U.S. patent number 3,713,699 [Application Number 05/175,150] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-30 for system for eroding solids with a cavitating fluid jet.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hydronautics, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Virgil E. Johnson, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,713,699 |
Johnson, Jr. |
January 30, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
SYSTEM FOR ERODING SOLIDS WITH A CAVITATING FLUID JET
Abstract
An improved system for advantageously utilizing the destructive
forces of cavitation for the erosion of solids which comprises
forming a fluid jet by directing a fluid through a restricted
orifice at a speed sufficient to form vapor cavities in the fluid
jet, surrounding the fluid jet with a liquid medium, and impinging
the fluid jet against the solid at a distance from the orifice
where the vapor cavities collapse.
Inventors: |
Johnson, Jr.; Virgil E.
(Gaithersburg, MD) |
Assignee: |
Hydronautics, Incorporated
(Laurel, MD)
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Family
ID: |
22639128 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/175,150 |
Filed: |
August 26, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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12449 |
Feb 18, 1970 |
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745611 |
Jul 17, 1968 |
3528704 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
299/14; 175/67;
299/17; 134/1; 239/424 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
7/185 (20130101); E02F 3/9206 (20130101); E21B
7/18 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
7/18 (20060101); E02F 3/92 (20060101); E02F
3/88 (20060101); E21c 037/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;299/14,17 ;175/67,65
;134/1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Purser; Ernest R.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser.
No. 12,449, filed Feb. 18, 1970, which is a division of U.S.
application Ser. No. 745,611, filed July 17, 1968, and now U.S.
Pat. No. 3,528,704.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for eroding a solid surface with a pressurized fluid
comprising the steps of forming a fluid jet by directing a fluid
through a restricted orifice to restrict the flow of the fluid jet
and increase its velocity and decrease its pressure below the vapor
pressure of the fluid to thereby form vapor cavities of the fluid
in the jet; surrounding the fluid jet with a liquid medium and
impinging the jet against the solid at a distance from the orifice
where the pressure of the fluid jet increases above the vapor
pressure of the fluid and the vapor cavities collapse.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium surrounding
the jet is relatively stationary compared to the velocity of the
jet.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium surround the
jet is the same fluid as the fluid jet.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the fluids are water.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluid jet is formed
underwater.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium surrounding
the fluid jet is spent from the fluid jet.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium surrounding
the fluid is an annular stream of fluid flowing alongside and at a
lower velocity than the fluid jet.
8. The process of claim 1, which includes the step of pulsing the
jet issuing from the orifice.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the flow of the fluid jet is
restricted by passing the jet through an annular orifice to form an
evacuated core area beyond the orifice which further reduces the
pressure of the fluid and increases the formation of the vapor
cavities within the jet.
10. The invention of claim 1, in which the jet is traversed in a
fixed geometric pattern with respect to said surface.
11. The invention of claim 10, wherein a plurality of jets is
traversed in the same geometric pattern.
12. A method of drilling a relatively solid substance which
comprises forming a high-pressure and velocity water jet,
restricting the flow of the water jet to increase its velocity and
decrease the pressure below the vapor pressure of the water to form
water vapor cavities therein, whereby the jet will collapse at a
predetermined distance from the point of restriction; surrounding
the water jet with water of lower velocity than the water jet; and
impinging the jet against the solid substance at the point of
collapse.
Description
This invention relates to an improved system for eroding solids
with a cavitating fluid jet. More particularly, this invention
relates to an improved system for surrounding the cavitating fluid
jet with a liquid medium to increase the cavitation intensity and
the destructive force of the fluid jet.
In my U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,704, issued Sept. 15, 1970, there is
shown a process and apparatus for drilling by a cavitating fluid
jet, in which a stream of water having vapor cavities formed
therein is projected against a solid surface in such a manner that
the vapor cavities collapse at the point of impact with the solid
material. Because the vapor cavities collapse with violence,
substantial damage or advantageous erosion can be done to the solid
by the jet. The energy required to produce cavitation in the water
is relatively modest and can be obtained within a wide range of
parameters of pressure, velocity, and the like. Further, the
cavitation can be concentrated into a very small area thus
providing a very efficient and effective device for an environment
such as underground drilling.
When the cavitating fluid jet is used in air, however, as described
in my above-mentioned patent, the surrounding atmosphere tends to
leak into the jet and replace the water vapor in the cavities which
cushions the collapse of the cavities at the point of impact,
thereby reducing the shock and destructive force of the jet.
Further, the greater the distance between the orifice of the fluid
jet and the point of collapse of the cavities the greater effect
the surrounding atmosphere has on the intensity of the cavity
collapse. This is referred to as venting of the cavitating fluid
jet which eventually will change the jet into a plurality of liquid
drops in a gaseous medium, rather than a plurality of vapor
cavities in a liquid medium. This, of course, would destroy the
destructive force of the jet by cavitation although there would be
liquid impact damage due to the presence of the liquid drops.
