U.S. patent number 3,717,793 [Application Number 05/239,480] was granted by the patent office on 1973-02-20 for circuit protector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Amana Refrigeration, Inc.. Invention is credited to Donald E. Peterson.
United States Patent |
3,717,793 |
Peterson |
February 20, 1973 |
CIRCUIT PROTECTOR
Abstract
An electrical circuit and means for protecting the high voltage
supply of a microwave oven against faults, shorts or failures. Any
failure in, for example, the magnetron energy generator, voltage
rectifiers, capacitors or other components in the electrical
circuit forming the secondary winding loop coupled to a high
voltage step-up transformer, particularly, of the ferroresonant
saturable core type results in the actuating of thermally
controlled deenergizing means to decouple the oven from the line
voltage source thereby preventing damage and/or unsafe
operation.
Inventors: |
Peterson; Donald E. (Iowa City,
IA) |
Assignee: |
Amana Refrigeration, Inc.
(Amana, IA)
|
Family
ID: |
22902330 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/239,480 |
Filed: |
March 30, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/104; 219/517;
327/545; 219/481; 219/716 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
6/666 (20130101); H02H 7/04 (20130101); H01H
37/765 (20130101); H02H 3/085 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
37/00 (20060101); H01H 37/76 (20060101); H02H
3/08 (20060101); H02H 7/04 (20060101); H02h
005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;328/259,262 ;317/4A
;219/481,517 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trammell; James D.
Claims
I claim:
1. In combination:
a voltage source;
high voltage transformer means having primary and secondary
windings with said primary winding connected to said voltage
source;
an electrical circuit connected to said secondary winding to
generate high output voltages;
a circuit protector including means for sensing a predetermined
current increase due to circuit faults operatively associated with
said secondary winding circuit; and
deenergizing circuit means operatively associated with said primary
winding and disposed adjacent to said sensing means;
said deenergizing means being electrically isolated from said
sensing means.
2. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said sensing means
comprise a resistor.
3. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said deenergizing
means are thermally actuated.
4. In combination:
a voltage source;
high voltage transformer means having electrically isolated primary
and secondary windings with said primary winding connected to said
source;
an electrical circuit connected to said said secondary winding
including components for voltage storage, rectification and
generation of high output voltages;
a circuit protector including means for sensing a predetermined
current increase due to component failure in said secondary winding
circuit; and
thermally actuated deenergizing means operatively associated with
said primary winding and disposed adjacent to said sensing
means.
5. In combination:
a voltage source;
an energy generator;
an electrical circuit including high voltage transformer means
having primary and secondary windings with said primary winding
connected to said voltage source and a circuit loop including
voltage rectification means connected to said secondary winding to
generate high voltages to operate said energy generator;
a circuit protector including means for sensing a predetermined
current increase in said secondary winding circuit loop; and
deenergizing circuit means disposed in thermal contact with said
sensing means;
said deenergizing circuit means being electrically isolated from
said sensing means.
6. Microwave heating apparatus comprising:
an oven enclosure;
an electromagnetic microwave energy generator;
means for radiating said microwave energy within said
enclosure;
electrical circuit means for energizing said generator including a
voltage source, transformer means having primary and secondary
windings and high voltage rectification means;
a circuit protector having means for sensing a predetermined
current increase due to operative failure in said high voltage
rectification means and energy generator; and
deenergizing circuit means thermally associated with said sensing
means;
said deenergizing means being electrically isolated from said
sensing means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to magnetron high voltage supply electrical
circuits and, particularly, means for deenergizing the circuit upon
the sensing of any component failure which causes an increase in
current in any portion of the circuit.
2. Description of Prior Art
An energy generator widely used in microwave cooking is the
magnetron. Such devices are energized by domestic low frequency,
low voltage sources and high voltage supplies capable of generating
rectified DC voltages at levels of, for example, 4,000 to 6,000
volts. In the magnetron electric and magnetic fields extend within
an interaction region defined between a cathode and
circumferentially disposed anode cavity resonators. The electrons
are accelerated towards the cavity resonators and rotate in a
substantially helical path to form a rotating spoke-like space
charge and interact in energy exchanging relationship with the
electric fields to generate microwave energy. The term "microwave"
is defined as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the
order of approximately 30 centimeters to 1 millimeter and
frequencies in excess of 300 MHz. The starting voltages are applied
between the anode and cathode by circuits coupled to the secondary
winding of a high voltage step-up transformer. The magnetron is
inherently a unidirectional device since oscillations are generated
only when the anode is positive relative to the cathode on
alternate half-cycles. Rectifying means are, therefore, employed in
combination with the high voltage transformers to provide for
continuous operation of the energy generator in microwave cooking.
Full-wave or half-wave voltage doubler circuits are customarily
employed for such rectification. Such circuits include numerous
capacitors and semiconductor diodes.
