity 164 is a structure
comprised of an array of angularly spaced tubes 170, typically
copper, extending along the length of the hemispherical arc. Hot
combustion gases flow through these tubes from an axial inlet 172.
In practice, half of the tubes carry entering gases while alternate
tubes carry leaving gases. At the large end of the hemispherical
cavities these tubes are connected by bent tubes 174 so that both
the entrances and exits of the hot gas tubes are located at the
small diameter hub of the structure. This structure is supported at
the hub by an elastic seal 176 that prevents leakage and
simultaneously permits small angular displacements in either
direction of rotation. The seal preferably is made of a synthetic
rubber or silicon rubber and is bonded between two conical surfaces
in such a way that water pressure compresses the seal and helps
prevent leakage. The proximity of the cold water entrance is used
to keep the seal cool.
Two mechanisms may be employed to accelerate conductive heat
transfer. For heat transfer between the water and the hot gas tubes
the entire tube assembly is given a periodic angular oscillation
within the cavity. This motion produces torsional shearing forces
in the water which generates turbulent vortices. This eliminates
the stagnant boundary layer which otherwise acts as a large
resistance to conductive heat transfer. The oscillation may be
powered by a rotating cam 178 bearing against a lever 180 extending
from the hub or the tube assembly.
The second heat transfer accelerative mechanism relates to
conduction between the hot gases and the tube walls. Each tube 170
contains a concentric core 182 (FIG. 11) constructed from a steel
foil tube filled with magnesia powder. These cores match the
contour of the copper tubes and leave an annular flow passage for
the hot gases. The cores do not continue around the return bends.
When the tube assembly is at rest, the cores move to the inside.
Therefore the cores should be suspended from small leaf springs 184
that return the cores to the inside. As the tube oscillates the
cores move in and out and displace the hot gas so that they
circulate rapidly back and forth around the periphery. This
generates turbulence which increases the conductive heat
transfer.
In any power plant it is a desirable characteristic that the system
be able to respond instantly to a demand for power. This is
particularly true for vehicle engines and the like. A minimum
amount of stored energy, therefore, should be made readily
available to cover the reaction time or lag of the feed water pump
and the preheater. This stored energy can be provided by an
accumulator 186 located at the outlet of the preheater for the
purpose of storing heated, pressurized, injection water. The
accumulator may be located on the concave side of the hemispherical
preheater. The quantity of stored energy should be kept to a
minimum so that the accumulator itself will be compact in addition
to considerations of safety and cold starting. In addition to
enhancing the responsiveness of the system, the accumulator also
suppresses water hammer generated by the sharp initiation and
termination of each water injection cycle.
As has been indicated, the rate of combustion of the fuel within
each integral flash boiler 10 is controlled by the surface
temperature in the combustion side of the heat transfer boundary.
The exhaust combustion gases leaving the flash boilers are then
used to heat the feed water to the proper temperature for
injection. A temperature control unit 188 for the feed water
preheater 94 senses the temperature of water as it leaves the
preheater. If the water temperature exceeds the desired limit, the
combustion gases are diverted by a valve 190 into a by-pass line
192 around the preheater in response to the temperature control
unit 188. Since the temperature sensor and its associated valve
should be both reliable and fast acting, a liquid or vapor filled
bellows may be used to advantage for this purpose.
To insure that the injection water is held at the design
temperature level, a temperature sensor 210 monitors the water in
the injector valve and, when its temperature cools below the
minimum limit, opens up a leakage path through a recirculating line
212 back to the suction side of the feedwater pump. The resulting
circulation pulls in freshly heated water from the preheater and
returns the cooled water so it can be reheated. When water
temperature in the injector pump reaches the maximum limit, the
leakage stops. This controlled circulation insures that the
injection water is maintained at the required condition.
Where there is no water flowing thru the feedwater preheater and
the temperature exceeds the desired limit, the flow of hot gases
through the preheater is diverted and also the oscillatory motion
of the heating elements within the preheater is stopped.
5. Feed Water Pump & Pressure Control
The feed water pump 52 serves to maintain a designed pressure head
in the feed water system and also provides the necessary rate of
circulation. While various types of pumps may be employed for this
purpose, a rotary vane, variable displacement pump is preferred.
