U.S. patent number 3,719,919 [Application Number 05/149,921] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-06 for connector for use with oxide coated conductors.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Circle F. Industries, Inc.. Invention is credited to Julius F. Tibolla.
United States Patent |
3,719,919 |
Tibolla |
March 6, 1973 |
CONNECTOR FOR USE WITH OXIDE COATED CONDUCTORS
Abstract
A method and apparatus are herein provided for making electrical
connections using oxide coated conductors. A binding plate may be
provided having an array of ridges formed thereon which ridges
define at least one pocket. A binding device, e.g., a screw or the
like, cooperates with the binding plate to urge a conductor against
the binding plate until the ridges on the binding plate fracture
the oxide coating on the conductor and penetrate the virgin metal
thereof. The array of ridges is sized so that the ridges defining
and completely surrounding at least one pocket will penetrate the
virgin metal so as to form a gas-tight space between the binding
plate and the conductor. The ridges may be formed as sharp cutting
projections for fracturing the oxide and for facilitating the
penetration of the virgin metal. Alternatively, the ridges may
merely comprise the edges defining each pocket, which edges need
not extend above the surface of the binding plate. In one form of
the invention, the array of ridges may define concentric circles
disposed about a binding post and intersected by radially extending
ridges. In another form of the invention, the array may comprise
one or a plurality of indentations machined into the surface of the
binding plate by a punch or the like. In still another form of the
invention, a washer may be provided having at least one pocket
formed in a radial face thereof. The washer is disposed between the
binding plate and a binding device which is then operable to urge
the washer against the conductor to perform the functions of
fracturing the oxide coating and of establishing an electrical
connection with the virgin metal of the conductor. In any form,
however, each pocket is defined by a ridge which completely
surrounds that pocket, and which is sized to define an opening
which is completely covered by a conductor when urged
thereagainst.
Inventors: |
Tibolla; Julius F. (Yardley,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Circle F. Industries, Inc.
(Trenton, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
22532372 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/149,921 |
Filed: |
June 4, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
439/433 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01R
4/34 (20130101); H01R 4/2479 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01R
4/34 (20060101); H01R 4/28 (20060101); H01R
4/24 (20060101); H01n 009/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;339/95,97,263 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36,050 |
|
Jul 1966 |
|
SF |
|
705,121 |
|
Jun 1931 |
|
FR |
|
Primary Examiner: McGlynn; Joseph H.
Claims
I claim:
1. An electrical connector comprising:
a. A binding plate;
b. Means for urging an elongated conductor against said binding
plate;
c. An array of edges formed on said binding plate to define at
least one pocket, the edges defining said pocket lying wholly in a
single plane and extending in a continuous, unbroken line through
the full periphery of the pocket;
d. Said pocket presenting an opening sized to be completely covered
by the surface of the conductor when the conductor is forcibly
urged against said binding plate; and
e. Whereby said binding plate and said conductor define a gas-tight
pocket upon the forcible engagement of the conductor with said
binding plate.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said array of edges
includes intersecting circumferentially and radially extending
ridges.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a conductor engaging
portion of each of said edges includes at least one metallic
oxide-cutting ridge;
each of said ridges extending upwardly from the surface of said
binding plate and completely surrounding an associated pocket.
4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said array of edges
defines a plurality of depressions formed in said binding plate
with each depression being surrounded by at least one oxide cutting
portion.
5. An electrical connector according to claim 1 wherein said
binding plate comprises a washer.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said binding plate is
held stationary while said means for urging the conductor
thereagainst is movable.
7. An apparatus as described in claim 6 wherein said means for
urging the conductor against said binding plate comprises threaded
fastening means.
8. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said array of edges is
formed about a threaded aperture formed in said binding plate;
and
said array generally follows a path described by the conductor when
the conductor is properly held against said binding plate to form a
termination.
