U.S. patent number 3,713,427 [Application Number 05/103,357] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-30 for simulator for electronic control circuit in a diesel engine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Robert Bosch GmbH. Invention is credited to Karl-Heinz Adler.
United States Patent |
3,713,427 |
Adler |
January 30, 1973 |
SIMULATOR FOR ELECTRONIC CONTROL CIRCUIT IN A DIESEL ENGINE
Abstract
Signals corresponding to motor operating parameters are
converted to electrical signals and normalized. Operational
amplifier circuits accept normalized signals and have transfer
functions simulating characteristic motor curves. Adjustment means
are provided for changing the transfer function. Motor has control
element which changes fuel injection for operating cycle as a
function of output of operational amplifier circuits.
Inventors: |
Adler; Karl-Heinz (Leonberg,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Robert Bosch GmbH (Stuttgart,
DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5753778 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/103,357 |
Filed: |
December 14, 1970 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 13, 1969 [DT] |
|
|
P 19 62 571.9 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
123/333; 123/357;
123/488; 703/3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06G
7/64 (20130101); F02M 65/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02M
65/00 (20060101); G06G 7/64 (20060101); G06G
7/00 (20060101); F02b 003/00 (); F02b 033/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/32EA |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goodridge; Laurence M.
Assistant Examiner: Cox; Ronald B.
Claims
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters
Patent is set forth in the appended claims: I claim:
1. For internal combustion engines having injection means and fuel
regulator means, a simulator system, comprising, in combination,
sensing means cooperating with any given one of said engines for
furnishing sensed signals each corresponding to an operating
parameter of said given one of said engines; converter means
operatively associated with said sensing means for converting said
sensed signals into corresponding electrical signals; normalizing
circuit means furnishing normalized electrical signals, in response
to said electrical signals, said normalizing circuit means
comprising normalizing operational amplifier means having
adjustable input circuit means connected to said converter means
for receiving said corresponding electrical signals and adjustable
feedback circuit means, said normalizing circuit means furnishing
normalized electrical signals in response to said corresponding
electrical signals received by said adjustable input circuit means;
second circuit means operatively associated with said normalizing
circuit means for furnishing control signals varying in dependence
on said normalized electrical signals, said second circuit means
having a transfer function simulating the characteristic curves of
said regulator means, and adjustment means for changing said
transfer function to correspond to said fuel regulator means
associated with said given one of said engines; and a control
element responsive to said control signals for controlling the
quantity of fuel injected per operating cycle.
2. A system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said adjustable input
circuit means comprise a first and second input respectively
receiving said electrical signals and a reference signal; and
varying means for varying the amplitude of said reference
signal.
3. A system as set forth in claim 2 wherein said varying means
comprise a potentiometer.
4. A system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said adjustable
feedback circuit means comprise feedback potentiometer means.
5. A system as set forth in claim 1, further comprising control
amplifier means interconnected between the output of said second
circuit means and said control element.
6. a system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said simulator system
serves as an electronic control for said engine under test.
7. A system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said simulator system
serves as an electronic control for said engine in a vehicle.
8. A system as set forth in claim 5, wherein said second circuit
means comprise first function generator means furnishing an idling
characteristic; a second function generator means connected in
parallel with said first function generator means and furnishing a
full load limiting characteristic; and third function generator
means connected in parallel with said first function generator
means and furnishing a variable speed governing characteristic.
9. A system as set forth in claim 8, further comprising first
switching means interposed between the output of said first, second
and third function generator means in such a manner that the output
of said second function generator means is alternatively combined
with said first or said third function generator means.
10. A system as set forth in claim 5, wherein said sensing means
comprise speed sensor means furnishing a speed signal as a function
of engine speed; and further comprising excess speed prevention
means connected to said speed sensor means for terminating fuel
injection in response to speed signals indicating engine speeds
exceeding a predetermined maximum engine speed.
11. A system as set forth in claim 10, further comprising starting
circuit means operatively associated with said speed sensor means
for furnishing excess fuel during starting of said engine.
12. A system as set forth in claim 9, further comprising
temperature sensing means furnishing temperature signal indicative
of engine temperature connected to said second circuit means.
13. A system as set forth in claim 9, further comprising additional
temperature sensing means furnishing an additional temperature
signal indicative of atmospheric temperature to said second circuit
means.
14. A system as set forth in claim 5, further comprising additional
circuit means connected to the output of said second circuit means
for changing the injection starting time during each operating
cycle in dependence on engine speed and load.
15. A system as set forth in claim 5, further comprising further
circuit means connected to the output of said sensing means for
changing the injection starting time during each operating cycle in
dependence on engine speed and load.
16. For internal combustion engines having injection means and
regulator means, a simulator system, comprising, in combination,
sensing means cooperating with any given one of said engines for
furnishing sensed signals signals each corresponding to an
operating parameter of said given one of said engines, said sensing
means comprising speed sensor means having a gear wheel rotating at
engine speed, a yoke operatively associated with said gear wheel,
and an induction coil mounted on said yoke, the rotation of said
gear wheel inducing an alternating voltage in said induction coil;
converter means operatively associated with said sensing means for
converting said sensed signals into corresponding electrical
signals, said converter means comprising speed converter means
having input amplifier means amplifying said alternating voltage,
trigger circuit means connected to the output of said input
amplifier means and furnishing a trigger signal for each cycle of
said alternating voltage, monostable multivibrator means connected
to the output of said trigger circuit means, and low-pass filter
means connected to the output of said monostable multivibrator
means; normalizing circuit means operatively associated with said
converter means for furnishing normalized electrical signals
corresponding to said electrical signals; second circuit means
operatively associated with said normalizing circuit means for
furnishing control signals varying in dependence on said normalized
electrical signals, said second circuit means having a transfer
function simulating the characteristic curves of said regulator
means, and adjustment means for changing said transfer function to
correspond to said regulator means associated with said given one
of said engines; control amplifier means connected to the output of
said second circuit means; and a control element responsive to said
control signals for controlling the quantity of fuel injected per
operating cycle.