Liquid impact erosion, however, as opposed to cavitation erosion is
unsuitable from both a time and power viewpoint.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that
this process of eroding with a cavitating fluid jet can be enhanced
and its destructive power increased without an increase in time and
power requirements by surrounding the cavitating fluid jet with a
liquid medium. Preferably, the surrounding liquid medium is of the
same fluid but of lower or negligible velocity when compared to the
velocity of the jet. One way for carrying out the improved process
of this invention is to submerge the cavitating apparatus
underwater to thereby surround the fluid jet with a liquid
medium.
By surrounding the fluid jet with a liquid medium such as by
forming the fluid jet underwater, venting of the fluid jet to the
atmosphere is virtually eliminated, thereby effectively increasing
the destructive force of the cavitating fluid jet over a similar
jet operated in the atmosphere. Also, because venting is
eliminated, the distance between the solid to be eroded and the
fluid jet can be increased without danger of the jet breaking up
prematurely into liquid drops.
Further, by surrounding the fluid jet with an essentially
stationary body of water as contemplated by the present invention,
the force of the jet shears the relatively stationary water and
creates a high turbulent zone around the periphery of the fluid
jet. This creates a multitude of vortices around the periphery of
the jet with corresponding low pressures in the center of the
vortices. When the pressure in these turbulent vortices decreases
below the vapor pressure of the jet, additional vapor cavities will
be formed within the vortices, thus increasing the number of vapor
cavities in the jet and hence the destructive force of the fluid
jet.
It can be seen, therefore, that the present invention as broadly
described above provides an improved process for eroding with a
cavitating fluid jet and, as more fully described below, new and
novel apparatus is also provided for carrying out this improved
process.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description
and the following detailed description are exemplary and
explanatory but are not restrictive of the invention.
The accompanying drawings which are incorporated in and constitute
a part of this application illustrate several embodiments of the
invention and together with the description serve to explain the
principles of the invention.
Of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing apparatus for creating a
cavitating fluid jet that is submerged in a body of water and
illustrating a preferred method for carrying out the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a cavitating fluid jet of the present
invention that does not require submersion of the apparatus in a
body of water; and
FIG. 3 is an alternative embodiment similar to the device shown in
FIG. 2.
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments
of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
Cavitation as used in the specification and claims refers to the
formation and growth of vapor-filled cavities in a flowing fluid
where the local pressure of the fluid is reduced below the vapor
pressure of the fluid, thus inducing formation of vapor-filled
cavities. When such cavities collapse, enormous pressures are
created in the vicinity of the collapse and the erosion of solids
exposed to such collapsing cavities is called cavitation
erosion.
The concept in the process and apparatus of the present invention,
therefore, essentially consists of inducing formation of these
vapor-filled cavities in a high-velocity fluid jet and, by proper
adjustment of the distance between the orifice of the jet and the
surface to be damaged, permitting the jet to impact the surface at
the point of collapse of the cavities.
For many years, cavitation has been a problem, particularly in the
choice and design of propellers, hydraulic equipment, and other
mechanical arts where there is relatively high-speed movement
between an article and a fluid. Work in the past has been chiefly
directed to eliminating the damage caused by cavitation, whereas in
the present invention the objective is to utilize the damaging
effect of cavitation.
The theory and effect of a cavitating fluid jet and various nozzle
arrangements for forming a cavitating fluid jet are more fully
described in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,704 and the teachings of
that patent are herein incorporated by reference.
To illustrate the improvements and advantages realized by the
present invention and as shown in the drawings, there is provided
cavitating apparatus, generally 10, having a housing 11 and an
internal chamber 12. Chamber 12 receives fluid, preferably water,
under pressure by connection to a suitable source of fluid through
a fitting 14 near one end of the housing. The interior surface 16
of chamber 12 tapers to an outlet opening or restricted orifice 18
at the opposite end of the housing. As shown in FIG. 1, a stem
member 20 is positioned within chamber 12 and terminates at a lower
surface 22 adjacent orifice 18. Preferably, and as shown
diagrammatically in FIG. 1, stem 20 is threadably received within
housing 10 so that it can be longitudinally adjusted with respect
to orifice 18.
In accordance with the improved system of the present invention,
the fluid jet 24 formed by the cavitating apparatus and emerging
from orifice 18 is surrounded with a liquid medium. In accordance
with a preferred embodiment and as schematically illustrated in
FIG. 1, this can be carried out by submerging apparatus 10 in a
body of water 26 so that the fluid jet 24 emerging from orifice 18
is surrounded by water that is essentially stationary with respect
to the high-velocity jet.
In operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, water under pressure
is fed to chamber 12 through fitting 14 and exhausted through
orifice 18. Because of the area contraction effect of surface 16,
the velocity of the water increases as it leaves the housing. As
the velocity of the stream increases, generally above about 350
feet per second, the pressure in the lowest pressure region of the
stream near stem 20 decreases and because of this reduced pressure,
vapor cavities are formed within the water stream.