9. An electrical connector comprising:
a. A binding plate;
b. Means for urging a conductor against said binding plate;
c. At least a portion of the surface of said binding plate being
formed with pockets;
d. Said pockets being defined by ridges extending upwardly from
said surface of said binding plate;
e. Said ridges being formed with a cutting portion for piercing an
oxide coating formed on the conductor and for penetrating into
virgin metal of the conductor;
f. Said ridges being disposed to extend continuously and without
interruption therein about the full periphery of each pocket in a
common plane; and
g. Said pockets being sized to form gas-tight spaces between said
binding plate and the conductor when said ridges are forcibly urged
into the virgin metal of said conductor.
10. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said ridges are
formed circumferentially and radially about a threaded aperture;
and
said means for urging a conductor against said binding plate
comprises a binding screw.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Due to the instability of the copper market, as well as the high
cost of copper, industry is considering the use of small gauge
aluminum wire in the place of copper wiring for domestic
homebuilding and the like.
Aluminum is a low density metal with good electrical properties.
Indeed, the mass conductivity of pure aluminum is over twice that
of copper, and the volume conductivity is about sixty-five percent
that of copper. Therefore, although an aluminum conductor of a
given current-carrying capacity is somewhat larger than an
equivalent copper conductor, it weighs only half as much.
For most small gauge wiring applications, however, the slightly
larger size of aluminum conductors is not the feature which has
prevented the wide spread use of aluminum. The most serious problem
resides in the difficulty of connecting or terminating the aluminum
conductors. The physical and chemical properties of aluminum differ
substantially from those of copper and, unfortunately, make
termination problems exceedingly acute.
In wiring connections, the virgin metal surface of a conductor is
always covered with a layer of oxide film. On copper, this oxide is
a discoloration which turns progressively darker. The oxide may be
invisible as is the transparent oxide on aluminum. The nature of
the oxide surface on an electrical conductor is critical to the
quality of the connection or termination of that conductor. Since
oxide layers of these metals have a higher resistivity than the
associated base virgin metal, conduction paths must be created
through the oxide.
In laboratory tests on layers of oxide film with an average
thickness of 100 angstroms, the voltage necessary to achieve proper
current conduction through copper oxide was found to be less than
one volt. However, the voltage necessary for proper current
conduction through an equivalent layer of aluminum oxide was 40
volts. Therefore, the industry has generally conceded that
conduction across an aluminum wire termination can be only achieved
by utilizing extremely high voltages or by mechanically breaking
the aluminum oxide layer.
Even though the industry has long recognized that proper conduction
may be achieved through an aluminum conductor by fracturing the
aluminum oxide layer, it has also been found that the oxide may
reform on the surface of the aluminum conductor within a matter of
seconds after the bare metal has been exposed to the atmosphere.
This layer may attain a thickness of from 60 to 100 angstroms
during this short period of time. Furthermore, the thickness of
this oxide film may increase to magnitudes of thousands of
angstroms under normal ambient conditions associated with changes
in temperature and humidity.
Therefore, a significant problem which must be overcome to achieve
a good aluminum wire termination is the prevention of re-oxidation
of the virgin metal which has been exposed after breaking through
the oxide layer.
Another problem encountered in binding aluminum wiring to a
connection is the problem of cold flow or "creep." This problem is
much more severe with aluminum than it is with copper. When
aluminum is subjected to stress, it has a strong tendency to flow
away from the stressed area. Such a cold flow ultimately stops in
copper but, when stress is applied to aluminum wire, the wire
yields almost indefinitely.
The rate of "creep" increases with increasing temperature because
the yield strength decreases. This property of aluminum causes
problems in any pressure connection as the aluminum flows away from
the stressed area and exposes the virgin metal to the atmosphere.
The movement also results in a higher resistance joint which, in
turn, causes further heating. This sequence of internal heating
causing additional creep which, in turn, causes more heating, has a
cascading effect which ultimately results in failure of the
connection.