17. For internal combustion engines having injection means,
regulator means, and an accelerator pedal, a simulator system,
comprising, in combination, sensing means cooperating with any
given one of said engines for furnishing sensed signals each
corresponding to an operating parameter of said given one of said
engines, said sensing means comprising a core mechanically coupled
to said accelerator pedal for movement therewith; converter means
operatively associated with said sensing means for converting said
sensed signals into corresponding electrical signals, said
converter means comprising differential coil means operatively
associated with said core for furnishing an electrical pedal
position signal at a center tap of said differential coil, and
oscillator means furnishing a constant alternating voltage to said
differential coil; normalizing circuit means operatively associated
with said converter means for furnishing normalized electrical
signals corresponding to said electrical signals; second circuit
means operatively associated with said normalizing circuit means
for furnishing control signals varying in dependence on said
normalized electrical signals, said second circuit means having a
transfer function simulating the characteristic curves of said
regulator means, and adjustment means for changing said transfer
function to correspond to said regulator means associated with said
given one of said engines; control amplifier means connected to the
output of said second circuit means; and a control element
responsive to said control signals for controlling the quantity of
fuel injected per operating cycle.
18. For internal combustion engines having regulator means and
injection means including a control element, the quantity of fuel
injected per operating cycle varying in dependence of the position
of said control element relative to a null position, a simulator
system, comprising, in combination, sensing means cooperating with
any given one of said engines for furnishing sensed signals each
corresponding to an operating parameter of said given one of said
engines, said sensing means comprising a second core, mechanically
coupled to said control element for movement therewith, and a
second differential coil operatively associated with said second
core and having a center tap; converter means operatively
associated with said sensing means for converting said sensed
signals into corresponding electrical signals, said converter means
comprising oscillator means for furnishing a constant alternating
voltage to said second differential coil, thereby creating an
electrical control element positioned signal at said center tap of
said second coil; normalizing circuit means operatively associated
with said converter means for furnishing normalized electrical
signals corresponding to said electrical signals; second circuit
means operatively associated with said normalizing circuit means
for furnishing control signals varying in dependence on said
normalized electrical signals, said second circuit means having a
transfer function simulating the characteristic curves of said
regulator means, and adjustment means for changing said transfer
function to correspond to said regulator means associated with said
given one of said engines; and control amplifier means connected to
the output of said second circuit means for furnishing amplified
control signals to said control element.
19. For internal combustion engines having injection means and
regulator means, a simulator means, comprising, in combination,
sensing means cooperating with any given one of said engines for
furnishing sensed signals including a speed signal, each
corresponding to an operating parameter of said given one of said
engines; converter means operatively associated with said sensing
means for converting said sensed signals into corresponding
electrical signals; normalizing circuit means operatively
associated with said converter means for furnishing normalized
electrical signals in response to said electrical signals, said
normalized electrical signals including a normalized speed signal;
second circuit means operatively associated with said normalizing
circuit means for furnishing control signals varying in dependence
on said normalized electrical signals, said second circuit means
comprising first function generator means furnishing an idling
characteristic, second function generator means connected in
parallel with said first function generator means and furnishing a
full load limiting characteristic, and third function generator
means connected in parallel with said first function generator
means and furnishing a variable speed governing characteristic,
said first function generator means comprising first, second and
third operational amplifier means respectively having a first,
second and third input and a first, second and third output, first,
second and third adjustable biasing voltage furnishing means
respectively connected to said first, second and third operational
amplifier inputs, means connecting said first and second
operational amplifier outputs to said third operational amplifier
input, and first, second and third operational amplifier feedback
circuits, respectively connected from the output to the input of
said first, second and third operational amplifier means, each of
said operational amplifier feedback circuits comprising a diode and
resistance means series connected with said diode, and means
connecting said normalized speed signal to said first, second and
third operational amplifier inputs.
20. A system as set forth in claim 16, wherein said speed converter
means further comprise temperature compensated emitter follower
means connected to the output of said low-pass filter means.
21. A system as set forth in claim 16, wherein said input amplifier
means comprise feedback means connected from the output to the
input of said input amplifier means.
22. A system as set forth in claim 17, wherein said oscillator
means comprise a Clapp oscillator.
23. A system as set forth in claim 18, wherein said oscillator
means comprise a Clapp oscillator having a constant output
voltage.
24. A system as set forth in claim 8, wherein said first,second and
third function generator means each comprise operational amplifier
means.
25. A system as set forth in claim 24, wherein said operational
amplifier means each comprise a feedback circuit having a
diode.
26. A system as set forth in claim 25, wherein said operational
amplifier means comprise at least one feedback loop having a Zener
diode for limiting the maximum output voltage of the associated
operational amplifier means.
27. A system as set forth in claim 8, wherein said normalizing
circuit means furnish a normalized speed signal in response to said
electrical speed signal; and wherein said first function generator
means comprises first, second and third operational amplifier means
respectively having a first, second and third input and a first,
second and third output, first, second and third adjustable biasing
voltage furnishing means respectively connected to said first,
second and third operational amplifier inputs, means connecting
said first and second operational amplifier outputs to said third
operational amplifier input, and first, second and third
operational amplifier feedback circuits, respectively connected
from the output to the input of said first, second and third
operational amplifier means, each of said operational amplifier
feedback circuits comprising a diode and resistance means series
connected with said diode, and means connecting said normalized
speed signal to said first, second and third operational amplifier
inputs.
28. A system as set forth in claim 19, wherein said normalized
speed signal comprises a positive normalized speed signal and a
negative normalized speed signal; and wherein said means connected
to said normalized speed signal to said first, second and third
operational amplifier inputs comprise means connecting said
negative normalized speed signal to said first and second
operational amplifier inputs, and means connecting said positive
normalized speed signal to said third operational amplifier
input.
29. A system as set forth in claim 28, wherein said first, second
and third adjustable biasing voltage furnishing means comprise a
positive reference voltage source; first potentiometer means
connecting said positive voltage source to said first operational
amplifier input; second potentiometer means connecting said
positive voltage source to said second operational amplifier input;
a negative reference voltage source; and third potentiometer means
connecting said negative reference voltage source to said third
operational amplifier input.