Such a pump automatically varies its displacement in response to a
pressure-sensing device 194 and the pump typically is powered by an
electric motor 196 or other means independent of the prime
mover.
6. Governor & Overspeed Protection for The Engine
The power developed by the engine is controlled by varying the
quantity of water injected This has the same effect as a cut-off
type of control.
As engine having a falling torque characteristic could overspeed if
the load were removed with the throttle open. In order to protect
the engine, its speed may be regulated by means of a governor
operating off the crank shaft, for example, or, alternatively, a
speed sensing device 198 may be utilized to de-energize the motor
196 for the feed water pump in addition to stopping the burner
blower 34 and shutting off the fuel supply.
7. Condenser System
A steam condensing loop is utilized in the system for two specific
reasons. First, the large expansion ratio requires a low steam
exhaust pressure. Secondly, it is desirable to recover and re-use
the working fluid medium so that it need not be continually
replenished.
Like the remaining part of the system, the condenser is also
designed for compactness. By using the ejector jet condenser 96 in
conjunction with the air-cooled water cooler 98 and the ejector
pump 100, all condenser requirements can be met for the compact
unit. The primary savings is in the elimination of the large
surface tube condenser common to this type of system which surface
condensers normally must be made large because they must handle
vapor. The water cooler 98, however, handles the fluid medium only
in the liquid state. Another reason for the reduced size is greater
heat transfer effectiveness by means of forced convection. The
water cooler 98 operates at approximately atmospheric pressure so
that leaks are easily avoided. Furthermore, since the injector
outlet is at atmospheric pressure, any entrained air can easily be
removed. An electrically driven fan 200 blows ambient air over the
tubes of the water cooler 98.
8. Water Injection Pump
The function of the injector pump 60 is to inject the correct
amount of water into each cylinder at the proper instant. The
single injector pump serves all four cylinders since the complete
injection cycle for one cylinder requires less than a quarter of
one crankshaft revolution.
As best shown in FIG. 14, the injector pump consists of a cylinder
202 with a reciprocating plunger 204 which is driven by a booster
piston 206 in an integral booster cylinder 208. Since the booster
piston area exceeds that of the injector plunger 204, the injector
is actuated when the booster cylinder is connected to feedwater
pump pressure.
The booster piston 206 is single-acting and uses a return spring
210. The pressure end of the booster cylinder 208 is connected to
either feedwater pump pressure or suction through the
solenoid-operated, 3-way valve 111. Each water injection cycle is
initiated by the injection timing control which simultaneously
actuates the booster cylinder 208 and opens the solenoid valve 111
that admits water to the proper cylinder. However, closing of the
three-way valve and return of the injector to its initial position
is carried out by an automatic switching system that is independent
of the main control and is described below in connection with
injection timing control.
In order to conserve heat energy, only the water supplied to the
injector pump is passed through the feedwater preheater; however,
water supplied to the booster cylinder is unheated.
The power output of this engine is governed by the quantity of
water injected. The injector pump meters the quantity of water
injected during each power stroke; as in diesel engine fuel
injector, this is controlled by rotating the injector pump plunger
204 so that a helical passage 214 in its surface will by-pass water
through a spill port when the desired quantity has been injected.
The amount of plunger rotation is controlled by the operator demand
lever typically employing a gear 216 connected to the plunger. It
bears noting that this type of power control is in effect a cut-off
type control which is more efficient than a throttle type of
control.
Since water has low viscosity it is necessary to augment its
lubricating qualities by treating the sliding surfaces of both
injector pump and booster cylinder with Teflon or other solid
lubricant and possibly using a stellite or a ceramic such as
silicon carbide to provide a hard surface with good thermal
conductivity.
9. Water Injection Timing Control
The timing of the water injection into each cylinder is optimum
when the pressure build up timing is most effective in aiding the
desired direction of rotation.
In addition to the normal operating modes for either forward or
rearward rotation, there are two other types of situations which
must be handled by the control; one is initiation of rotation when
the engine is stationary, and the other is reversal of the engine
that is already rotating.
The control system employed is an all-electric, digital type. This
control uses the input of an operator demand lever 220 plus
feedback information about engine rotation to select the proper
injection timing. Each of the available timing settings are
programmed in the form of commutators. The commutator segments
126-130 are "Hall effect" devices which are activated by a rotating
magnet 222 (FIGS. 12 and 13). Together, the commutator and the
rotating magnet select the cylinder which is ready for injection
and simultaneously initiate the injection process. This type of
control is simple, fast and reliable. Furthermore, it can initiate
water injection even when the engine is stationary.