Another problem which has been confronting the industry in its
attempts to provide a satisfactory electrical connector for
aluminum wiring is caused by the differences in the thermal
expansion rates of other metals used with aluminum with respect to
aluminum. When aluminum is heated in close conjunction with copper,
for example, the aluminum expands more than the copper. This
differential expansion can cause a permanent set to be induced in
the aluminum. When the joint cools, the cross-sectional area of the
aluminum is effectively reduced which results in a poor contact and
a re-oxidation of the exposed virgin metal.
Still another problem associated with the use of aluminum wiring is
corrosion. If an aluminum wire is terminated at a copper base
connector and exposed to humidity, galvanic corrosion will probably
occur. The amount of water vapor, industrial wastes and salt
present in the atmosphere will play a significant role in the
degree of corrosion. Currently, the industry is recommending that
the copper material be plated with tin or that grease compounds be
used to protect the exposed surfaces. Such measures have been found
to be undesirable when dealing with small gauge wiring for
household use and the like.
Some of the approaches advanced by industry for solving the
problems associated with terminating aluminum conductors include
the use of very high pressure contacts and the use of copper clad
aluminum wiring. Other approaches include soldering, brazing,
welding, cold-welding, and the use of certain aluminum alloys.
All of the above mentioned approaches to solving the difficult
problems attending the termination of aluminum wiring present the
disadvantage of a high manufacturing and installation cost.
It would, therefore, be advantageous if a method and apparatus were
provided which would insure low-resistance terminations for
aluminum wiring without requiring an additional significant
increase in the cost over the cost of conventional copper
connections.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
method and apparatus for forming low-resistance electrical
terminations using oxide coated conductors.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method
and apparatus for forming such electrical terminations without
significantly increasing the cost of the connector members
comprising the termination.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an
electrical termination for oxide coated conductors which inhibits
the re-oxidation of the electrical contact area after the oxide has
been fractured.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a
method and apparatus for electrically terminating aluminum wire by
pressure contact without inducing an undesirable degree of cold
flow in the aluminum conductor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method
and apparatus for reducing any galvanic corrosion between
dissimilar metals of an electrical conductor and an electrical
connector combination.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a
method and apparatus for electrically terminating small gauge
aluminum wiring more easily than has been heretofore possible.
It is yet still a further object of the present invention to
provide a method and apparatus for electrically terminating oxide
coated wiring which method and apparatus solves many of the
problems confronting the electrical industry today.
At least some of the above stated objects are achieved by the
provision of an electrically conductive binding member and a means
for urging a conductor forcibly against the binding member. An
array of edges is formed on the binding member to define at least
one pocket having an opening which is completely covered by the
surface of the aluminum conductor when the conductor is forcibly
urged against the binding member. As the conductor is forced
against the ridges, a gas-tight space is formed between the
conductor and the binding member so that, when an oxide layer on
the conductor is fractured, any reoxidation or galvanic corrosion
of exposed virgin metal is substantially reduced. The matrix of
edges biting into the conductor is further operable to inhibit a
directional cold flow which may result in the failure of the
connection. The operation of the ridges is also effective to
minimize the effect of differential thermoexpansion of the elements
comprising the electrical termination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly
claimed in a concluding portion of the specification, several
embodiments are set forth in the following detailed description
which may be best understood when read in connection with the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a binding plate according to the preferred
embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the binding plate shown in FIG.
1, taken along line 2--2;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the binding plate shown
in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of an alternative binding plate arrangement
according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a detail of the
ridges and pockets which may be formed on the surface of the
binding plates shown in FIGS. 1 and 4;
FIG. 6 is a partial cross sectional view showing an aluminum
conductor urged into pressure contact with a binding plate
according to FIG. 5; and
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another alternative arrangement
of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals are used to
indicate like parts, throughout the various views thereof, FIG. 1
shows a plan view of a binding plate according to the preferred
embodiment of the present invention.
A generally planar surface 10 may be formed to define a threaded
aperture 12 having circular ridges 14 and 16 formed concentrically
thereabout. Radially extending ridges 18 are formed to radiate
outwardly from the threaded aperture 12 and intersect the
concentric ridges 14 and 16.
