U.S. patent number 3,714,811 [Application Number 05/048,366] was granted by the patent office on 1973-02-06 for marine mud hydrocarbon surveying.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Shell Oil Company. Invention is credited to Edwin E. Daigle, Robert R. Luke, James B. Turner, Harold L. Wise.
United States Patent |
3,714,811 |
Daigle , et al. |
February 6, 1973 |
MARINE MUD HYDROCARBON SURVEYING
Abstract
A process for exploring a water-covered region is improved by
jetting water into soft bottom sediments, forming a slurry of the
sediments in water, extracting gas from the slurry and measuring
the concentration with location of a mobile reservoir fluid that
was entrapped within the bottom sediments.
Inventors: |
Daigle; Edwin E. (Houston,
TX), Luke; Robert R. (Houston, TX), Turner; James B.
(Houston, TX), Wise; Harold L. (Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Shell Oil Company (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21954191 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/048,366 |
Filed: |
June 22, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
73/19.1;
436/30 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
49/001 (20130101); E21B 7/185 (20130101); G01N
33/241 (20130101); G01V 9/007 (20130101); E21B
49/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
7/18 (20060101); E21B 49/00 (20060101); G01V
9/00 (20060101); G01N 33/24 (20060101); G01n
007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;73/19,23,23.1,61,61.1,152,153,154 ;23/232EP ;175/20,60,213,5X |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
abstract No. 107857, Petroleum Abstracts 1969, Libby et al., "How
To Carry Out An Efficient Program For Sampling Off-Shore Minerals,"
Eng. Mining J., Vol. 169, No. 12, pp. 72-74, December,
1968..
|
Primary Examiner: Queisser; Richard C.
Assistant Examiner: Snee, III; C. E.
Claims
We claim as our invention:
1. In a process for surveying a water-covered region by measuring
concentrations of at least one mobile reservoir fluid in
water-covered unconsolidated sedimentary earth formations at known
areal locations, an improved procedure that provides a measurement
of the concentrations with depth within the formations,
comprising:
jetting a stream of water into contact with a water-covered
unconsolidated sedimentary earth formation at increasingly deeper
depths within the formation to form a pumpable slurry of the
sedimentary material in water;
flowing said slurry to a surface location;
coordinating the rate at which said water is jetted, the rate at
which the depth at which said slurry is formed is advanced deeper
within the earth formation and the rate at which said slurry is
flowed to a surface location in order to maintain a substantially
constant slurry consistency;
measuring a quantity related to the depth within said sedimentary
earth formation at which said slurry is formed; and
extracting gas from said slurry and measuring a quantity related to
the concentration with depth within said sedimentary earth
formation of at least one mobile subterranean reservoir fluid.
2. The process of claim 1 including:
measuring the magnitude with areal location of (a) at least one
geophysical property responsive to subterranean earth formations
and (b) the concentration of said at least one mobile subterranean
reservoir fluid; with said measurements being conducted in a region
in which the water is substantially devoid of said mobile
subterranean reservoir fluid but said measured geophysical
properties of the subterranean earth formations are indicative of
the presence of a subterranean adapted to be a reservoir.
3. The process of claim 2 in which said geophysical property is the
reflection of seismic energy.
4. The process of claim 3 in which said mobile subterranean
reservoir fluid is a hydrocarbon higher than methane.
5. The process of claim 1 including measuring the concentration of
at least one hydrocarbon higher than methane and at least one
inorganic gas.
6. The process of claim 1 including measuring maximum concentration
of said mobile fluid that is extracted within a selected depth
interval within said sedimentary earth formation.
7. The process of claim 1 including measuring the average
concentration of said mobile fluid that is extracted within a
selected depth interval in said sedimentary earth formation.
8. The process of claim 1 including measuring the concentration of
said mobile fluid with location along the upper boundary of said
sedimentary earth formation.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a process for investigating earth
formations located under a large body of water. More particularly
it relates to measuring the concentration with location of a mobile
fluid, such as a hydrocarbon, in sediments at the bottom of a body
of water, in order to locate an underlying reservoir that contains
the mobile fluid,.
Mobile reservoir fluids, such as hydrocarbons and/or inorganic
gases, are known to seep from subterranean reservoirs and migrate
up through the overlying earth formations. Prior procedures for
exploring water-covered regions have utilized various combinations
of geophysical techniques, such as seismic or gravity mapping
techniques, and measurements of the amounts of hydrocarbon and/or
inorganic gases in a body of water or in core samples or bit
cuttings of the earth formations underlying the water. The
obtaining of core samples or bit cuttings is a relatively expensive
operation and is usually employed only in locations that have been
selected as the sites for wells, or platforms, or the like.
A survey or map of the amount with location of a mobile reservoir
fluid that might be contained within a body of water is not
significant unless the bottom sediments have allowed the reservoir
fluid to flow through them and enter the water. In a region
containing subterranean structures having geophysical properties
that may be indicative of a subterranean reservoir, the overlying
water may be substantially devoid of any mobile reservoir fluid.
Such a situation is common when the bottom sediments are soft and
relatively impermeable, such as the clays or muds that cover much
of the Gulf of Mexico. An absence of hydrocarbons in the water
above a subterranean reservoir structure that might contain
hydrocarbons provides substantially no definite information. There
may be no hydrocarbons present in the reservoir structure, or none
that escape from the reservoir, or none that provide detectable
amounts of seepage through the relatively impermeable and
hydrocarbon adsorptive layer of mud that underlies the water.
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a
relatively economical and reliable procedure for detecting and
characterizing any mobile reservoir fluids which have been adsorbed
or otherwise trapped or entrained within a layer of unconsolidated
sedimentary earth formations underlying a body of water.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with this invention measurements are made of the
concentration of at least one mobile reservoir fluid in a
water-covered unconsolidated sedimentary earth formation. A stream
of relatively clean water is jetted into the sedimentary earth
formation to form a pumpable slurry of sedimentary material in
water. Measurements are made of the locations at which the slurry
is formed. And, gaseous fluid is extracted from the slurry and
analyzed with respect to its concentration of a mobile reservoir
fluid in order to map the concentration with location of the mobile
reservoir fluid in the sedimentary earth formation.
The present invention provides an improved method of exploring a
water-covered region by: measuring the magnitude with location of
at least one geophysical property of subterranean earth formations;
measuring the concentration with location within the water of at
least one mobile reservoir fluid; and, measuring the concentration
with location within an unconsolidated sedimentary earth formation
of the mobile reservoir fluid in a region in which a geophysical
property is indicative of a subterranean reservoir structure and
the overlying water is substantially devoid of the mobile reservoir
fluid.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a suitable system and its use
in analyzing an unconsolidated sedimentary earth formation in
accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed illustration of water-jetting element for
use in the system shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative form of record.
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative form of water-jetting element for
use in the system shown in FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the equipment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a vessel 1 is shown on a
body of water 2, above a layer of unconsolidated sedimentary earth
formation or mud 3. A mud-sampling device 4 forms a slurry of
sediment in water that is pumped to a surface location through
conduit 5. The mud-sampling device contains a pumping means 6
having an intake port 7, and a pump-discharge conduit 8. The
pump-discharge conduit is connected to jet nozzles 9 which are
arranged to jet water into the mud to form a stream of slurry which
flows into conduit 5 as shown by the arrows. The mud-sampling
device 4 is mounted on a base structure 10. As the mud-sampling
device advances to increasing depths within the mud 3, a measuring
means, such as a rack and pinion arrangement 11, responds to the
extent of such advance and telemeters an electrical signal relating
to the depth of penetration by means of electrical conduit 14.
In a near surface location, the slurry of sedimentary solids in
water is pumped through gas extractor 12 and discharged, as
indicated at 12a. The extracted gas is passed through a gas
analyzer 13, and discharged, as indicated at 13a. An electrical
signal from the gas analyzer is conveyed to recorder 15 by
electrical conduit 16. The recorder may indicate, for example,
measurements made at each of a series of depths within the
sediments 3 of the concentration of ethane and the concentration to
total hydrocarbon. As indicated in FIG. 3, such measurements can be
utilized to plot the concentration with depth of such components of
the sedimentary earth formation.
In the arrangement shown in FIG. 4, a slurry of sedimentary
particles in water is formed by a self-anchoring type of
mud-sampling device. Pump 18 is preferably a positive displacement
pump, such as a Moyno pump that is adapted to pump a slurry into
conduit 5 at a rate exceeding the rate of water inflow through
intake port 19. In such an operation, the pressure is reduced below
base structure 10 and conduit 20 while water is jetted from the
nozzles 9 into the mud 3 and the sampling device is urged toward
the mud by the hydrostatic pressure of the body of water. This
sampling arrangement can be operated, for a selected time, such as
at least several minutes at each of a series of locations, so that,
at each location, a substantially steady state flow of slurry of
substantially uniform concentration is obtained. The maximum
concentration during a selected time, or the average concentration
during such a time, or the like, is thus representative of the
concentration of the mobile reservoir fluid being sampled at each
location at which the sampling device is applied to the mud.
Alternatively, such a sampling device can be operated substantially
continuously while being towed along the bottom of the body of
water to measure a quantity such as concentration with distance
along the line of tow.
In this invention the mobile subterranean reservoir fluid to be
detected can comprise one or more of substantially any kind of
mobile fluid that is apt to seep out of a subterranean reservoir
and migrate toward the surface of the earth. Such fluids often
comprise gaseous or relatively volatile hydrocarbons such as those
containing from about one to ten carbon atoms, and/or one or more
inorganic gases which are apt to be copresent with hydrocarbons in
hydrocarbon containing reservoirs, such as carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, etc.
The water which is jetted into the sedimentary earth formation to
form a slurry of the sedimentary solids can be obtained from the
body of water or from substantially any convenient source of a
"clean" water which is substantially free of the mobile reservoir
fluid for which the sediment is being analyzed. Where desirable,
water from the body of water can be preprocessed to remove
contaminants and/or clean water can be transported from a supply
source other than the body of water.
The pumping means for jetting the water into the mud and flowing
the resulting slurry of sediments in water, or watery mixture of
suspended particles, to a surface location can comprise one or more
surface or subsurface pumps and pump-driving devices. The rates of
jetting the water into contact with the mud, flowing the resultant
slurry to surface location, and advancing the stream of jetted
water into the mud, are preferably coordinated in order to maintain
a relatively constant slurry consistency with respect to the number
of parts of suspended solid per part of water.
In measuring the concentration of a mobile reservoir fluid with
depth within the bottom sediments, a stream of jetted water is
preferably advanced into the sediments by advancing a
nozzle-supporting means downward past a base structure that rests
on the top of a layer of sediments while measurements are made of
the magnitude with time of that advance.
At a convenient location near the surface of the body water, gas is
preferably extracted from the slurry by subjecting the slurry to a
flashing or vaporizing action under a relatively strong vacuum.
Such a gas extraction operation can be accomplished by means of
known and available equipment and techniques such as those
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,918,579, 3,116,133, 3,296,776,
3,455,144, etc.
The gas which is extracted from the slurry is preferably supplied
to a chromatographic analyzer containing a chromatographic column
adapted to isolate at least one individual component from the other
components of the extracted gas. A flame ionization detector that
is adapted to provide an electrical signal related to the
concentration of such a gas is preferably utilized to measure the
concentration of the isolated component. Such gas analyzing devices
are known and suitable types of such equipment and techniques are
described in the patents referred to above.
In a preferred procedure: a slurry of the bottom sediments is
formed and pumped at coordinated rates, as mentioned above; gas is
extracted substantially continuously from the slurry; and, aliquot
portions of the extracted gas are supplied periodically to a gas
analyzer. Such a procedure facilitates the provision of a record of
the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 which indicates the concentration
with depth within the mud. The extracted gas can advantageously
comprise the vapors of at least one hydrocarbon that contains at
least four carbon atoms and may be a liquid at normal atmospheric
pressure and temperature. The measurements of the gas are
preferably indicative of the concentrations of at least one
individual hydrocarbon higher than methane.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, such hydrocarbon
measurements are supplemented by measurements of at least one
inorganic gas. The copresence of at least one hydrocarbon and at
least one inorganic gas in significant proportions provides a
particularly significant indication of the presence of an
underlying reservoir that contains valuable petroleum material.
The present invention is particularly useful in conjunction with
other geophysical and geochemical exploration processes that are
applicable to a water-covered region. In an exploration process, it
is generally too expensive to undertake all of the sampling and
analyzing operations which would be needed to resolve all, or even
most, of the questions concerning what might be contained in
reservoirs below a large water-covered region such as the Gulf of
Mexico. Marine seismic and/or gravity measurements may indicate the
presence of numerous anomalies indicative of subterranean
structures that might contain petroleum material. An analysis of
water samples is apt to indicate that no hydrocarbon and/or
inorganic gases indicative of seepage from subterranean reservoirs
are present in the water in a region containing such an
anomaly.
The present invention is at least in part premised on a discovery
that, in the above-type of situation such inconsistent measurements
may be due to the low permeability and/or high fluid adsorptive
properties of unconsolidate sedimentary earth formation material
underlying that portion of the body of water. For example, in at
least one region in the Gulf of Mexico it was found that seismic
anomalies and other geological information were indicative of
subterranean reservoirs that were apt to contain hydrocarbons, but
no hydrocarbons could be detected in samples of the water in
measurements made in a manner that was adapted to detect less than
one part per million. In the same region, when the underlying
bottom sediments were analyzed in accordance with the present
reservoir they were found to contain significant concentrations of
total hydrocarbons and ethane. In the same region it was
established that the subterranean reservoir which was responsible
for the appearance of the seismic anomaly was an oil-containing
reservoir.
* * * * *