These vapor cavities will collapse at a certain distance from
orifice 18 where the stream velocity is reduced to a point where
the stream pressure will no longer permit the presence of these
cavities; in other words, at the point where the local pressure of
the stream or jet is above the vapor pressure of water. Thus, in
use, nozzle 10 is placed a distance d from a solid 30 to be eroded
so that the area of maximum cavity collapse will be located on the
surface of the solid.
As described in my aforementioned patent, the location of stem 20
within the orifice 18 causes an increase in the velocity of the
stream by reducing its area of exhaust. Additionally and as the
water stream passes the surface 22 of stem 20, an evacuated core
area 32 is formed that helps to reduce the pressure and increase
the formation of vapor cavities in the fluid jet.
Further, pulsing of the fluid stream also adds to the effectiveness
of the apparatus and this can be done by valving the supply of
water to chamber 12 as described in my aforementioned patent.
In accordance with the present invention, by surrounding the stream
with a liquid medium 26, loss of vapor cavities and/or reduction in
intensity of cavity collapse due to venting of the jet is
substantially avoided. Further, the force of the high-velocity
stream shearing the surrounding liquid creates vortices in the
stream and increases the number of vapor cavities in the jet. Both
of these phenomenon increase the maximum number of cavities
collapsing at the surface and thus increase the destructive force
of the fluid jet.
Further, it has been found that the distance d or "stand off"
distance between the jet nozzle and the surface to be eroded can be
substantially increased without diminishing the effectiveness of
the fluid jet. Thus, while in some areas of application it may be
possible to place the nozzle as close to the surface to be eroded
as desired, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
there will be other applications where a larger stand-off distance
may be necessary.
The present invention, therefore, not only maximizes formation of
vapor cavities in the jet to increase its destructive force but
also increases its versatility and efficiency in operation.
The present invention also encompasses new and novel apparatus for
accomplishing an eroding function.
There is shown in FIG. 2, for example, cavitating apparatus for
forming a fluid jet that need not be submerged underwater during
operation but that can be used in the atmosphere while still
operating according to the process of the present invention. In the
device shown in FIG. 2, the lower end of housing 11 is provided
with an internal, annular chamber 40 having an annular discharge
opening 42 surrounding orifice 18 of cavitating apparatus 10. A
fitting 44 is provided for supplying fluid to chamber 40. The
discharge opening 42 of chamber 40 is arranged so that the stream
of fluid 46 passing out through annular discharge opening 42 passes
alongside and surrounds the fluid jet 24 emerging from orifice
18.
In accordance with the invention and in operation of the device
shown in FIG. 2, a fluid, such as water, is supplied to chamber 40
at a much lower driving pressure than the fluid supplied to chamber
12, so that the velocity of annular stream 46 is much lower than
the velocity of fluid jet 26 and is in essence relatively
stationary compared to the speed of the fluid jet.
It can be seen that by surrounding the fluid jet with an annular
stream of water as shown in FIG. 2, venting of the fluid jet is
reduced and vortices around the periphery of fluid jet 24 will be
created, thereby maximizing the formation of vapor cavities in he
jet and increasing the destructive capability of the cavitating
apparatus without requiring underwater operation.
FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows an alternative embodiment that also
permits use of the cavitating apparatus in the atmosphere while
utilizing the advantages of the present invention. In the device
shown in FIG. 3, means are provided for trapping and returning
spent water from the cavitating fluid jet to the area around fluid
jet 24 to provide the relatively stationary fluid medium
surrounding the jet emerging from orifice 18. As embodied and as
shown in FIG. 3, this means includes an annular disc 50 having an
opening 52 aligned with orifice 18 of the jet and radiating
outwardly perpendicular to the axis of the fluid jet. Further, a
tubular barrier of flexible material 54, such as canvas or the
like, is attached to the periphery of disc 50 and extends down,
close to the surface 30 to be eroded. Barrier 54 traps spent fluid
from jet 24 and maintains it in space 56 between disc 50 and
surface 30 so that the jet can be surrounded with a relatively
stationary liquid medium.
A pressure greater than atmosphere will result under disc 50 and by
proper selection of the area of this disc, an upward force
supporting the apparatus can be generated. Further, the flexible
character of barrier 54 permits operation of the embodiment shown
in FIG. 3 over a rough or non-flat surface.
Thus, it can be seen that each of the nozzles described in FIGS.
1-3 are adapted to exhaust and direct a stream of water in which
vapor cavities have been formed against a surface to be eroded
while surrounding the jet with a liquid medium in accordance with
the present invention. This is accomplished either by operating the
cavitating apparatus underwater, as shown in FIG. 1, or by
utilizing apparatus of the type exemplified in FIGS. 2 and 3.
As more fully described in my earlier patent, it is to be
appreciated that a plurality of jets may be utilized to perform an
erosion operation and that suitable apparatus can be provided for
traversing the jets across the surface to be eroded in a planned
geometric pattern without departing from the scope of the present
invention.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific
details shown and described, and departures may be made from such
details without departing from the scope of the present invention
and without sacrificing its chief advantages.
* * * * *