When the operator wants the engine to continue turning in either
the forward or rearward direction, water injection is timed to
occur when piston is close to top dead center. When the operator
wishes to reverse the rotation of the engine, the control must
advance the timing so that pressure builds up prior to TDC and
reverses the piston direction. When the new direction is
established the timing again switches to the optimum setting for
that direction. When the operator wishes to start a stationary
engine, the control must select the cylinder whose piston is in the
best position for starting the engine and initiate water injection
to that cylinder; when rotation is established, the timing switches
to the optimum timing for that direction.
The complete control system comprises the operator demand lever
220, engine rotation feedback 224, commutator and rotating magnet
222, injector plunger return 116, SCR's 134-140 and solenoid valves
54.
The operator demand lever has three basic settings, namely,
"forward", "stop" and "rearward". The "stop" setting corresponds to
zero cut-off and if the lever is moved away from "stop" in either
direction, the amount of cut-off (quantity of water injected)
increases.
The engine rotation feedback signals direction and speed of
rotation using a DC electric generator 226 which is geared up to
magnify the speed. The magnitude of current reflects speed and the
direction of current reflects direction of rotation. This signal
actuates a three-position switch 228 to a "forward", "rearward" or
"stationary" position.
The operator demand lever and the engine rotation feedback actuate
electric switches which are in series with each other. The various
combinations of switch positions provide a total of six different
outputs each of which activates one particular water injection
timing as programmed by a set of commutator segments; there being
one segment for each steam cylinder.
The construction of the commutator consists of a stationary annular
disk or sleeve 230 containing the solid state, "Hall effect"
segments 126-130 at the desired angular positions. Each of the six
sets of commutator segments is mounted in the same disc or sleeve
230. Instead of a carbon brush, this commutator features a rotating
permanent magnet 222 plus two electromagnets 232 connected through
slip rings 234. All of these magnets have a horse shoe
configuration so that the pole faces face each other through the
thickness of the annular disc or sleeve 230. The permanent magnet
has a pole face that spans about the same arc as a single "Hall
effect" segment 126, however, each of the electromagnets 232 span a
90.degree. arc which extends out in opposite directions from the
center line of the permanent magnet face.
The control system selects the proper water injection timing by
passing a current through the segments of the appropriate
commutator. The current is led to that particular commutator by the
combination of switch settings resulting from both the operator
demand unit 120 and the engine condition unit 122.
The operation of the commutator is as follows: when one of the Hall
effect segments is acted upon by magnetic flux, a small DC current
is induced in that segment at right angles to the initial current
direction. This induced current is used to fire an associated SCR
134-140 which then conducts current to the coil of one of the
solenoid valves 54 that admits water injection to the selected
corresponding engine cylinder and also energizes an associated coil
for the three-way valve 111 thereby actuating the booster 112 and
injector 60. Using a commutator provides a very direct way to
determine which cylinder is in condition for water injection and,
of course, a commutator can easily give the proper sequence of
water injection for either direction of rotation.
The solenoid control valve 111 employed is a normally closed
three-way poppet type valve. Using this combination valve
eliminates the possibility of having both valves open at the same
time and short circuiting the pump. This construction is not
subject to external leakage, does not require lubrication and is
easy to open with the solenoid.
An SCR has a characteristic that once its control electrode
initiates conduction, the electrode no longer controls. Therefore,
to stop conduction it is necessary to interrupt, momentarily,
current flow through the SCR. In this control circuit, the SCR will
continue to hold open the solenoid valves 54 and 111 until the end
of the injection stroke when the injector plunger opens the switch
116 that interrupts the SCR current. When this happens, the
normally closed three-way solenoid valve 111 closes and returns the
booster piston to its initial position. The booster piston then
closes the switch 116 that was opened by the injector plunger and
the system is ready for the next water injection cycle. It should
be noted here that the signal from the Hall effect commutator
segments to the control electrode of the SCR is very short because
of the narrow width of the permanent magnet pole face, therefore,
even if the engine is rotating slowly, the control signal should
have disappeared before the circuit is again completed.
