U.S. patent number 3,719,907 [Application Number 05/204,484] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-06 for torsional wave transducer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Zenith Radio Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert Adler.
United States Patent |
3,719,907 |
Adler |
March 6, 1973 |
TORSIONAL WAVE TRANSDUCER
Abstract
A torsional-wave transducer is particularly suitable for use
with torsional-mode delay lines. The transducer preferably takes
the form of a washer-like annular disc of ferro-electric material
which is electrically poled concentrically of the disc in two
opposing directions. A unitary electrode is bonded to and overlies
one end face of the disc. A pair of spaced driving electrodes are
bonded to the opposite end face of the disc. In combination, a
torsional-mode delay line in the form of an elongate hollow
cylindrical tube has a pair of the transducers individually bonded
to its respective opposite ends by the corresponding single
electrodes. To make each transducer, a pair of narrow poling
electrodes are first affixed to diametrically opposed locations on
the disc, and a DC voltage then is applied across those poling
electrodes. The latter are subsequently removed following which the
unitary and driving electrodes are bonded in place.
Inventors: |
Adler; Robert (Northfield,
IL) |
Assignee: |
Zenith Radio Corporation
(Chicago, IL)
|
Family
ID: |
22758092 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/204,484 |
Filed: |
December 3, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
333/147; 310/333;
310/334; 310/359 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03H
9/125 (20130101); G01H 1/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01H
1/00 (20060101); H03H 9/125 (20060101); G01H
1/10 (20060101); H03h 009/30 (); H01v 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;333/3R,72,71
;310/8.0,8.3,8.1,8.5,9.7,9.8,9.6 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Nussbaum; Marvin
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. The method of making a torsional-wave transducer comprising the
steps of:
bonding a pair of poling electrodes to a disc of ferro-electric
material at spaced diametrically opposed sectors on said disc of
comparatively small circumferential extent;
applying a DC voltage across said poling electrodes to pole said
disc circumferentially in mutually opposing directions in
diametrically opposing halves of the disc;
removing said poling electrodes;
bonding a pair of exciting electrodes to one end face of said disc
at spaced symmetrically disposed locations thereon;
and bonding a unitary electrode to the other end face of said
disc.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 in which said disc is of
annular shape, and which includes the additional step of submerging
said disc, during the application of said voltage, in a liquid
medium presenting a high dielectric constant.
3. The method as defined in claim 2 in which said poling electrodes
each constitute at least substantially a ring surrounding a radial
cross-section of said disc.
4. A torsional wave transducer comprising:
2 disc of ferro-electric material of a thickness producing a shear
wave resonance at a predetermined operating frequency, having flat
parallel end faces with a major portion of each half of said disc
being electrically poled circumferentially in mutually opposing
directions in diametrically opposing portions of the disc;
a pair of electrodes bonded to one end face of said disc and
symmetrically spaced on opposite sides of an imaginary diametrical
line on said end face;
and a unitary electrode bonded to and overlying the other end face
of said disc.
5. A transducer as defined in claim 4 in which said disc is of
annular shape, having a concentrically located circular bore
therethrough.
6. A torsional-wave delay line comprising:
an elongate cylindrical body propagative of torsional-mode
waves;
a pair of circular discs, each having a thickness producing shear
wave resonance at a predetermined frequency, of ferro-electric
material with each being electrically poled circumferentially in
mutually opposing directions in diametrically opposing halves of
the disc;
first and second electrode pairs individually bonded to respective
one end faces of said discs with the electrodes of each pair
disposed in registry with said diametrically opposed halves of the
disc;
first and second unitary electrodes individually bonded to and
overlying the respective other end faces of said discs;
and means for effectively bonding said discs individually to the
respective opposite ends of said body with said unitary electrodes
individually engaging the respective ends of said body.
7. A delay line as defined in claim 6 which further includes means
for applying an electric signal in push-pull across the individual
electrodes of at least one of said pairs.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to torsional-mode transducers and
methods for making the same. More particularly, it relates to
transducer methods and apparatus suitable for the ultimate
fabrication of a complete torsional-mode delay line.
