U.S. patent number 3,719,857 [Application Number 05/154,822] was granted by the patent office on 1973-03-06 for audio responsive intensity modulator for fluorescent and like lamps.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Paul H. Sharp.
United States Patent |
3,719,857 |
Sharp |
March 6, 1973 |
AUDIO RESPONSIVE INTENSITY MODULATOR FOR FLUORESCENT AND LIKE
LAMPS
Abstract
The intensity of a fluorescent, ultraviolet or other gas
discharge lamp is modulated in response to the amplitude of an
audio signal. A dimmer or blinking ballast transformer is connected
to the lamp. Power from an ac source is conducted to the ballast
transformer via a controlled rectifier for a portion of each ac
half cycle. The phase angle at which the controlled rectifier is
fired is established by trigger means responsive to the
instantaneous amplitude of the audio signal, thereby producing
interesting optical effects directly correlated to that audio
signal.
Inventors: |
Sharp; Paul H. (Sierra Madre,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Columbia Broadcasting Systems,
Inc. (New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22552943 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/154,822 |
Filed: |
June 21, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/156; 84/464R;
315/199; 315/282; 315/DIG.4; 315/272 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63J
17/00 (20130101); Y10S 315/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63J
17/00 (20060101); H05b 041/392 (); H05b
041/44 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/210,DIG.4,DIG.5,250,195,198,199,156,159,272,311,282
;84/464 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Demeo; Palmer C.
Claims
Intending to claim all novel, useful, and unobvious features shown
or described, the applicant claims:
1. Apparatus for modulating the intensity of a gas discharge lamp
in response to an audio signal, comprising:
a ballast transformer having primary and secondary windings, said
primary winding being connected directly across an ac power source,
said discharge lamp being connected in an operating circuit between
one terminal of said primary winding and one terminal of said
secondary winding,
controlled rectifier means connected between the other terminal of
said primary winding and the other terminal of said secondary
winding for effectuating autotransformer connection of said ballast
transformer to energize the arc of said discharge lamp for the
portion of each ac half cycle when said rectifier means is
triggered on, and
trigger means for establishing the phase angle at which said
rectifier means is triggered on in response to the amplitude of
said audio signal.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said trigger means
comprises a toroidal transformer having a primary winding receiving
said audio signal and at least one secondary winding for coupling
said audio signal to said controlled rectifier means for triggering
thereof.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said controlled rectifier
means comprises first and second silicon controlled rectifiers
parallel connected in opposite polarity, and wherein said toroidal
transformer has first and second secondary windings respectively
providing triggering signals to the gates of said first and second
silicon controlled rectifiers.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said first and second
windings are of different size, thereby causing said first and
second silicon controlled rectifiers to trigger on at different
phase angles in response to like audio signals.
5. Apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising resistor means
across said controlled rectifier means for effectuating
current-limited autotransformer connection of said ballast
transformer to bias on said lamp to a minimum intensity.
6. Apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising a low pass
filter in circuit with the primary of said toroidal
transformer.
7. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said ballast transformer
comprises a blinking ballast transformer having tapped windings for
energizing the heaters of said lamp.
8. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said trigger means
comprises a zero crossing switch, said switch providing a trigger
signal to said controlled rectifier means upon detection of a zero
crossing of said audio signal.
9. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said trigger means
comprises a photosensor connected to provide a trigger signal to
said controlled rectifier means when the light incident on said
photosensor exceeds a selected level, and a light source driven by
said audio signal and illuminating said photosensor.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said photosensor
comprises a light-dependent resistor, and wherein said light source
comprises a light-emitting diode.
11. Apparatus according to claim 1, in combination with a moving
object illuminated by said lamp.
12. Apparatus for modulating the intensity of gas discharge lamp in
response to an audio signal, comprising:
a ballast transformer operatively connected to said lamp,
controlled rectifier means for conducting power from an ac source
to said ballast for the portion of each ac half cycle when said
rectifier means is triggered on, and
triggering means for establishing the phase angle at which said
rectifier means is triggered on in response to the amplitude of
said audio signal, said trigger means comprising:
a phase control circuit for providing a trigger to said controlled
rectifier means when a ramp voltage crosses a reference level,
and
means for changing a phase-angle-establishing parameter of said
ramp voltage in response to said audio signal.
13. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said phase control
circuit includes means for setting the pedestal level of said ramp
voltage in response to a control voltage, and wherein said means
for changing comprises means for algebraically adding said audio
signal to said control voltage.
14. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said controlled
rectifier means comprises a triac, and wherein said ballast
transformer comprises a dimming ballast.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said means for changing
further comprises a toroidal transformer having a primary winding
receiving said audio signal and a secondary winding supplying said
audio signal to said means for changing, said toroidal transformer
providing electrical isolation for the source of said audio signal.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to apparatus for modulating the
intensity of a fluorescent or like lamp in response to an audio
signal. This is achieved by utilizing the audio signal to vary the
firing angle of a controlled rectifier supplying power to the lamp
via a ballast transformer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Devices which produce an optical display synchronized with music or
other audio signals have gained widespread popularity. Such devices
literally add a new dimension to the enjoyment of music, by
appealing to the visual as well as aural sense of the listener.
Most prior art audio responsive light displays employ incandescent
lamps driven by the output of an audio amplifier. By passing the
audio signal to each lamp through a high, low or band pass filter,
a frequency responsive display is achieved. Variety is added by
shining each bulb through a different colored filter.
Some interesting effects are achieved, but the effectiveness of the
display is limited by two factors inherent to incandescent bulbs.
First, each bulb represents essentially a point source of light,
making it difficult to implement displays requiring uniform
illumination of a large area. Second, since incandescent lamps have
inherently slow response, it is almost impossible to achieve very
rapid light intensity modulation. The incandescent lamp intensity
is determined by the audio signal amplitude as averaged over a
duration commensurate with many cycles of the ac power source. The
music or audio signal may have very rapid changes in amplitude,
easy to detect aurally, but due to the slow response, the
incandescent lamp brightness will remain more or less constant
while these short term musical effects are occurring. The resultant
optical display is of limited interest.
The use of fluorescent, ultraviolet or other gas discharge lamps
presents the possibility of providing a diffuse, rather than point
light source, and of permitting more rapid light variation. The
present invention provides simple control circuits which facilitate
very rapid intensity modulation of a fluorescent, ultraviolet or
like lamp in response to an applied audio signal.
Such short term intensity changes are implemented by controlling
the phase angle at which power is supplied to the lamp each ac half
cycle. The lamp intensity thus is substantially related to the
instantaneous amplitude of the audio signal, rather than to the
average or rms level. Accordingly, much more interesting visual
effects are achieved as compared with incandescent lamp
displays.
Moreover, by using such instantaneous amplitude control, occasional
beat effects are experienced between the audio signal and the
frequency of the ac power source. As a result, actual blinking of
the fluorescent lamp may occur from time to time, causing unusual
stroboscopic effects. Such effects further are enhanced by using
the lamp to illuminate a moving object such as a rotating disc
carrying a geometric pattern.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention there is provided an
apparatus for modulating the intensity of a fluorescent,
ultraviolet or other gas discharge lamp in response to the
substantially instantaneous amplitude of an audio signal. The audio
signal is used to establish the phase angle at which a controlled
rectifier supplying power to the lamp is triggered during each ac
half cycle. Interesting optical effects are achieved which may
include blinking at beat frequencies between the audio signal and
the ac power source.
In preferred embodiments, the apparatus uses a dimming or blinking
ballast transformer operatively connected to the lamp. A triac or
one or more silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) conduct power to
the ballast for a portion of each ac half cycle established by
triggering means responsive to the audio signal. The triggering
means may employ an audio transformer to supply directly the SCR
gate signal, or a phase control circuit of the ramp and pedestal
type, wherein the audio signal controls ramp parameters
establishing the controlled rectifier triggering angle.
Alternatively, a zero crossing switch or a audio responsive light
source and photosensor combination may provide the triggering
signals.
Unusual stroboscopic effects result when the inventive apparatus is
used to illuminate a moving object such as a rotating geometric
pattern.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an
improved audio responsive light modulator for controlling the
intensity of a fluorescent or like lamp in rapid response to an
audio signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Detailed description of the invention will be made with reference
to the accomplanying drawings wherein like numerals designate like
parts in the several figures.
FIG. 1 is an electrical schematic diagram of a lamp intensity
modulating circuit in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a simplified electrical schematic diagram of a lamp
modulating circuit employing optical coupling.
FIG. 3 is an electrical block diagram illustrating utilization of a
zero crossing switch as a component of the invention.
FIG. 4 is an electrical schematic diagram of another lamp intensity
modulator utilizing a phase control circuit.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating operation of a portion of the
circuit of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a rotating geometric pattern
illuminated by a lamp modulated in accordance with the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following detailed description is of the best presently
contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. This description
is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the
purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention,
since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended
claims.
Structural and operational characteristics attributed to forms of
the invention first described shall also be attributed to forms
later described, unless such characteristics are obviously
inapplicable or unless specific exception is made.
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1 thereof,
there is shown a circuit 10 for modulating the intensity of a
fluorescent, ultraviolet or like gas discharge lamp 11 in response
to an audio signal supplied via a line 12. To accomplish such
modulation, the lamp 11 is powered via a ballast transformer 13
having windings 14, 15, each provided with autotransformer taps
14a, 15a supplying power to the respective lamp heaters 11a, 11b.
The winding 14 is connected via the terminals 16 across an ac power
source. When the leads 14b, 15b of the respective windings 14, 15
are connected together, the windings 14, 15 together function to
supply across the lamp 11 a sufficiently high voltage so as to turn
on the lamp 11 to a nominal maximum intensity level.
To modulate the intensity of the lamp 11, suitable switching means
are provided. In this instance, the switching means comprises a
pair of silicon controlled rectifiers 17, 18. Mechanical switches
such as reed relays could be used instead. The SCRs are parallel
connected, in opposite polarity, between the leads 14b and 15b. The
SCRs 17, 18 respectively receive gating signals supplied by the
output windings 19, 20 of a toroidal transformer 21 driven by the
amplified audio signal. Specifically, the audio signal on the line
12 is amplified by an amplifier 22 and provided via the lines 23a,
23b and an inductor 24 to the input winding 25 of the toroidal
transformer 21.
With this arrangement, the voltages induced in the transformer
windings 19, 20 will gate on the respective SCRs 17, 18 at some
time during respective alternate half cycles of the ac power
source. The particular firing angle or time of occurrence of
triggering during each ac half cycle will depend on the amplitude
of the audio signal occurring during that half cycle. Thus, the
duty cycle of each SCR 17, 18, and hence the intensity of the lamp
11, will be substantially instantaneously related to the amplitude
of the audio signal provided via the line 12. The resultant visual
display thus will be synchronous with the sound produced by the
speaker 27 also driven by the amplifier 22.
A resistor 28 (FIG. 1) connected between the leads 14b and 15b
causes some current flow between the transformer windings 14, 15
even when the SCRs 17, 18 both are off. This produces some voltage
across the lamp 11, thus establishing the minimum brightness or
intensity of that lamp.
The inductor 24 functions as a low pass filter, to prevent high
frequency audio components from reaching the transformer 21. Such
high frequency components may trigger the SCRs 17, 18 at the
beginning of each ac half cycle, causing the lamp 11 to remain on
continuously. By passing only low frequency components to the
transformer 21, more interesting displays are achieved as the SCRs
17, 18 are switched on at audio related times during each ac cycle.
The audio signal supplied to the transformer 21 may include
frequency components which beat with the ac line frequency;
blinking of the lamp 11 may then occur. Other effects can be
achieved by utilizing windings 19, 20 of different size; the
individual SCRs 17, 18 will fire at different phase angles for a
like audio signal.
The transformer 21 isolates the amplifier 22 and the speaker 27
from the lamp 11 circuitry. Impulsive noise spikes or transient
voltages may be generated as the SCRs 17, 18 are triggered or as
the lamp 11 is modulated. These spikes are prevented from being fed
back to the audio lines 23a, 23b by the toroidal transformer
21.
FIG. 2 shows an alternative circuit 30 for triggering a pair of
SCRs 17', 18' in response to an audio signal provided via the lines
23'. The audio signal is supplied via an isolation transformer 31
and a constant current source 32 to a light-emitting diode 33. The
light emitted by the diode 33 is related to the amplitude of the
supplied audio signal.
A light dependent resistor 34 is connected between the gates of the
SCRs 17', 18', and is positioned to receive the light emitted by
the diode 33. Light activated switching devices could be
substituted for the SCRs and the resistor 34. Accordingly, SCR gate
triggering signals will be provided by the light-dependent resistor
34 in response to the audio signal. The SCRs 17', 18' are connected
across the ballast transformer leads 14b, 15b in place of the
transformer-driven SCR circuit shown in FIG. 1, so as to modulate
the lamp 11.
A triac may be substituted for the SCRs in the circuits described
above. Another triac control circuit is shown in FIG. 3, wherein a
triac 36 is connected across the ballast transformer leads 14b,
15b. The trigger signal for the triac 36 is provided by a zero
crossing switch 37 receiving the audio signal from the line 12.
Such a circuit 37 provides a triac trigger pulse each time the
audio signal goes through zero. Audio responsive lamp intensity
modulation results.
An alternative lamp intensity control circuit 40 is shown in FIG.
4. A conventional dimming ballast transformer 41 is operatively
connected to a lamp 11' and receives ac power via the terminals 42
and a triac 43. The firing angle of the triac 43 is established in
response to an audio signal supplied via the lines 44a, 44b by
means of a phase control circuit 45. The circuit 45 preferably
comprises a General Electric monolithic integrated phase control
trigger circuit sold commercially under the designation PA 436. The
encircled numerals in FIG. 4 designate connections to that GE
device.
During each ac half cycle, the phase control circuit 45 produces a
ramp voltage typically illustrated by the waveform 47 of FIG. 5.
This ramp voltage 47 is developed across a capacitor 48, which
rapidly is charged to a pedestal level established by the voltage
present on the line 49. The voltage across the capacitor 48 then
decreases in value and eventually crosses a reference level 50. At
the time of crossover, indicated by the line 51 of FIG. 5, the
phase control circuit 45 supplies a trigger signal via the line 52
to fire the triac 43.
The triac firing angle is established by the audio signal received
on the lines 44a, 44b by superimposing the audio on a dc voltage
provided to the line 49. This dc level is set by a voltage divider
comprising the resistors 53, 54, 55 series connected across the
lines 56, 57 supplying a fixed dc voltage. The audio signal is
connected via a potentiometer 58 and an isolation transformer 59
across the resistor 55.
Thus the audio output of the transformer 59 is added algebraically
to the voltage across the resistor 55, producing a corresponding
voltage change on the line 49. Since the line 49 voltage determines
the ramp 47 pedestal level, the instantaneous amplitude of the
input audio signal will control the phase angle of the triac 43
trigger signal. The desired lamp intensity modulation is achieved
over a very wide dynamic range of audio levels.
The ramp amplitude (FIG. 5) may be controlled by a potentiometer 61
associated with the phase control circuit 45. Optionally, the audio
input signal may be combined with the voltage developed across the
potentiometer 61 so as to modulate the ramp amplitude, and thereby
control the triac 43 triggering angle.
Positive triggering of the triac 43 is achieved by precharging a
capacitor 62 and discharging this capacitor via the line 52 at the
instant when the ramp 47 crosses the reference level 50. Generation
of the ramp 47 in synchronism with each ac half cycle is achieved
by providing an ac feedback signal to the circuit 45 via the
resistor 63. Power to the phase control circuit 45 is supplied via
the resistor 64.
Unique visual effects are achieved by using the audio modulated
lamps to illuminate a moving object. Thus in FIG. 6, a lamp 11" is
mounted on a fixture 71 and used to illuminate a rotating disc 72
containing a geometric pattern of differently colored designs 73,
74. The disc 72 is driven by a motor 75 and a shift 76 at either a
constant or variable speed. The lamp 11" is powered via the lines
77 from any of the circuits 10, 30, 35, or 40. The lamp intensity,
and hence the amount of light reflected from the disc 72, will
correspond to the supplied audio signal.
The above described circuits may cause blinking of the lamp 11" at
audio frequencies which beat with the ac line frequency. This will
produce stroboscopic or "stop-motion" effects when used to
illuminate the rotating disc 72. The use of an ultraviolet lamp 11'
and phosphorescent colors for the patterns 73, 74 can produce even
more unusual visual effects.
* * * * *