When starting an engine that is stopped, there are also
electromagnetic coils 236 and 236' in the circuit that extends the
pole face to span a 90.degree. arc, and are used for starting a
stopped engine, the crank of which may be at any angular position.
One coil is for forward, the other for rearward rotation. The coils
are arranged so that their leading edges have approximately the
same angular position relative to the crank pin. This feature makes
it possible to start a stopped engine because, even if the crank
pin is not in the optimum position for water injection, the
90.degree. span will automatically initiate water injection in the
next best cylinder.
10. Accessory Drive System
The powerplant accessories include the feedwater pump, jet
condenser pump, radiator fan, burner blower, ignition system and
oil pump. All these accessories may be driven by electric motors
which may be energized by a storage battery and electric generator
combination.
The electric generator may be driven by the steam expansion engine
or by a separate small steam turbine.
11. Rotary Positive Displacement Engine With, Integral Flash Steam
Generator
The Wankel configuration is used here merely to typify the
positive-displacement, rotary engine. This type of engine offers
high power output in a compact, lightweight package. In addition,
it offers the advantages of a reciprocating steam engine such as
high static torque and reversability.
The Wankel configuration FIGS. 16 and 17 includes a three-lobed
rotor 238, rotating within an elliptical stator 240. Since a steam
engine involves only the expansion process, it is possible to use
two angular positions on the stator for water injectors 42' and
heat all three faces of the rotor for steam generation. The engine
can then deliver six power pulses during each revolution and is, in
effect, a "uniflow" engine. By altering the positions of water
injection and steam exhaust, this engine is also reversable. No
valves are required except possibly to close unneeded exhaust ports
242 on a reversing engine.
Fuel-air mixture flows in through one end of a rotor shaft 244 and
combustion products flow out the opposite end. The airflow into the
shaft is supplied by a blower through an ejector nozzle 246 that
matches the end of the shaft with a slight clearance. The ejector
action entrains the gaseous fuel through the clearance. A rotating
seal 246 on the shaft prevents leakage air from diluting the
entrained gas flow. Power take-off is from the cool end of the
shaft as by a gear 248.
Inside the rotor, there are plenum chambers 250 and combustion
chambers 252 for each face of the rotor. The inside of each rotor
face is heated by impingement surface combustion and steam is
generated by injecting water against the outer surfaces of the
rotor at the minimum volume position.
Only the lobes of the rotor contact the surface of the stator.
These lobes are insulated from the hot faces and from the hot
products of combustion and contain seals 254 that prevent leakage
of steam between the expansion chambers. These seals slide against
the relatively cool surface of the stator.
The control of water injection timing for this engine is closely
similar to that for the reciprocating steam engine except that
reversing the engine involves alteration of the angular positions
for water injection and steam exhaust. This may be achieved by
providing separate systems for forward and reverse and switching to
the appropriate system.
In all other respects, this engine could utilize the same systems
as used by the reciprocating engine configuration.
12. Turbine With Integral Flash Steam Generator
Referring now to FIG. 15, there is illustrated a further
modification of the invention and in this embodiment a flash steam
generator 10' is incorporated into a steam turbine 256.
A steam turbine provides a very compact expansion engine capable of
utilizing a large expansion ratio. It also has a favorable torque
characteristic except under static conditions. However, it rotor
258 usually turns at high speeds and requires a speed reducer for
most applications. A turbine also requires a transmission for
reversing operation.
A flash steam generator 10' can take a variety of forms. One that
would be compatable with a steam turbine is an annulus shaped like
a split torroid with steam generation on the convex side. The steam
outlets through steam nozzle blades 260. Since water injection is
continuous, water injector spray tubes 42' can be of very simple
design and neither an injection metering pump nor a timing control
system is required.
The feedwater supply system, condensing system and accessories
drive would be quite similar to that for the reciprocating steam
engine.
While the foregoing system and its components have been described
for particular application in connection with a steam engine and
steam system, obviously certain of the components have utility
apart from the overall system such, for example, the feed water
preheater, the timing system, etc. Also, the reciprocating engine
itself in certain aspects, can be converted for use with a diesel
engine, for example. Likewise the timing control and the hydraulic
injector pump are adaptable to diesel engines.
* * * * *