30. A system as set forth in claim 19, wherein said second function
generator means comprise fourth operational amplifier means
furnishing characteristic lines of positive slope and having at
least one break point; fifth operational amplifier means furnishing
characteristic lines of negative slope and having at least one
break point; and summing amplifier means connected to the outputs
of said fourth and fifth operational amplifier means and furnishing
a summing amplifier output signal corresponding to the sum
thereof.
31. A system as set forth in claim 30, wherein said normalizing
circuit means furnishes a positive and a negative normalized speed
signal in response to said electrical speed signal; and wherein
said third function generator means comprise sixth, seventh and
eighth operational amplifier means respectively having sixth,
seventh and eighth operational amplifier inputs and outputs;
wherein said sixth operational amplifier means furnishes a
characteristic line having at least one break point; further
comprising a first and second series connected resistor connected
between said sixth and seventh operational amplifier output
terminals and having a common point; a series circuit comprising a
diode and a potentiometer connected between said common point and
said sixth operational amplifier input; means connecting said sixth
operational amplifier output to said eight operational amplifier
input; and means furnishing an adjustable reference voltage to said
eighth operational amplifier input.
32. A system as set forth in claim 8, wherein said first, second
and third function generator means re-spectively comprise a first,
second and third function gen-erator output stage comprising
respectively a third oper-ational amplifier means, summing
amplifier means, and eighth operational amplifier means; and
wherein each of said function generator output stages comprises
feedback circuit means, each of said feedback circuit means
comprising a diode having a first and second terminal, and means
connecting said first terminals to the respective ones of said
operational amplifier outputs; and wherein said control signals are
derived from said second terminals of said diodes.
33. A system as set forth in claim 26, wherein said first function
generator means comprise first and second operational amplifier
means, said first and second operational amplifier means each
having a feedback circuit comprising feedback potentiometer means;
wherein said first function generator means further comprise third
operational amplifier means, said third operational amplifier means
having a feedback circuit comprising a resistor.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a simulator for Diesel motors which have
electronically controlled fuel injection arrangements.
Specifically, it relates to such Diesel motors which comprise
circuit means for generating the characteristic curves of the
engines and whose output determines the amount of fuel to be
injected under different operating conditions.
Electronic control of the fuel injected in a Diesel motor makes it
possible to drive the motor over its whole operating range in an
optimum manner. It is possible to extract maximum efficiency from
the motor and to maintain it very exactly below that point at which
unburnt fuel reaches the exhaust. This of course greatly decreases
pollution. It is however a very tedious job to adjust these control
systems to the characteristic values for the particular motor with
which they are to be used, since these adjustments require a long
test procedure. This results from the fact that all auxiliary
measured values enter into the various measurements and a change in
one characteristic value can bring about a change in the behavior
of the overall system. For example, if the characteristic of a
speed sensor changes, this change must be taken into account in the
adjustment of the overall regulating system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to furnish a simulator for
a Diesel control system which permits a simple matching of a
particular type of regulator to a Diesel motor, by facilitating the
measurement of the parameters determining the operational
characteristics of the motor.
The invention comprises sensing means sensing operating parameters
of the engine and furnishing sensed signals in correspondence
thereto. Converter means convert the sensed signals into
corresponding electrical signals. The electrical signals are then
normalized in a normalizing circuit. The output of the normalizing
circuit is connected to the input of said second circuit means
which furnish control signals varying in dependence on said
normalized electrical signals. Said second circuit means have a
transfer function which simulates the characteristic curves of the
system and further have adjustment means for changing said transfer
function. The engine comprises a control element which is
responsive to the control signals furnished by the second circuit
means and control the quantity of fuel injected per operating cycle
in dependence on said control signals furnished by said second
circuit means.
The adjustment means within said second circuit means comprise
precision potentiometers so connected that adjustment of one does
not affect the circuit associated with the other of said adjustment
means. Further, the precision potentiometer is so constructed that
the values to which they are set may be read. In a preferred
embodiment of the invention, the simulator may be used both as
electronic regulator when the engine is on a test stand, and when
the engine is actually operating in a vehicle. Since the sensed
signals are converted into normalized signals, such a simulator may
be used for simulating a wide range of regulating systems and
engines. It is merely necessary to normlize the operating
parameters and then use the normalized signals (voltages) in
conjunction with a single circuit arrangement which can be readily
adjusted to simulate the characteristic curves of different
regulator types in conjunction with the different types of motors
to be used. The normalization of the input signals makes it
possible to adjust the second circuit means furnishing the
characteristic curves to normalized values also. Therefore the
precision potentiometers which are used for setting the
characteristic values determining the outputs of the second circuit
means may be calibrated. The calibration curves of these
potentiometers then picture the functional relationship between the
values set on said poteniometers and the corresponding motor
operating values. Thus it is possible to adjust a simulator to the
exact values of a main regulator characteristic or to use the
simulator to determine the characteristic data exactly, thus
permitting an optimum matching of the regulator to the motor. The
characteristic values determined by use of the simulator may then
be set into the electronic regulator by trimming various adjustable
resistors. This also facilitates the exchange of electronic
regulators without changing the injection pump.
The second circuit means which have a transfer function simulating
the characteristic curves of the system comprise first, second and
third function generating means respectively furnishing outputs
corresponding to the low speed idling characteristic, the full load
limiting characteristic, and a variable speed governing
characteristic. Switching means are provided which connect the
output of the second function generator means alternatively to the
output of the first or the third function generator means.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a speed signal
furnished by speed sensing means is used as the input to excess
speed prevention circuit means which interrupt the fuel supply when
the engine speed exceeds a predetermined maximum engine speed.
Further, an additional circuit may be provided for increasing the
fuel supply during the starting operation. If a regulator must be
simulated which takes into account the temperature and pressure of
the atmosphere surrounding the motor, or the motor temperature then
corresponding signals derived from temperature and pressure sensors
may be applied to the second circuit means. Further, in an another
embodiment of the present invention, the injection time during the
operating cycle at which the fuel injection commences, can be made
dependent upon the speed or the load of the engine by connecting a
suitable circuit to the output of the second circuit means or to
the output of the sensors.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the
invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The
invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its
method of operation, together with additional objects and
advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following
description of specific embodiments when read in connection with
the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a simulator in accordance with this
invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing converter means furnishing a
speed voltage proportional to engine speed;
FIG. 3 shows an inductive sensor with associated oscillators;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing the function generator
furnishing the idling characteristic;
FIG. 5 shows the transfer characteristics of the circuit in FIG.
4;
FIG. 6 is a function generator for the full load limiting
characteristic;
FIG. 7 shows the transfer characteristic generated by the circuit
of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 shows a function generator for generating the variable speed
characteristic;
FIG. 9 shows the characteristic curve generated by the circuit of
FIG. 8; and
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a normalizing stage.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be
described with reference to the drawing.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a simulator system receiving inputs n
as a function of engine speed, .alpha. as the position of the
accelerator pedal, and y as a function of the position of the
control element regulating the amount of fuel injected per
operating cycle, relative to a null position wherein zero fuel is
injected. Converter means include a speed converter 10 which
concorts the sensed signal n to a voltage U.sub.n which is a D.C.
voltage proportional to engine speed. Further converters 11 and 12
generate voltages U.sub..alpha. and U.sub.y which are proportional
to the pedal and control element positions as discussed above. The
voltages U.sub.n U.sub..alpha., and U.sub.y are applied to a
normalizing stage 13 at whose outputs the normalized voltages
U.sub.n U.sub..alpha., and U.sub.y appear with both positive and
negative polarity. Thus the normalizing stage 13 serves to convert
the electrical voltages supplied by any kind of motor into
normalized signals which always remain within a predetermined
amplitude range. The normalized signals U.sub.n and U.sub..alpha.
are applied to the input of second circuit means 14. Second circuit
means 14 contain three function generator circuits 15,16 and 17,
the first of which furnishes characteristic curves simulating motor
characteristics under no load or idling conditions, the second,
furnishes these characteristics under full load conditions, while
the third has a transfer function simulating characteristic curves
for operation as a variable speed governor. The outputs of the
function generators are connected to the input of a control
amplifier 19 via first switching means 18. Control amplifier 19
further receives the signals +U.sub.y at a feedback input. The
output of control amplifier 19 is connected to the control element
determining the quantity of fuel injected by operating cycle,
numbered 21, via normally closed switching contacts 20. The
contacts 20 are opened by means of an excess speed prevention
circuit 22 when the speed of the engine exceeds a predetermined
maximum speed. The input to the excess speed prevention circuit may
either be the sensed signal n, or the electrical signal U.sub.n
furnished by converter 10.
The arrangement described above operates as follows: The core of
the simulator is the second circuit means 14 which simulates the
characteristic curve of a Diesel regulator. It comprises function
generators 15,16 and 17 which may be adjusted to furnish those
characteristic curves under which the Diesel motor is to be
operated. In order that this plurality of function generator
circuits may be universallly applied, the inputs thereto are
normalized voltages. These normalized voltages are generated in
normalizing stage 13. To facilitate the signal processing, it is
advantageous that each normalized voltage is available with both
positive and negative polarity. If a simulator is used for a
particular motor or any particular vehicle, the sensed signal
signifying the various operating parameters must merely be
transformed into normalized voltages in order that the function
generators may be adjusted to yield the desired characteristic
curves. For the maximum speed or the maximum excursion of the
control element from its null position, the output of the
normalizing stage is always a maximum. The inputs to the function
generators are thus kept within a defined range independent of the
excursion of the actual signals corresponding to the operating
parameters. The simulator is thus universally applicable. In order
to allow simulation of operating characteristics both under idling
conditions and under intermediate load conditions as a variable
speed governor, the outputs of function generator 15 and 17 are
alternatively connected with the function generator 16 by means of
a switch 18. Control amplifier 19 amplifies the signals supplied
from circuit 14 so that the control element 21 which is associated
with the injection pump will be operable in response thereto. The
control element is shown as a magnetic valve in the Figures, but
other types of control elements are also possible, for example
control elements using a solenoid or a rotary magnet. In order that
the positioning of the control element be both highly accurate and
reproducable, the voltage U.sub.y,namely the normalized voltage
signifying the position of the fuel control element is applied to a
feedback input of control amplifier 19. Thus a feedback circuit
results whose inputs are provided by the outputs of circuits 15
through 17 whose output positions the control element and whose
feedback signal is the signal signifying the position of said
control element. The feedback in this loop also results in a rapid
setting of the reference inputs, since this setting is not affected
by the time constants of the complete circuit including the Diesel
motor. The excess speed prevention circuit 22 is provided so that
any malfunction will not result in a motor speed exceeding a
predetermined maximum speed. If such an increase in speed occurs,
contact 20 is opened so that the operating coil of control element
21 becomes deenergized, interrupting the fuel injection
process.
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of the speed converter 10. A gear wheel
rotates at engine speed and forms part of a magnetic circuit with a
yoke, on which is mounted an induction coil 30, FIG. 2. Due to the
periodic changes in the magnetic flux in this magnetic circuit in
synchronism with the engine speed, pulses are induced in coil 30
which the converter circuit shown in FIG. 2 converts into a D.C.
voltage proportional to engine speed. One end of induction coil 30
is connected to line 31 which is connected to ground potential. The
other end of induction coil 30 is connected via a terminal 32 and a
resistance R33 to line 34 which is the positive supply line
furnishing a voltage +U.sub.b. Further connected to terminal 32 is
one end of a capacitor C35, whose other terminal is connected to
the base of a transistor T37 via a resistance R36. the emitter of
transistor T37 is connected to ground, while its collector is
connected to line 34 via a terminal 38 and a resistance R39.
Terminal 40 is connected to terminal 38 via a resistance R41 and is
further connected to the base of transistor T37 via a resistance
R42. Terminal 40 is further connected to ground via capacitor C43.
Terminal 38 is also connected to the base of transistor T45 via
resistance R44. The collector of transistor 45 is connected to line
34 via a resistance R46. Furthermore, the base of a transistor T47
is connected to the collector of transistor T45. The collector of
transistor T47 is connected to line 34 via a resistance R48. The
emitter connections of transistors T45 and T47 are connected
together and jointly connected to ground via a resistance R49. A
voltage divider comprising resistors R51 and R52 and having a tap
53 is connected from line 34 to line 31 (ground potential). A
capacitor C50 connects the collector of transistor T47 to tap 53.
Tap 53 is further connected to the cathode of the diode 54 whose
anode is connected to the base of a transistor T55. The base of
transistor T55 is further connected to ground via the parallel
combination of a resistance R56 and capacitor C57. The emitter of
transistor 55 is directly connected to line 31, while its collector
is connected via a series circuit of a diode 58, a diode 59 and a
resistance R60 to line 34. Diodes 58 and 59 are connected in the
direction allowing current flow through transistor T55. The common
point of resistor R60 and diode D59 is connected to the base of a
transistor T61 via a capacitor C62 whose first terminal is
connected to ground via a resistance R63 and whose second (base
side) terminal is connected to ground via a resistance R64.
Capacitor C62 and resistors R63 and R64 form a .pi. filter. The
emitter of transistor T61 is connected to line 34 while its
collector is connected to ground via a resistance R65. Further, a
resistance R66 is connected between the collector of transistor T61
and the base of transistor T55. A three-stage RC filter is
connected to the collector of transistor T61. This three-stage
filter comprises a resistor R68 having one terminal connected to
the collector of transistor T61 and a second terminal connected to
ground via a capacitance C71; a second stage comprising a resistor
R69 having its first terminal connected to the common point of
resistor R68 and capacitor C71 and its second terminal connected to
ground via capacitor C72; and a third-stage comprising a resistance
R70 having a terminal connected to the common point of resistance
R69 and capacitor C72, and a second terminal connected to ground
via a capacitance C73. Transistor T67 has a collector connected to
line 34 and an emitter connected to ground via a resistance R74.
The emitter of transistor T67 is further connected to the base of a
transistor T75 whose emitter is connected to line 34 via an output
terminal furnishing the voltage U.sub.n and a resistance R76, while
its emitter is connected to ground. Transistors T67 and T75 are of
opposite conductivity, transistor T67 being an npn transistor,
while transistor T75 is a pnp transistor. The above-described
arrangement operates as follows:
Induction coil 30 constantly has a direct current flowing through
it whose amplitude is determined by its internal resistance and the
value of resistance R33. The A.C. voltage, speed voltage, induced
in the coil is decoupled by capacitor C35 and is applied to the
base of transistor T37 via a resistance R36. Transistor T37 forms a
single stage input amplifier which has a feedback resistance
comprising resistors R41 and R42 which, because of capacitor C43,
form a filter whose output depends upon frequency. The filter is so
designed that little feedback exists for the desired operating
voltage, but that low frequency amplitude modulated noise voltages
which result from inaccuracies in the mechanical portion of the
sensor, are filtered out. Furthermore, the feedback tends to
stabilize the D.C. operating point. Transistor T45 and T47 together
constitute a Schmitt trigger circuit which transforms the amplified
speed signal into a voltage with rectangular pulses. The negative
pulses serve as trigger pulses for switching the monostable
multivibrator formed by transistors T55 and T61 to the unstable
state. The trigger pulses are derived from the rectangular pulses
furnished by the Schmitt trigger circuit by means of a
differentiating circuit comprising resistors R51 and R52 and
capacitor 50, as well as diode 54. The three-stage RC filter
connected to the output of the monostable multivibrator serves to
furnish a voltage at its output which corresponds to the arithmetic
mean of the monostable multivibrator output. This voltage is also
available at the emitter of transistor T75, since stages T67 and
T75 operate as emitter follower stages, thereby preventing any
coupling between the speed converter circuit and circuits to which
the speed voltage is to be furnished. The reason that the emitter
follower stages contain two transistors of different conductivity
is to obtain a high temperature stability. Temperature dependent
variations in the two base emitter circuits tend to cancel each
other.
FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of converter means converting the
movement of either the gas pedal or the control element away from a
null position into a voltage proportional to such an excursion. The
converter comprises a transistor T83 and T84, which together
constitute a Clapp oscillator. The sensor comprises a differential
coil 85 having a movable core 106. The differential choke 85 also
serves as an inductivity in the oscillator circuit. The
osciallating circuit of the Clapp oscillator is formed by the
series connection of inductivity 85 with capacitors C86,C87 and
C88. The base of transistor T83 is connected to the common point of
capacitors C86 and C87, while its collector is connected to line 34
furnishing the positive supply voltage, and its emitter is
connected to line 31 (ground potential) via the series combination
of resistances R89 and R90. The base of transistor T83 is connected
to the emitter of transistor T84 via a resistance R91. Transistor
T84 has an emitter connected to line 34. The oscillator output
voltage is derived from one terminal of the choke 85 via a diode 92
and connected to ground from the cathode of diode 92 via a parallel
circuit comprising a capacitor C94 and a variable resistor R93.
Resistance R93 has a movable arm 95 which is connected on the one
hand to the base of transistor T84, and on the other hand to the
emitter of transistor T84 via a series circuit comprising a
capacitor C96 and a resistance R97. The second terminal of choke 85
is connected to ground. Choke 85 further has a center tap which is
connected to a diode 99 to the base of a transistor T100. Center
tap 98 of choke 85 is further connected to ground via a series
circuit comprising a capacitor C101 and a resistance R102. The base
of transistor T100 is connected to ground via a filter comprising
the parallel circuit of a resistance R103 and a capacitance C104.
The collector of transistor T100 is connected to ground, while its
emitter is connected to line 34 via a resistance R105. The voltage
U.sub.y, which is a D.C. voltage proportional to the excursion of
the pedal or control element from its null position, is derived
from the emitter of transistor T100 and is the voltage existing at
this emitter relative to ground potential. The voltage U.sub.y is
generated since the metallic core 106 of inductivity 85 is moved so
that the impedance of the two halves of the inductance changes
while the overall impedance of the coil remains constant.
The above-described arrangement operates as follows: The capacity
of the Clapp oscillator is distributed among several components. A
voltage is generated across capacitor C87 which drives transistor
T83. Since this transistor operates as an emitter follower, energy
is transferred from the output of the emitter follower, which is in
phase with its input, via the line connecting the common point of
resistors R89 and R90 to the common point of capacitor C87 and C88,
so that capacitor C88 is charged by current which has been
amplified by transistor T83. So that the output of the oscillator
is a voltage of constant amplitude, a control voltage is derived
via diode D92, is rectified, and is applied to the filter
comprising capacitor C94 and resistance R93. A part of the control
voltage determined by the variable arm of resistance R93 is applied
to transistor T84 which is a part of a voltage divider furnishing
the base voltage to transistor T83. Transistor T84 thus has an
output circuit which serves as a variable resistance. The operating
point of transistor T83 thus varies in dependence on the amplitude
of the output voltage of the oscillator. The voltage relative to
ground derived from the center tap 98 of choke 85 is rectified by
diode D99 and filtered by the filter comprising resistor R103 and
capacitance C104. This voltage is also furnished at the emitter of
emitter follower transistor T100. A Clapp oscillator is preferred
to other types of oscillators for this application, since the
amplitude of its output voltage is not limited by the amplitude of
the supply voltage, but may be appreciably larger than said supply
voltage. A high oscillator output voltage is desirable, since the
accuracy of the inductive sensor increases with increasing
amplitude of oscillator voltage applied to choke 85.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a function generator furnishing
characteristic curves under idling conditions. These lines are
shown in FIG. 5 and will be referred to in discussing FIG. 4. The
input voltages to the circuit are normalized speed voltages of both
positive and negative polarity, namely the voltages +U.sub.n and
-U.sub.n, as well as the acceleration signals +U.sub..alpha.
-U.sub..alpha.. Stage 15, which is shown in FIG. 4, comprises a
first, second and third operational amplifier which are constructed
similarly as those used in analog computers. Operational amplifiers
110 and 111, herein referred to as first and second operational
amplifier means, have inputs receiving the normalized speed
voltage-U.sub.n as well as a constant bias voltage. The constant
bias voltage in both cases is derived from a positive reference
voltage source furnishing a positive reference voltage U.sub.ref, a
determined portion of which is applied to the input of operational
amplifier 110 and 111, respectively, by precision potentiometers
112 and 113. The output of operational amplifier 110 is connected
to the cathode of a diode D114, whose anode is connected via a
potentiometer 123 and a resistance R.sub.e to the input of
operational amplifier 110. The circuit comprising diode 114,
potentiometer 123 and resistance R.sub.e is a feedback circuit.
Analogously, the output of operational amplifier 111 is connected
to the anode of diode 115 whose cathode is connected to a
potentiometer 116 which in turn is connected to a resistance
R.sub.e whose other terminal is connected to the input of
operational amplifier 111. A further feedback loop of operational
amplifier 110 comprises a Zener diode Z117, whose anode is
connected to the output of operational amplifier 110 (herein
referred to as the first operational amplifier output), and whose
cathode is connected to the input (first operational amplifier
input) of operational amplifier 110. Similarly, operational
amplifier 111 has a feedback loop comprising Zener diode Z118 whose
cathode is connected to the output and anode is connected to the
input of operational amplifier 111. For purposes of simplification,
all input resistances are shown as equally valued resistors
R.sub.e. The output voltage of operational amplifier 110 is derived
from the anode of diode D114 and is applied to the input of third
operational amplifier means, 119, via a resistance R.sub.e.
Similarly, the output voltage of operational amplifier 111 is
derived from the cathode of diode D115 and is connected to the
third operational amplifier input via a resistance R.sub.e.
Furthermore, the normalized voltage representing the accelerator
pedal position, -U.sub..alpha. is connected to an input of
operational amplifier 119 via a resistance R.sub.e, as is a
percentage of speed voltage +U.sub.n as derived from a
potentiometer 120. A further potentiometer 121 serves to couple an
adjustable portion of a negative reference voltage -U.sub.ref to
the input of operational amplifier 119 via a resistance R.sub.e.
Operational amplifier 119 has a feedback loop containing Zener
diode Z122 whose anode is connected to the operational amplifier
input, while its cathode is connected to operational amplifier
output. A further feedback loop comprises the series resistance of
a diode D123 and a resistance R.sub.e. Diode 123 has a cathod
connected to the operational amplifier output, while the output
voltage U.sub.R is derived from the anode of diode D123.
The above-described arrangement operates as follows: Since each
operational amplifier causes a reversal in sign, it is advantageous
to have the normalized signals or voltages available with both
positive and negative polarity to avoid having to use an additional
operational amplifier. A voltage excursion from the null value
takes place at the output of operational amplifier 110 when diode
114 is in the conductive direction. For this to occur, the output
voltage of the operational amplifier 110 must be negative. If it is
positive, it is short-circuited by Zener diode 117. Since the gain
of an operational amplifier is equal to the negative quotient of
the feedback resistance to the input resistance, this quotient, for
a positive output voltage, is zero because of the low resistance
offered by Zener diode Z117. In order to have a negative output
voltage for operational amplifier 110, its input voltage must be
positive. This input voltage is always positive as long as the bias
voltage UL.sub.2 set on potentiometer 112 exceeds the negative
normalized speed voltage -U.sub.n. For a standstill motor, the
speed voltage -U.sub.n is zero therefore permitting the full
potentiometer voltage to be applied to the input of amplifier 110.
The gain of amplifier 110 is adjusted by adjusting potentiometer
123. Even if the operational amplifier is overdriven for full input
voltage, its output voltage cannot exceed the value set by Zener
diode Z117. If the normalized voltage -U.sub.n increases, the
output voltage of amplifier 110 slowly decreases since its positive
input voltage is becoming smaller. As soon as -U.sub.n reaches the
value set on potentiometer 112, namely the voltage UL.sub.2, the
output voltage of amplifier 110 becomes zero. If U.sub.n increases
further, the polarity of the output voltage of operational
amplifier 110 changes, since -U.sub.n now exceeds +UL.sub.2.
however diode 114 is now blocked so that no voltage appears at its
anode. The output voltage (characteristic curve generated by
operational amplifier 110) therefore has the following shape: The
output voltage first has a maximum negative value set by Zener
voltage of Zener diode Z117 or by overdriving amplifier 110. The
output voltage then remains constant until the input voltage has a
value for which Zener diode Z117 blocks or amplifier 110 is no
longer overdriven. The output voltage then decreases with a
positive slope to zero. The output voltage reaches zero when the
voltage -U.sub.n is equal UL.sub.2. Further increases of the
voltage -U.sub.2 cause no further increase in output voltage. The
slope of the increasing portion of the characteristic curve changes
with changes in the gain of amplifier 110 which in turn is adjusted
with the help of potentiometer 123.
Operational amplifier 111 operates in similar fashion. However, the
diodes D115 and Z118 have a polarity opposite to the corresponding
diodes of operational amplifier 110, that is the anode rather than
the cathode of diode D115 is connected to the output of amplifier
111. An output voltage appears at the cathode of diode D115 only
when the output voltage of amplifier 111 is positive. Since
operational amplifiers cause a sign reversal, the input voltage
must be negative in order to achieve a positive output voltage. The
input voltage to operational amplifier 111 becomes negative, when
the speed voltage -U.sub.n exceeds the constant voltage +UL.sub.1
set on potentiometer 113. If the speed voltage is zero, the input
of the amplifier receives the full voltage set on potentiometer
113. Since this voltage is positive, the output voltage of the
operational amplifier is negative; diode 115 is blocked and the
gain is zero, since diode Z118 is now in a conductive condition. If
the speed voltage -U.sub.n exceeds +UL.sub.1, the output voltage of
operational amplifier 111 becomes positive, diode 115 conducts and
a voltage different from zero may be derived from its cathode. The
characteristic lines furnished by operational amplifier 111
therefore are as follows: As long as the speed voltage -U.sub.n is
smaller than the voltage +UL.sub.1, the voltage furnished at the
cathode of diode 115 is zero. As soon as the speed voltage exceeds
the voltage +UL.sub.1, the output voltage begins to rise with a
positive slope to a maximum value at which maximum values Zener
diode Z118 becomes conductive. The slope of this positively
increasing voltage is set on potentiometer 116 since this
potentiometer varies the gain of amplifier 111.
The above-described output voltages are added to a constant voltage
set on potentiometer 121 as well as to the speed voltage +U.sub.n
and the acceleration signal or pedal position signal -U.sub..alpha.
in operational amplifier 119. Since this amplifier again causes a
reversal in sign, the characteristic curves furnished by amplifier
110 and 111 furnish characteristic curves at the output of
amplifier 119 which have a negative slope. The polarity of diodes
123 and Zener diode Z122 in the feedback loops of amplifier 119
have a polarity such that only if the sum of all input voltages
furnished to amplifier 119 is positive, does a negative
characteristic voltage U.sub.R appear at the output, namely at the
anode of diode 123. This voltage is herein referred to as the
control signal. Thus potentiometer 121 must be so adjusted that
even low speed voltages +U.sub.n cause a characteristic curve in
accordance with FIG. 5 to appear at the output of operational
amplifier 119. The characteristic curves furnished by amplifiers
110 and 111 are added to the other operating parameter voltages at
amplifier 119 so that the characteristic curve as shown in FIG. 5
results. Since the output voltages of operational amplifiers 110
and 111 are zero in the region between UL.sub.1 and UL.sub.2, this
part of the characteristic is determined solely by the speed and
pedal position signals. The pedal position signals U.sub..alpha.
causes a horizontal translation of the second of the characteristic
curve in the total region. The slope of the line, designated Vn in
the region between UL.sub.2 and UL.sub.1, is divided as shown in
the Figure.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram for the circuit generating the
characteristic curve at full load. The corresponding curve is shown
in FIG. 7. For full load limiting, only the normalized voltages
representing the speed signal are required. Operational amplifier
127 receives as input a constant negative bias voltage derived from
source -U.sub.ref, via potentiometer 139 and further receives the
speed signal +U.sub.n. Operational amplifier 127 is the fourth
operational amplifier, while the other operational amplifier shown
in FIG. 6, amplifier 128, is the fifth operational amplifier.
Amplifier 137 also shown in FIG. 6 is herein referred to as the
summing amplifier. Operational amplifier 128 receives a positive
bias voltage U.sub.n2 via potentiometer 140 and the negative speed
signal -U.sub.n. The feedback loops of amplifiers 127 and 128 are
similar to those previously described for amplifiers 110 and 111 in
FIG. 4. The slope of the generated curves may be adjusted by
adjusting the gains of the amplifiers by potentiometers 129 and
130, respectively. The operational amplifiers have diodes 131 and
132, as well as Zener diodes Z133 and Z134 in their feedback loops.
The output voltages of the two amplifiers are again derived from
the other terminals of diodes and are applied to the summing
amplifier, amplifier 137, which operates in analogous fashion to
summing amplifier 119 in FIG. 4. It will be noted that no Zener
diode appears in the feedback loop of operational amplifier 137.
This is to indicate that the limiting of the output voltage of
these operational amplifiers may be achieved simply by overdriving
the amplifiers, rather than by use of a Zener diode. Operational
amplifier 137 has a further input receiving a constant voltage
derived from a negative reference source via a potentiometer
138.
The above-described arrangement operates as follows: The output
voltage derived from the second function generator means as
described above (FIG. 6) can only be a negative voltage since it is
derived from the anode of the diode having a cathode directly
connected to the output of amplifier. Thus, for an output voltage
to appear, the amplifier must receive a positive input voltage.