A high voltage transformer which has evolved in the art to provide
for controlled constant current in the pulses to energize the
magnetron and thereby eliminate the effects of line voltage
fluctuations is disclosed in U.S. Letters Pat. No. 3,396,342,
issued Aug. 6, 1968, to A.E. Feinberg. Such transformers have the
primary and secondary windings electrically isolated from one
another and are coupled in a high leakage reactance operating
relationship by means of a ferroresonant saturable core. Voltage
variations in the primary winding loop, therefore, have very little
effect on the magnetron current. Energy storage means are connected
in the secondary winding loop and return paths for the current
through such energy storage means on alternate half-cycles are
provided. In the operation of such saturable core transformers with
full-wave or half-wave voltage doubler circuits, a failure due to a
fault in the energy generator or any of the circuit components
normally causes an increase in current in the secondary loop. Due
to the isolation of the secondary and primary windings such an
increase in the current does not result in a corresponding increase
in the current in the primary winding loop. It is customary in
electrical circuits for operating microwave ovens to provide
electrical circuit breakers in the line voltage circuit to handle
component failures which could result in damage or unsafe
operation. In saturable core transformers, however, there is an
absence of any protection from failures in the secondary winding
loop to deenergize the oven. It is necessary, therefore, that
suitable circuit protectors be provided, particularly, in microwave
oven apparatus to prevent permanent damage to costly magnetrons,
high voltage transformers and the components of the voltage
rectification circuits as well as unsafe operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A high voltage supply electrical circuit is provided for a
microwave oven apparatus including a step-up transformer having
primary and secondary windings. Means are provided in the secondary
winding loop to sense a predetermined rise in the secondary
current. In an embodiment a resistor is serially connected in the
secondary winding loop. Integral with the resistor is a thermally
controlled deenergizing element in series with the primary winding
loop and line voltage source.
Any equipment failure such as a shorted magnetron energy generator,
inoperative diode rectifier, capacitor, or equivalent component
fault which results in an increase in the secondary current will
thermally actuate the protection means. Since the power dissipated
by the resistor increases in proportion to the square of the
current, a resistor of relatively low value, such as 4 ohms and 5
watts, can be employed. A sufficient rise in temperature will
result to cause the adjacent thermally controlled element to
disintegrate which will deenergize the overall microwave oven
electrical circuit. Serious damage as well as unsafe operation is
thereby avoided.
The invention is equally applicable to protect any circuits having
high voltage transformers for such applications as radar,
industrial microwave processing systems and communication
equipment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Details of an embodiment of the invention will be readily
understood after consideration of the following description and
reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of the illustrative
embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevation view, partially in section, of the sensing
and thermally controlled deenergizing means embodying the
invention;
FIG. 3 is an exploded elevation view of the principal components of
the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary thermally
controlled element in the closed circuit position; and
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the element shown in FIG. 4 in
the break of open circuit position for deenergizing the overall
electrical circuit.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit
diagram illustrative of the embodiment of the invention used in
combination with microwave heating apparatus 10. The high voltage
supply circuit is coupled to a domestic or industrial low
frequency, low voltage source 12 by means of leads 14 and 16
through a manually operated stop-start switch 18. A saturable core
transformer 20 having a high leakage reactance of the type
disclosed in the afore-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 3,396,342 has
primary winding 22 connected to the line leads 14 and 16. The
thermally controlled deenergizing element 24 of the invention is
serially connected in the primary winding circuit.
Secondary winding 26 which is electrically isolated from the
primary winding has, illustratively, a turns ratio of 40-50:1 to
provide the high voltages to energize the magnetron energy
generator 28. The energy generator is of the well-known type having
a cathode 30 generally of the oxide-coated type with a directly
heated filament and an anode 32 defining a plurality of cavity
resonators 34 circumferentially disposed about the cathode 30. The
high frequency microwave energy generated by magnetron 28 is
coupled by an antenna loop member 36 through conventional waveguide
means to the oven enclosure defined by the conductive walls of
microwave heating apparatus 10 in a manner well known in the art.
Means may also be provided for distributing the energy, such as
stirrers.
The high voltage rectification means comprise a full-wave voltage
doubler circuit 38 coupled to the secondary winding 26. The circuit
includes semiconductor diodes 40 and 42, electrically biased in the
manner shown in the illustration. Capacitors 44 and 46 are also
connected in the circuit. In operation, when the end of secondary
winding 26 connected to lead 48 is poled positive, the current
flows through semiconductor diode 42 to charge capacitor 46 to the
predetermined voltage. Semiconductor diode 40 in this portion of
the cycle remains nonconductive.