The advantages of employing the torsional mode for wave
transmission in delay lines have long been recognized. However,
practical problems of construction have largely limited their
employment to the laboratory. The primary advantages of the
torsional mode are that it is truly non-dispersive and that it
provides a greater delay per unit length than is obtained with
other modes.
The basic problems involved in constructing a ferroelectric
torsional-mode transducer arise primarily from the required
configuration and the relatively minute physical dimensions
required for operation at high frequencies. The necessary
cylindrical configuration poses problems, because the exciting
field must be applied perpendicular to the poling direction. In one
technique for constructing transducers of this type, a hollow
cylindrical tube is split axially and the two halves of the tube
are then poled axially in opposite directions by use of poling
electrodes temporarily attached to the opposite flat end faces of
the tube segments. Driving electrodes are then placed on the two
halves by applying an electrically conductive cement to the split
surfaces to bond the two halves back into their assembled
relationship. While a satisfactory transducer may be constructed by
the foregoing technique, this approach has obvious drawbacks from
the standpoint of quantity production. In addition, when such a
transducer is used to drive a torsional transmission line made of
electrically conductive materials such as a metal or alloy, the
applied high-frequency field is shorted out, so that a special
insulating section with carefully selected matching properties must
be inserted.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
A general object of the present invention is to provide a new and
improved torsional-mode transducer in which at least some of these
problems and drawbacks are reduced.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and
improved method of manufacturing torsional-mode transducers.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a new and
improved complete torsional-mode delay line.
In accordance with the present invention, a torsional-mode
transducer is made by first bonding a pair of poling electrodes to
a disc of ferro-electric material at spaced diametrically opposed
sectors thereon of comparatively small circumferential extent. A DC
voltage is applied across those electrodes to pole the disc
circumferentially in mutually opposing directions in diametrically
opposing halves of the disc. The poling electrodes are then
removed, and a pair of exciting electrodes are bonded to one end
face of the disc at spaced symmetrically disposed locations
thereon. Finally, a unitary electrode is bonded to the other face
of the disc. While the resulting structure is, in itself, a feature
of the invention, it is further contemplated to form a delay line
by affixing such transducers to opposing ends of a cylindrical
hollow tube propagative of torsional waves.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The features of the present invention which are believed to be
novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The
organization and manner of operation of the invention, together
with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood
by reference to the following description taken in connection with
the accompanying drawings, in the several figures of which like
reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a side-elevational view, partially schematic and
partially in cross-section, of a delay line embodying the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a view of one end face of a torsional-mode transducer
employed in the delay line of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view taken along line 3--3
of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a view of the opposite end face of the transducer of FIG.
2;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing one method of poling a ferro-electric
disc for use in the transducer of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6--6 of FIG.
5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1, a signal source 2 drives an input transducer 3 in
push-pull. Transducer 3 then induces torsional-mode waves in a
delay line 4. Subsequently, those waves interact with an output
transducer 5 to effect the development of delayed electrical
signals that are fed in push-pull to a load 6.
As specifically illustrated, FIGS. 2-4 depict details of input
transducer 3 and FIGS. 5 and 6 pertain to a step in its formation.
It is to be understood, however, that all of FIGS. 2-6 apply as
well to output transducer 5. Thus, transducer 3 includes an annular
disc 10 of a ferro-electric material such as PZT. Disc 10 is of
generally washer-like configuration, having a centrally located
bore 12 and provided with flat parallel end faces 14 and 16. The
thickness of disc 10 is such as to produce shear wave resonance at
the nominal or center frequency of the signal from source 2. A
unitary electrode 18, preferably a metallic film of gold or silver,
is bonded to completely cover end face 16 of disc 10. A pair of
driving electrodes 20a and 20b, which likewise may be a film of
gold or silver, are bonded to the opposite end face 14 of disc 10
in spaced symmetrically disposed locations on opposite sides of an
imaginary diametrical line on face 14 that would be along line
3--3.