Due to this arrangement, a multiplicity of relatively small pockets
20 are defined by the intersecting concentric and radial
ridges.
FIG. 2 shows a conventional binding screw 22 threadedly engaged
within the aperture 12 to urge an oxide coated aluminum conductor
24 forcibly into engagement with the binding plate 10. It will be
noted that the circular array of ridges defines a path generally
followed by the aluminum conductor 24 as shown in phantom lines in
FIG. 1.
As the binding screw 22 is forcibly urged against the aluminum
conductor 24, the metal mass of the conductor 24 flows into the
pockets 20 defined by the ridges presented on the binding plate 10.
As the ridges, defining the pockets 20 penetrate through the oxide
layer on the aluminum conductor, the dual functions of fracturing
the oxide and of sealing off the electrical contact portion of the
conductor from the ambient are accomplished.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative arrangement for defining pockets in a
binding plate 10 by a machine punch, or the like. FIG. 5 shows the
result of such a machine punch operation wherein sharp ridge-like
projections extend upwardly from the plate 10 for engagement with
the oxide layer of an aluminum conductor.
FIG. 6 shows the result of urging the ridges shown in FIG. 5
forcibly against an electrical connector 24. It will be noted that
the conductor 24 cold flows into the pockets 26. Then, the
combination of binding plate, pocket and conductor defines an
airtight space which is effective to inhibit re-oxidation of any
exposed virgin metal as well as to reduce galvanic corrosion due to
the existence of dissimilar metals in an electrolytic ambient. If
sufficient force should be applied to the conductor 24 to move the
conductor 24, even slightly, with respect to the binding plate 10
to expose the virgin metal, any re-oxidation of that metal will be
held to a minimum so as to maintain a low-resistance contact
between the binding plate and the aluminum conductor.
FIG. 7 sets forth another alternative embodiment wherein an
electrically conductive washer 100 is provided as a binding member
having pockets 102 formed in one radially extending surface 104
thereof.
The binding screw 22 cooperates with the binding plate 10 to
forcibly urge the topography of surface 104 into engagement with
the oxide coated conductor 24.
Once again, the pockets 102 may be defined by ridges extending
above the surface 104 to present sharp projections for piercing
oxide coatings or may be formed by edges which are co-extensive
with surface 104 so as to be flush therewith.
It should be noted that the concentric and radial ridges shown in
FIG. 1 may be formed with the same cross-sectional profile as the
ridges shown in FIG. 5 in that they may, instead of being
triangular in cross-sectional area, be trapezoidal with cutting
edges 28 extending from the upper corners thereof in the manner set
forth in FIG. 5.
It can thus be seen that an improved method and apparatus is herein
provided for electrically terminating aluminum conductors of the
small gauge wiring category. Of course, the invention is applicable
to the termination of any conductor, but is especially useful in
connection with aluminum conductors. The arrangement according to
the present invention forms a gas-tight space between the conductor
and an associated binding member to seal out the ambient so as to
inhibit re-oxidation of exposed virgin aluminum and to reduce the
galvanic corrosion thereof. Furthermore, the matrix of gripping
surfaces provided by the multiplicity of specially arranged edges
provides a multiplicity of stress areas so that one portion of the
conductor is forced to flow against an opposing flow from another
stressed portion to reduce any large scale directional cold flow
which may result in a termination failure.
The method and apparatus according to the present invention is less
expensive in both manufacturing and installation than currently
proposed approaches, and is particularly adaptable for use with
small gauge aluminum wiring for use in household applications and
the like.
SCOPE OF THE INVENTION
While what has been described herein is a preferred and an
alternative embodiment of the present invention, it is of course
understood that various modifications and changes may be made
therein without departing from the invention. It is, therefore,
intended to include in the following claims all such modifications
and changes as may fall within the true spirit and scope of the
present invention.
* * * * *