On the next half-cycle, lead 50 becomes poled positive and the
current flows through diode 40 to charge capacitor 44. In this
portion of the cycle diode 42 remains nonconductive. The total
rectified voltage applied between the anode and cathode of the
magnetron energy generator 28 is the sum of the voltages or
approximately twice the voltage applied across each capacitor 44
and 46. Other high voltage rectifying means may be employed in the
practice of the invention such as half-wave voltage doubler
circuits, voltage triplers or quadruplers.
In view of the electrical isolation of the secondary winding and
accompanying loop circuit from the primary winding of the
transformer any failures in the components, such as a shorted
magnetron energy generator, faulty diodes or capacitors which could
result in damage or unsafe operation would not cause an increase in
the primary voltage current to trip a conventional circuit breaker
or fuse at the source. A fault in the secondary circuit, however,
does cause an increase in current. It is this current rise which is
utilized in the invention by means of a sensing element serially
connected in the secondary winding loop circuit to actuate the
thermally controlled deenergizing element 24 in the primary winding
circuit.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, an exemplary embodiment 52 of the
invention, comprises a wirewound resistor 54 having terminals 56
and 58 for serially connecting to the secondary winding loop
circuit. An increase in the secondary current increases the power
dissipated by the resistor 54 in proportion to the square of the
current. A source of thermal energy is thereby provided which is
utilized to actuate the thermally controlled element 24. In an
exemplary embodiment a wirewound resistor 54 having a value of 4
ohms and power dissipation of 5 watts was found to function
satisfactorily The resistor circuit normally carries a current of
1.0 amperes R.M.S. and is at approximately 8,000 volts
potential.
An exemplary thermally controlled element 62 is integrally mounted
adjacent to the resistor and is isolated by means of insulating
tape 60. The element 62 is selected to operate with a temperature
rise of approximately 358.degree. F. A thermal limiter, available
under the trade name "Micro Temp," comprises a nonconductive
material which rapidly changes from a solid to a liquid state at a
predetermined temperature to actuate a spring-loaded contact and
open an accompanying electrical circuit. Insulating tape 60 is
wound around the element 62 to electrically isolate it from the
secondary winding circuit. Leads 64 and 66 together with sleeve
insulators 68 and 70 provide for connecting the thermal element 62
to the primary circuit through leads 14 and 16. The primary circuit
connected through the thermal element handles a current of
approximately 20 amperes R.M.S. during normal operation.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, thermally controlled element 62 is
illustrated in greater detail. Such thermal devices which have
evolved in the commercial market are capable of being miniaturized
so that in an embodiment for protection of a microwave oven circuit
an element having a length of typically 13/8 inches can be employed
with a wirewound resistor 54 having an inner diameter of
approximately three-sixteenths of an inch. In FIG. 4 the element is
shown in the closed circuit position. Wire lead 64 is encased in a
sealing compound 72 secured at one end of case 74 while lead 66 is
disposed at the opposing end and is conductively secured to the
case 74. A pellet 78 of a nonconductive material which rapidly
changes from a solid to a liquid state at a predetermined
temperature is disposed in contact with disc member 76 to urge
spring 82 against disc member 80. Metallic star contact member 84
is in contiguous relationship with disc member 80 and the interior
walls of the conductive case 74 as well as the inner end of lead
64. A trip spring 86 urges the contact member 84 in the opposite
direction and is maintained in position by ceramic bushing 88
through which the lead 64 extends. In normal operation, with the
thermal element 62 carrying the normal primary winding current,
lead 64 provides a current path through star contact member 84 and
the inner walls 74a of the case 74 adjacent pellet 78. The current
path is completed through the opposing lead 66.
In FIG. 5 the thermal element 62 is shown in the open circuit
position deenergizing the primary winding circuit upon the sensing
of a fault in the secondary winding loop by the resistor 54. Upon
reaching the illustrative threshold temperature of 358.degree. F
the pellet 78 will disintegrate. The circuit will be broken when
lead 64 no longer contacts star contact member 84 to provide
positive protection. Deenergizing of the overall microwave oven
electrical circuit will prevent serious equipment damage as well as
unsafe operation. It will be noted that spring 82 has been fully
extended with disc member 76 positioned against the interior of
lead 66.
There is thus disclosed an efficient and positive operating circuit
protector for sensing faults in components coupled to the secondary
winding loop of a high voltage core transformer. A rise in
temperature due to an increase in secondary current deenergizes the
primary winding circuit. In the operative position the thermal
deenergizing element is not required to carry the high secondary
voltages which in the case of microwave oven apparatus can be many
thousands of volts. The circuit is unique in that equipment failure
results in complete decoupling of the high voltage supply circuit
from the line voltage source. The oven can be operated again only
after qualified service personnel have replaced the faulty
component and inserted a new circuit protector.
Numerous modifications, variations or alterations may be practiced
by those skilled in the art. It is intended, therefore, that the
foregoing illustrative embodiment and detail description be
considered in its broadest aspects and not in a limiting sense.
* * * * *