This is the case when the positive speed signal exceeds the voltage
U.sub.n1. The slope of the curves is adjustable by means of
potentiometer 129. The portion of the output voltage of amplifier
127, which is applied to the input of the summing amplifier, is
adjustable by potentiometer 135. The slope of the curve generated
by amplifier 127 is negative; this slope is reversed by operational
amplifier 137, so that operational amplifier 127 working jointly
with amplifier 137 generates the portion of the full load time
shown in FIG. 7 as having a positive slope. The voltage URo, which
marks the beginning of the full load line for a speed voltage of
zero, is adjustable at potentiometer 138. The portion of the
characteristic curve with a negative slope is similarly derived
from operational amplifier 128. The voltage at the cathode of diode
132 only exceeds zero, when the amplifier has a negative input
signal. This causes a positive output voltage and causes diode 132
to be in the conductive condition. This condition of course obtains
as soon as the negative normalized speed voltage is larger than the
voltage U.sub.n2 set on potentiometer 140. A characteristic line of
positive slope first appears at the cathode of diode 132. This is
inverted by operational amplifier 137, thus furnishing the portion
of the characteristic curve having a negative slope (FIG. 7). The
gain of operational amplifier 128 is adjustable by adjusting the
potentiometer 130, while the portion of the output voltage of
amplifier 128, which is to be applied to the input of amplifier
137, is determined by the setting of potentiometer 136. Zener
diodes 133 and 134 serve the same portion as the Zener diode shown
in FIG. 4. Since the characteristic curves generated by amplifiers
127 and 128 must extend over the total speed range, the
potentiometers 135 and 136 determine which part of the range is
supplied by which of the operational amplifiers 127 and 128.
FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of a circuit generating the variable
speed governor curves indicated in FIG. 9. In order to generate
these curves, both the normalized speed voltages U.sub.n and
-U.sub.n, as well as the normalized pedal position voltage
U.sub..alpha. are required. The seventh operational amplifier,
amplifier 145, is connected to the positive speed voltage +U.sub.n
via a potentiometer 146. Its feedback path comprises a diode Z147
in parallel with a feedback resistance R.sub.v. The sixth
operational amplifier, amplifier 148, has a Zener diode Z149 in one
feedback loop, and a potentiometer 150 in series with a diode 151
in another feedback loop. This operational amplifier has a first
input of the negative normalized speed voltage -U.sub.n, a second
input connected to the positive normalized pedal position voltage
+U.sub..alpha.. The outputs of operational amplifiers 145 and 148
are connected together via a series circuit having resistors R152
and R153. The common point of the resistors is denoted by reference
numeral 154. From this common point, a diode D155 and a
potentiometer 156 make a connection via an input resistance Re to
the input of amplifier 148. The anode of diode D155 is connected to
point 154. The output voltage of the stage is derived from the
cathode of diode D151 and is applied to the input of the eighth
operational amplifier, amplifier 157. Amplifier 157 has a first
feedback loop comprising a Zener diode Z158 and a second feedback
loop having a diode D159 in series with an input resistance Re. The
output of the third function generator means (FIG. 8) is derived
from the anode of diode 159.
The above-described arrangement operates as follows: As is well
known, in operational amplifiers of this type, the voltage at the
input of the amplifier remains substantially at zero throughout.
This point must be kept in mind in the following discussion. It is
noted that the outputs of amplifiers 145 and 148 are summed at
point 154. Diode D155, whose cathode for the reasons set forth, is
substantially at zero, becomes conductive when the voltage at point
154 becomes positive, and the diode D155 becomes conductive,
operational amplifier 148 has an additional feedback path, namely
the path comprising diode D155 and potentiometer 156. Since this
path is in parallel with the previous feedback path, the gain of
amplifier 148 decreases. This change in gain of amplifier 148
causes a breakpoint in the output characteristic. Reference to FIG.
9 shows that these breakpoints take place along the line marked G.
The portions of the curve over line G result from amplifier 148
operating without the additional feedback path and have a slope
adjustable by adjustment of potentiometer 150. The gain of the
portion of the lines G is determined by the setting of both
potentiometers 150 and 156. Amplifier 157 operates only to effect
sign reversal. First let it be assumed that a voltage U.sub..alpha.
is applied which, since it is a positive voltage at the input of
amplifier 148, causes a negative voltage at its output. For a speed
voltage U.sub.n of zero, diode 155 is blocked. For increasing
voltage -U.sub.n and constant voltage U.sub..alpha., the positive
potential at the output of amplifier 148 increases and the negative
potential at the output of amplifier 145 also increases. However,
the input at the amplifier 145 is only a portion of the voltage
+U.sub.n determined by the setting of potentiometer 146. Therefore
for each value of U.sub..alpha., a voltage value results from the
setting of potentiometer 146 for which diode D155 becomes
conductive and the second feedback loop of amplifier 148 becomes
effective.
It will be noted that the output of operational amplifiers of the
first, second and third function generator (summing amplifiers)
each have a diode connected in a feedback loop from whose anode the
desired characteristic curve is derived. In this connection, the
non-linearity of the diode has only a negligible influence on the
derived output voltage. Furthermore, when the three function
generators are interconnected, each diode becomes conductive only
when its anode receives the maximum of the three potentials. Thus
the diodes act as an OR circuit which transmits only the highest
voltage applied thereto. Thus the overall characteristic (control
signal) which effects the control element, is always derived from
that function generator whose output voltage has the highest
value.
FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of a normalizing stage. The normalizing
stage has operational amplifiers 167 and 168. operational amplifier
has an input connected to receive one of the electrical signals
signifying an operating parameter, for example voltage
U.sub..alpha.. It has a further input voltage which is a fixed
biasing voltage derived from a reference source U.sub.ref, or to be
more exact, a portion of said reference voltage as set on a
potentiometer P169. The gain of amplifier 167 is adjustable by
means of a feedback potentiometer P170. Operational amplifier 168
merely serves for sign reversal. The stage operates as follows: The
amplification of amplifier 167 is adjusted via potentiometer P170
and the reference voltage applied to the stage is adjusted by means
of potentiometer P169 in such a manner that when the gas pedal is
in the null position, that is .alpha.=o, the voltage -U.sub..alpha.
is also zero, and that for a maximum pedal position .alpha. , the
voltage -U.sub..alpha. assumes the maximum permissible value.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied
in a system embodying operational amplifiers, it is not intended to
be limited to the details shown, since various modifications,
structural, and circuit changes may be made without departing in
any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the
gist of the present invention that others can by applying current
knowledge readily adapt it for various applications without
omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly
constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific
aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should
and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of
equivalence of the following claims.
* * * * *