Prior to its assembly into the completed transducer of FIGS. 2-4,
disc 10 is electrically poled by the arrangement shown in FIGS. 5
and 6. Poling electrodes 22a and 22b are bonded to the disc on
diametrically opposed sectors. Each of electrodes 22a and 22b is of
relatively small circumferential extent and, as indicated in the
cross-sectional view of FIG. 6, extends around both end faces of
disc 10 and across both the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of
the disc. By using comparatively narrow poling electrodes, a
maximum of the ferro-electric material is utilized and the
magnitude of strains produced in the material during poling is
reduced. Advantageously, the width and shape of the poling
electrodes are the same as those of the spaces between driving
electrodes 20a and 20b.
Poling is accomplished by applying a relatively high DC voltage
(e.g., 75,000 volts per inch) across electrodes 22a and 22b to
induce circumferential polarization in disc 10 extending from
sector 22a to sector 22b around the disc axis. Disc 10 thus is
poled in mutually opposing directions in diametrically opposing
halves of the disc. As indicated by the arrows P in FIG. 5, a major
portion of each half of the disc is poled and the poling direction
is clockwise in one half of the disc and counterclockwise in the
other half. It will be recognized that each of the portions poled
in one specific orientation corresponds to one of the two
electrodes 20a and 20b in the completed transducer. After poling of
disc 10 has been completed, poling electrodes 22a and 22b are
removed from the disc by etching or the like, and electrodes 18,
20a and 20b then are applied. When electrodes 20a and 20b are used
in a push-pull circuit as shown, the oppositely directed axial
electric signal fields generated or picked up by these electrodes,
in co-operation with the correspondingly opposed directions of
polarization, couple to purely torsional strain in disc 10.
In principle, bore 12 may be omitted. During poling, however, this
leads to the development of very high voltage stress in the center
of disc 10 as a result of which arcing may occur between the poling
electrodes. Even with bore 12, it is preferred during poling to
immerse disc 10 in a highly-refined oil or other high-dielectric
liquid medium.
Returning to FIG. 1, it will be observed that delay line 4 takes
the form of an elongate hollow cylindrical metal rod 24 of a
suitable material, such as stainless steel or Ni-Span-C alloy 902,
that propagates the torsional waves. A transducer of the type shown
in FIGS. 2-4 is bonded to each end of the tube by its unitary or
solid electrode 18. An AC signal from source 2 is applied in
push-pull to electrodes 20a and 20b of the transducer at the
left-hand end of the tube as viewed in FIG. 1; that signal is
transduced by transducer 3 into a torsional vibration which is
applied to the left-hand end of rod 24. The torsional waves thus
induced travel through the rod from left to right to induce a
corresponding torsional vibration in transducer 5 at the right-hand
end of tube 24. Transducer 5 converts that vibration into an
electric signal which is applied in push-pull to load 6.
In practice for the production of a delay line operative at a
nominal or center frequency of 3.58 MHz for use in a
color-television receiver, typical parameters of the transducers
may be: PZT having a low-frequency dielectric constant greater than
450, and effective shear coupling factor greater than 55 percent,
surface parallelism better than 0.0001 inch, outside diameter of
0.256 inch, inside diameter of 0.180 inch and thickness of 0.016
inch. The latter, of course, is most critical; whatever the
piezoelectric material used, the thickness should be one-half
wavelength for shear waves in the material at the frequency of
interest.
In use, it has been found that delay lines incorporating the
transducers herein disclosed may be designed for a wide range of
frequencies. The resulting signal field is axial, and the
interposed unitary electrode provides complete electrical
separation from the associated transmission line. Moreover, either
the overall delay lines or the individual transducers are capable
of economic mass production.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been
shown and/or described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the
art that changes and modifications may be made without departing
from the invention in its broader aspects, and, therefore, the aim
in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and
modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *