U.S. patent number 3,712,624 [Application Number 04/685,176] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-23 for golf game.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Brunswick Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert M. Conklin.
United States Patent |
3,712,624 |
Conklin |
January 23, 1973 |
GOLF GAME
Abstract
A golf game for accurately and realistically displaying the
results of golf shots to a golfer including a tee area whereat a
golfer may hit a golf ball, data sensors for providing information
relative to the trajectory of a ball hit from the tee by a golfer,
a computer responsive to the data sensors for computing the
trajectory of the ball, a screen in front of the tee area, a scene
projector for projecting a perspective scene of a golf fairway onto
the screen including a device for accurately aligning the projected
scene at a predetermined location on the screen and a ball spot
projector responsive to the computer for projecting a spot of light
on the screen and on the scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the
trajectory of the ball to the golfer. A plurality of golf fairway
scenes illustrating different portions of a fairway having a
generally planar surface are employed to be projected onto the
screen by the scene projector with each scene having a reference
point, the reference point of each scene being located at the same
place with respect to the vertical. Also disclosed is a method of
providing the perspective scenes including the step of
photographing a scaled down golf hole having a planar fairway.
Inventors: |
Conklin; Robert M. (Muskegon,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Brunswick Corporation (Skokie,
IL)
|
Family
ID: |
24751067 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/685,176 |
Filed: |
November 22, 1967 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
473/152;
473/156 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B
24/0021 (20130101); A63B 69/36 (20130101); A63B
2024/0034 (20130101); A63B 2220/807 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63B
69/36 (20060101); A63b 067/02 (); A63b
069/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;95/85
;273/176,184,185 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Golf Digest", Feb. 1967, pages 142, 144, 147 and 148 .
"Golf Digest", Oct. 1966, pages 49 and 50..
|
Primary Examiner: Marlo; George J.
Claims
I claim:
1. A golf game for accurately and realistically displaying the
results of golf shots to a golfer including a tee area whereat a
golfer may hit a ball, a screen in front of the tee area, a
plurality of scenes illustrating different portions of a golf hole
having a generally planar playing surface, each scene including a
reference point thereon, each reference point on each scene being
located in the same position with respect to the vertical as the
reference point on each other scene, each scene further
illustrating the green on a golf hole with the reference point
located so that a golfer viewing a scene on the screen would
observe the reference point above said screen and to the rear
thereof, means for projecting any one of said plurality of scenes
on the screen, data acquisition means for providing information
relative to the trajectory of a ball hit from the tee by a golfer,
means responsive to the data acquisition means for computing the
tratectory of the ball, and ball spot projecting means responsive
to said computing means for projecting a spot of light on the
screen and on the scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the
trajectory of the ball to the golfer, the planar golf hole
illustrated by said scenes enabling the final location of the golf
ball on the hole to be accurately and realistically indicated on
the screen by the ball spot projecting means.
2. A golf game for accurately and realistically displaying the
results of golf shots to a golfer including a tee area whereat a
golfer may hit a ball, a screen in front of the tee area, a
plurality of scenes illustrating different portions of a golf hole
having a generally planar playing surface, each scene including a
reference point thereon, each reference point on each scene being
located in the same position with respect to the vertical as the
reference point on each other scene, each said reference point
comprising a horizontal line demarking the horizon, means for
projecting any one of said plurality of scenes on the screen, data
acquisition means for providing information relative to the
trajectory of a ball hit from the tee by a golfer, means responsive
to the data acquisition means for computing the trajectory of the
ball, and ball spot projecting means responsive to said computing
means for projecting a spot of light on the screen and on the
scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the trajectory of the ball
to the golfer, the planar golf hole illustrated by said scenes
enabling the final location of the golf ball on the hole to be
accurately and realistically indicated on the screen by the ball
spot projecting means.
3. A golf game for displaying the results of golf shots to a golfer
including a tee area whereat a golfer may hit a golf ball, a screen
in front of the tee area, a plurality of scenes illustrating
differing portions of a golf course, each scene including a
reference point with the reference point on each scene being at the
same location on the scene with respect to the vertical as the
reference point on each other scene, each of said scenes further
illustrating the green on a golf course with the reference point
located so that a golfer viewing a scene on the screen would
observe the reference point above said green and to to the rear
thereof, means for projecting any one of said plurality of scenes
on the screen, data acquisition means for providing information
relative to the trajectory of a ball hit from the tee by a golfer,
means responsive to the data acquisition means for computing the
trajectory of the ball, and ball spot projecting means responsive
to the computing means for projecting a spot of light on the screen
and on the scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the trajectory of
the ball to the golfer.
4. A golf game for displaying the results of golf shots to a golfer
including a tee area whereat a golfer may hit a golf ball, a screen
in front of the tee area, a plurality of scenes illustrating
differing portions of a golf course, each scene including a
reference point with the reference point on each scene being at the
same location on the scene with respect to the vertical as the
reference point on each other scene, said reference point
comprising a horizontal line demarking the horizon, means for
projecting any one of said plurality of scenes on the screen, data
acquisition means for providing information relative to the
trajectory of a ball hit from the tee by a golfer, means responsive
to the data acquisition means for computing the trajectory of the
ball, and ball spot projecting means responsive to the computing
means for projecting a spot of light on the screen and on the
scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the trajectory of the ball
to the golfer.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The ever-continuing upsurge in the popularity of golf has led to
the overcrowding of existing golf course facilities. Because golf
courses occupy a great deal of land and are expensive to maintain,
the building of new courses has not taken place at a sufficiently
rapid rate to accommodate the ever-increasing number of players. As
a result, whereas in past years, 4 hours was the usual measure of
time required to play 18 holes, many golfers today consider
themselves fortunate if they are able to complete 18 holes in 5
hours.
Another problem for the avid golfer of today is the fact that in
many parts of the United States, due to weather conditions, golf is
a seasonal sport. For example, in some of the northernmost regions
of the continental United States, golf may only be played outdoors
for about four months out of each year.
In order to eliminate overcrowding and to reduce the seasonal
nature of the game of golf, it has been suggested that indoor golf
games be provided to increase the number of golfing facilities
available to golfers (which require very little space) thereby
eliminating the overcrowding problem and simultaneously reducing
the seasonal nature of this game because such establishments are
indoors, making it possible to play the year around.
A few such indoor establishments have been operated on a commercial
scale. Typically, such indoor golf games provide a tee area from
which the golfer may hit a golf ball towards a screen which has
projected thereon a scene representing a portion of a hole on a
golf course. As the golfer advances the ball towards the cup, the
scene is changed to reflect the position of the golfer with respect
to the hole and provide him with the view of the hole as it would
be seen from the point where the shot would have come to rest so
that he may play his next shot having an appropriate scene before
him.
Computation means are used in conjunction with means for acquiring
data relative to the trajectory of the ball hit from the tee area
to compute the nature of the trajectory of the ball and thereby the
distance the shot would have traveled in order that the next scene
may be selected. Additionally, the computed distance that the shot
would have traveled is displayed to the golfer.
Such systems have a significant drawback in that the nature of the
flight of the ball is not displayed to the golfer except in terms
of the final length of the shot and as a result, such games lack
realism in that on an outdoor golf course, the golfer may visually
follow the entire flight of the ball.
It has also been proposed to eliminate the above-noted lack of
realism by providing a ball spot projector which moves a spot of
light on the projected scene in a manner to simulate the flight of
the ball. However, prior to the instant invention, no such systems
are known to have been commercialized.
While the use of a so-called ball spot projector does enchance the
realism of an indoor golf game, if used indiscriminately, it may
indicate the flight of a ball so inaccurately as to irritate the
golfer playing the game so that the degree of extra realism
provided by its presence is not sufficient to economically justify
the additional equipment involved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the principal object of the invention to provide a new and
improved golf game.
More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide a
new and improved golf game utilizing a ball spot projector in
conjunction with other equipment that very accurately depicts the
computed trajectory of a golf ball for use in indoor golf
games.
Even more specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide
perspective scenes of portions of the hole on a golf course for use
in indoor golf games, which, together with a ball spot projector
and related equipment, accurately depicts to a golfer playing the
game the trajectory of a ball and the final point of rest
thereof.
A further object is the provision of a golf game including a tee
area, a screen in front of the tee area, a plurality of scenes
illustrating differing portions of a golf course having a generally
flat playing surface, means for projecting any one of the scenes on
the screen, data acquisition means for providing information
relative to the trajectory of a ball hit from the tee, means
responsive to the data acquisition means for computing the
trajectory of a ball, and means responsive to the computing means
for projecting a spot of light on the screen and on the scenes
displayed thereon to illustrate the trajectory of the ball to a
golfer, the flat course depicted in the scenes enabling the final
location of the ball on the hole to be accurately and realistically
indicated on the screen by the ball spot projecting means.
A still further object is the provision of a golf game such as that
set forth in the preceding paragraph wherein each scene represents
a differing portion of a model golf course built on a reduced scale
and having a generally flat playing surface.
Another object is the provision of a golf game including a tee
area, a screen in front of the tee area, a plurality of scenes
illustrating differing portions of the golf course, each scene
including a reference point with the reference point on each scene
being at the same location on the scene with respect to the
vertical as the reference point on each other scene, means for
projecting any one of the plurality of scenes on the screen, data
acquisition means for providing information relative to the
trajectory of a ball hit from the tee, means responsive to the data
acquisition means for computing the trajectory of a ball and means
responsive to the computing means for projecting a spot of light on
the screen and the scenes displayed thereon to illustrate the
trajectory of the ball to a golfer.
Yet another object is the provision of a golf game such as that set
forth in the preceding paragraph wherein each of the scenes further
illustrates the hole on a golf course and the reference point
comprises a horizontal line demarking the horizon and is spaced
above the hole and to the rear thereof as viewed in perspective,
each of the scenes further depicting a golf course having a flat
playing surface.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent
from the following specification taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an indoor golf game
embodying the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side elevation of a form of inaccuracy in an
indoor golf game that is avoided through use of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic side elevation showing another form of
inaccuracy that is avoided;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a map of a golf hole that may be used in
playing the golf game;
FIG. 5 is a schematic side elevation of a structure used in making
scenes which are used in the invention;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the structure;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged, schematic side elevation, with parts broken
away for clarity, of the structure;
FIG. 8 is a schematic front view of a projected scene in accordance
with the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic front view of another projected scene in
accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An exemplary embodiment of a typical indoor golf game installation
with which the invention is intended to be used is illustrated in
FIG. 1 and is seen to comprise a tee area generally designated 10
having a tee point 12 where a golf ball may be placed to be hit by
a golfer. In front of the tee area 10 is a screen generally
designated 14 which has projected thereon a scene by a scene
projector generally designated 16. There is also provided a ball
spot projector, generally designated 18 which projects a spot of
light 20 on the scene on the screen 14 in a manner that simulates
the flight of a golf ball.
Data acquisition equipment, generally designated 22, may be located
between the tee point 12 and the screen 14 or behind the screen 14
or both, for measuring parameters of the trajectory of a ball hit
from the tee point 12. The parameter information thus acquired is
then fed to a computing apparatus 24 which continuously computes
the trajectory of the ball hit from the tee point 12 throughout the
flight thereof based on the parameters and provides output to the
ball spot projector 18 so that the spot of light 20 will be moved
accordingly to illustrate the flight of the ball. Of course, when
the flight has terminated, the ball spot 20 will be at rest.
In order to insure accurate alignment of the projected scene on the
screen 14 so that the final resting point of the spot 20 is
indicative of the true point of termination of the shot, the
projector 16 preferably includes a means for accurately aligning
the projected scene on the screen and may be of the type disclosed
in the copending application of Pratt et al, Ser. No. 574,218,
filed Aug. 22, 1966, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,733, entitled "Visual
Display System", and assigned to the same assignee as the instant
application. Specifically, the accurate aligning means includes a
photocell quadrant 26 mounted to one side of the screen 14 in a
predetermined position with respect to the desired location of the
projected scene on the screen and which includes an electrical
connection 28 to the scene projector 16. The film (not shown)
bearing the scenes to be projected includes, for each scene, a
small transparent portion to one side of each scene which is
accurately located on the film in a predetermined position with
respect to the scene thereon. The spacial relationship between the
transparent portion and the scene indicia on the film is the same
for each of the plurality of scenes and corresponds to that between
the photocell quadrant 26 and the desired location of the projected
image on the screen 14.
When a selected scene is positioned at a projection station within
the projector 16 for projection on the screen, a small beam of
light will pass through the transparent portion associated with
that scene to be projected on the photocell quadrant 26. When all
four of the photocells comprising the photocell quadrant are
equally illuminated by the projected spot, the projected scene will
be in the predetermined location on the screen 14. However, if
equal illumination of all four photocells is not present, the
photocell quadrant 26 senses the same, which is an indication that
the projected scene is not in the predetermined location and
through the servo systems and moving means described in the Pratt
et al. application, the film is shifted with respect to the optics
of the projector 16 until all four photocells comprising the
photocell quadrant 26 are equally illuminated. When this occurs,
proper accurate alignment is present and further shifting of the
film will not take place.
As described in the Pratt et al. application, the principal purpose
of the accurate aligning means is to overcome the magnification of
small errors in locating the film properly with respect to the
optical system of the projector 16. Specifically, it is pointed out
by Pratt et al. that if the ratio of the distance from the optical
position of the light source to the film in the projection station
to the distance from the film in the projection station to the
screen is 1:100 an error in mechanically positioning the film in
the projection station of about 0.010 of an inch from the proper
position would result in the projected image on the screen being
approximately one inch from the desired location thereon. Such an
error reduces the degree of realism attainable in the indoor golf
game and can be avoided through the use of the accurate aligning
means. Furthermore, in order to insure that the final resting place
of the spot 20 is related to the distance the ball would have
traveled, a means for controlling the final position of the
projected spot 20 with respect to the vertical in proportion to the
computed distance that the shot would have traveled should be
provided. Suitable means for this purpose are disclosed in the
copending application of Russell et al, Ser. No. 588,922, filed
Oct. 24, 1966, entitled "Golf Game Computing System", now U.S. Pat.
No. 3,513,707, and assigned to the same assignee as the instant
application.
Of course, in order to insure a proper correlation between the
projected scene, the screen and the spot projected by the ball spot
projector, it is necessary that certain relationships exist. Such
relationships are of the nature of physical locations of the
elements with respect to each other rather than of electrical or
mechanical interconnections and are disclosed in the Pratt et al.
and Russell et al. applications. For the purpose of the instant
application, it is sufficient to say that the accurate aligning
means of the Pratt et al. application insure that each scene will
occupy the same area on the screen while the ball spot projector
used with the means for controlling the final position of the
projected spot disclosed by Russell et al. is physically arranged
with respect to the screen and thus to the projected scene so that
the final position of the projected spot will always be in the same
location on the screen for identical shots. Thus, through the use
of the above-identified means of both Russell et al. and Pratt et
al., identical shots will always be indicated in an identical
manner on the same scene.
When the above-mentioned means as disclosed in the above-cited
Pratt et al. and Russell et al. applications are used, the realism
of the simulated ball flight portrayed by the projected spot 20 is
considerably enhanced over that achieved in prior art ball spot
projecting systems. However, another difficulty presents itself and
the instant invention is directed to the solving of such a
difficulty.
Even if the above-mentioned means of Pratt et al. and Russell et
al. are utilized, significant inaccuracy in the final location of
the projected spot may exist if the scene projected on the screen
14 is not appropriately chosen. The reason for this will become
apparent from a brief discussion of the content of the above-cited
Russell et al. application. The Russell et al. computing device
computes continuously throughout the flight of the ball, three
coordinates of the ball in space. The first coordinate is the
so-called "X" coordinate which is the distance to the right or to
the left of a straight line extending from the tee (point at which
a ball is struck) to the hole on the golf course. The second
coordinate is the so-called "Y" coordinate which is the distance of
the ball above a horizontal plane running through the tee point.
The third and final coordinate is the so-called "Z" coordinate
which is the distance from the tee point along the straight line
mentioned in conjunction with the description of the X
coordinate.
In order to indicate the final location of the ball by movement of
the projected spot 20, the Russell et al. computer provides
information as to the X, Y and Z coordinates when the ball has come
to rest. For a plurality of differing shots made from the same tee
point, it would be apparent that the coordinates at the point of
termination for each shot would differ from the coordinates of the
point of termination of each other shot if the terrain of the golf
course was uneven. That is, a ball at rest in a valley on a golf
course would have a different Y coordinate than a ball coming to
rest on a hill; a ball directed to the right would have a different
X coordinate than a ball directed to the left and a "dubbed" shot
would have a different Z coordinate than a "super" shot.
Of the three coordinates, only the final Y coordinate is dependent
upon the terrain of the golf course, the final X coordinate being
principally dependent on the initial direction and velocity of the
shot and side spin, if any, and the final Z coordinate being
principally dependent upon the initial angle of elevation of the
shot and the initial velocity of the shot.
The final Y coordinate is dependent upon the terrain of the course
because the ball will always rest on the ground and the terrain of
the course could vary for each combination of X and Z coordinates.
Thus, in order to compute the final Y coordinate, it would be
necessary to provide a vast memory system containing information as
to the Y coordinate of ground level for each combination of varying
X and Z coordinates. One will immediately recognize that the
provision of such a memory in an operable system would be an
extremely complex undertaking fraught with many problems.
Furthermore, even if such a memory system could be used in
conjunction with the computing system, those skilled in the art
would recognize that the provision of the same would so greatly
increase the cost of components of the golf game that the same
could not be manufactured on a commercial basis sufficiently
economically so that golfers could play the game at a reasonable
price.
In order to obviate the need for such huge memory facilities, the
Russell et al. computation system assumes that the terrain on the
course has the same Y coordinate for all combinations of X and Z
coordinates. In order words, the Russell et al. system assumes that
the course is flat. As a result of such an assumption, the
computation system is significantly simplified. Specifically,
instead of providing a vast number of bits of information relative
to the Y coordinate of the terrain of the golf course at each of a
plurality of X and Z coordinates for each of eighteen holes, it is
only necessary to provide a single bit of information which
absolutely identifies the Y coordinate for each and every
combination of X and Z coordinates for each of 18 holes.
In the specific embodiment disclosed in the Russell et al.
application, and as mentioned above, the final position of the
projected spot 20 with respect to the vertical is varied according
to the computed distance that the shot would have traveled. And
since the computation system considers that the course is flat at
all points thereon, for all shots having the same final Z
coordinate, the projected spot 20 will be at the same height on the
screen 14 irrespective of the X coordinate.
If, however, the terrain of the projected scene on which the spot
20 is moved is non-uniform, the final position of the projected
spot may give the golfer the illusion that he either hit the ball
further than he actually did or that he did not hit the ball as far
as he did. As a result, the realism of the game is decreased.
FIGS. 2 and 3 typify, in schematic form, the type of errors
referred to in the preceding paragraph. Referring specifically to
FIG. 2, a golfer generally designated 30 has driven a ball which
the computer determined came to rest at a point 32 on a horizontal
plane 34. However, if the scene presented to the golfer 30 by the
projector 16 shows a hill in the foreground as indicated by a
terrain line 36, the golfer 30 will see the ball on the scene as if
it were at a point 38 which is significantly closer to the golfer
30 than the point 32. Thus, the indication to the golfer would be
unrealistic and may cause the golfer to feel that the game is not
worth while.
Referring to FIG. 3, a different type of situation causing error in
display is illustrated. A golfer 30' has hit a ball which the
computer has determined came to rest at a point 32' on a horizontal
plane 34'. However, if the projected scene illustrates a valley in
the foreground as indicated by the terrain line 36', the position
of the projected spot will be indicated on the projected scene at
38'. As will be apparent from FIG. 3, point 38' is a point somewhat
further than the golfer hits the ball. The golfer may recognize
that he is incapable of hitting a shot the indicated distance and
thus feel the game is unreal or alternatively, if the golfer feels
he is hitting a good shot as represented by the indicated spot on
the screen and then looks at a distance meter associated with the
computer which shows that the ball did not travel anywhere near the
distance indicated on the screen, the golfer may feel that the
computer has cheated him. In any event, the golfer will be unhappy
with the game.
FIGS. 2 and 3 also indicate that the change in terrain need not be
great to cause great indicating errors. For example, in FIG. 2 the
hill is only above the plane 34 a distance equal to about the
golfer's height and indicated distance is about 0.57 of the actual
distance as illustrated. Similarly in FIG. 3 the valley is below
the plane 34' a distance equal to about the height of a golfer and
the indicated distance is about 1.64 of the actual distance as
illustrated.
The prior art, which heretofore has provided scenes by taking
pictures from various points on actual golf courses, has completely
failed to recognize the problem that exists in attempting to
represent the point of termination of the shot on a projected scene
that depicts a portion of a golf course having an uneven terrain.
Applicant has determined however that the problem may be solved by
providing a scene that depicts the terrain on a flat course. In
such a case, the terrain line corresponding to the lines 36 and 36'
would coincided with the line defining the plane 34 or 34' so that
points 38 and 38' would always coincide with the points 32 and 32'
and there would be no error in indication. In other words, the
invention resides in a golf game wherein the scenes displayed to a
golfer illustrate a flat playing surface.
In the exemplary embodiment of applicant's invention such scenes
are obtained as follows. As seen in FIG. 4, a map of a hole on a
golf course, generally designated 40 is drawn.
The map 40 is divided into a plurality of zones 42 representing
various portions of the golf course and each zone is provided with
a marker 44 in the form of a small circle near the center thereof.
The map 40 may indicate sand traps, rough, fairway, green and
fringe areas as indicated and a fuller description thereof may be
obtained from the above-cited application of Russell et al.
For a typical golf game, the maps 40 may be provided in sets of
eighteen and may represent differing courses. Of course, the same
map 40 will not be used for more than one hole in each given 18
hole round. However, for the sake of simplification, only one is
shown herein, it being understood that it is within the skill of
the art to devise many similar such maps. Turning now to FIGS. 5-7,
the manner in which the scenes are obtained will be described. A
relatively rigid member generally designated 50 is provided and
includes a planar, horizontal upper surface 52. On the upper
surface 52, by means of conventional modeling techniques, a model
of the hole depicted on the map 40 is built on a reduced scale. The
upper limit of the scale may be generally set by reference to space
requirements while the lower limit is set by the modeler's ability
to provide trees, shrubs, etc. on a reduced scale that will appear
real in photographs to be subsequently taken of the model as will
hereinafter be described. In practice, a model of a 500-yard hole
will generally be represented in about 15 to 20 feet.
Model trees 54 of appropriate scale and other shrubbery not shown
may be secured to the upper surface 52 at appropriate locations.
Additionally, if trees 54 are indicated on the map 40, the location
of the trees 54 on the upper surface should correspond to the
indicated location on the map 40. As best seen in FIG. 6, a green
area 56 is defined by a line 58 and includes a scale flag stick 60.
Lines 62 may define traps if desired.
A pair of roughly parallel lines 64 may define a fairway 66 and the
area 68 to either side thereof may be considered to be the rough.
By means using paint of differing tints and/or artificial grass of
differing colors, the interfaces between the green 56, the fairway
66 and the rough 68 as well as the traps 62 will be realistically
demarcated.
If desired, a pair of roughly parallel lines 70 may be used to
define a creek or the like.
Just behind the location of the green 56 on the upper surface 52
there may be located a generally vertical backdrop 72. Blue sky and
cloudy areas generally designated 74, may be painted thereon as
desired.
Just above the lower edge of the backdrop 72 there is painted an
appropriate indication of the horizon which is illustrated in FIG.
6 as a line 76. To simplify the photographing procedure, it is
generally desirable that the horizontal line 76 be located above
the upper surface 52 a distance equal to the height of the optical
axis of a camera used to photograph the scenes for reasons that
will become apparent hereinafter.
A conventional camera 78 may be rested directly on the upper
surface 52 or, if desired, slightly elevated therefrom by any
suitable supporting means. However, as the "eye" of the camera is
intended to "see" the golf hole in the same way that a golfer would
see the same when standing on the playing surface of an identical
full sized golf course, it is generally desirable that the optical
axis 80 (FIG. 7) of the camera 78 be as close as possible to a
plane just above the upper surface 52 and separated therefrom by a
scale factor representing the height of a golfer's eyes which will
be on the order of around five foot ten inches. Of course, the
scale factor chosen for the building of the model will generally be
a rather high ratio and in most instances, with standard cameras,
it will be difficult to get the optical axis of the camera 78 close
enough to the desired plane because of the physical size of the
camera 78. It has been found that if the optical axis of the camera
78 is within approximately twenty scale feet from the upper surface
52, because of the perspective nature of the scenes being
photographed, a golfer playing the game will not recognize that he
will be seeing a scene that represents the view from a point twenty
feet above the playing surface.
When the above described method is used to provide scenes for a
golf game such as that described in the above-identified copending
application of Russell et al., it is desirable that a projection 80
of the optical axis of the camera 78 pass through the junction of a
vertical line coextensive with the flag stick 60 and the horizon
line 76. In order to accomplish the former, the camera 78 may be
provided with a sighting apparatus (not shown) that may be aligned
with the flag stick 60. The latter may be accomplished simply by
supporting the camera on the upper surface 52 such that the optical
axis 80 is horizontal and by arranging the backdrop 72 such that
the horizon line 76 is in the same horizontal plane as the optical
axis 80. In other words, the horizon line 76 is sufficiently high
so that its optical position with respect to the vertical in
relation to the camera does not change as the camera's location on
the model is changed.
The necessity for the above-described relationship resides in the
fact that the computing and display arrangement of the Russell et
al. golf game is such that for a shot hit an infinite distance, the
computer circuitry and the ball spot projector are arranged to
project the ball spot to the midpoint, with respect to the
vertical, of the projected scene. For a standard camera, the
vertical midpoint of the scene photographed by the camera would be
defined by a horizontal plane encompassing the optical axis of the
camera and as a result, the ball spot indication of a shot hit an
infinite distance would be on the horizon line on the scene which
is the correct result. By having the horizon line centered with
respect to the vertical on the projected scene, the capability of
the system to adequately indicate both rolling shots and the peaks
of the trajectories of high shots is maximized.
Additionally, in the Russell et al. computing system, the Z
coordinate will always be, by definition, along a line between the
cup and the tee point. Thus, by horizontally centering the scene
about such a line, the indicating capabilities of the system are
maximized by providing the ability to indicate misdirected shots to
both the right or the left to the same extent.
Of course, the foregoing relationships need not be adhered to if,
for some reason, it is not desired to indicate a shot misdirected
to either the left or the right or to show the ball at the peak of
its trajectory in flight. However, as will become apparent
hereinafter, it is desirable to orient the camera such that the
horizon line will be located at the same point with respect to the
vertical for each differing scene.
The camera 78 is located at various points on the upper surface 52
of the model, each point corresponding to the center 44 of a
corresponding one of the zones 42 on the map utilizing the
above-stated relationships and the model photographed from each
such location. The resulting photographs are then developed and
assembled into a film strip for use with a film strip projector
such as the above-identified Pratt et al. projector, or
alternatively, arranged as individual slides if a slide projector
is to be used.
The scenes are then placed in the projector for use with the golf
game.
As a result of the foregoing, a golf game having an extreme degree
of realism through accurate indication of a ball flight is
provided. An example of a typical indication is illustrated in
FIGS. 8 and 9. For purposes of illustration, it is considered that
the projected ball spot is driven by the computing system described
in the above-identified application of Russell et al. Referring
specifically to FIG. 8, a scene representing the view from the tee
on a 450-yard hole is shot projected on a screen 82. Trees,
shrubbery, etc. have been omitted from the scene for the purpose of
clarity.
The scene includes a horizon line 84 which is located at midpoint
of the screen 82 with respect to the vertical and a flag stick 86
which is located at the midpoint of the screen 82 with respect to
the horizontal. The flag stick 86 designates a cup on a green 88
which is located below the horizon line 84 and the boundaries of
the fairway are designated by lines 90. Additionally, traps 92 are
illustrated.
If it be assumed that a golfer drove the ball 225 yards, or about
half the distance from the tee to the flag stick 86, the Russell et
al. computing system would cause a ball spot 94 to indicate the
point of termination of the shot as shown in FIG. 8. This, of
course, assumes that the ball was hit straight toward the flag
stick 86 with no side spin or at either to the right or the left of
the flag stick 86 but with sufficient side spin to cause the ball
to hook or slice and come to rest on a line extending between the
tee and the flag stick 86.
As a result of information provided by the Russell et al. computing
system, a scene representing the view from the zone in which the
ball came to rest could then be displayed to a golfer for his
second shot. FIG. 9 illustrates such a scene. The scene illustrated
in FIG. 9 includes a horizon line 96 which again is located at the
midpoint of the screen 82 with respect to the vertical. The flag
stick 86 is again displayed at the midpoint of the screen with
respect to the horizontal but insofar as it is viewed from a closer
point, its size is enlarged. More specifically, since the scene
illustrated in FIG. 9 represents the view from a position half way
between the cup of the hole and the point represented by the scene
shown in FIG. 8, the flag stick 86 as illustrated in FIG. 9 will be
twice the size of the flag stick illustrated in FIG. 8. Similarly,
the dimensions of the green 88 and the traps 92 will be doubled.
Also, portions of the lines 90 marking the fairway are illustrated
as below a horizontal line passing through the ball spot 94 in FIG.
8 will not be illustrated. Finally, the distance between the hole
on the green 88 and the horizon line 96 in FIG. 9 will be twice the
distance between the hole on the green 88 and the horizon line 84
in FIG. 8.
It will be recalled that the Russell et al. computing system will
project the ball spot to the same position on the screen with
respect to the vertical for all shots having the same final Z
coordinate. Thus, if the golfer, for his second shot were to hit a
shot in all respects identical to the first shot mentioned above in
conjunction with the description of FIG. 8, the ball spot,
designated 94' in FIG. 9, would be illustrated at the base of the
flag stick 86 as shown in FIG. 9. That is, two straight, 225-yard
shots on a 450-yard hole played on a golf game made according to
the invention and used scenes made according to the teachings set
forth above, would result in the indication illustrated in FIG. 9.
This of course is the correct and real result.
Such a result is achieved through the use of scenes depicting a
flat course and the fact that the location of the horizon line in
each different scene is maintained constant. In other words the
horizon line serves as a reference point when the scenes are taken
and for all scenes showing the hole it is vertically above and
perspectively behind the hole. Of course, other reference points
could be used providing they are above and perspectively behind the
hole in the scene. The correct effect is attained because, as
mentioned previously, the distance between the horizon line and the
rear edge of the green in FIG. 9 is twice the distance between the
rear edge of the green and the horizon line in FIG. 8. Since the
horizon line is always located at the same point on the screen 82,
the increase in distance between the horizon line and the rear edge
of the green or, for that matter the base of the flag stick, in
effect, "lowers" the target on the screen a distance inversely
proportional to the ratio of the distance remaining to the hole to
the total length of the hole.
It will be appreciated that as a result of this unique
relationship, no special compensation means need be provided in the
computing system to correlate the final position of the ball spot
with the distance to be traversed to the cup which, of course, will
change for each shot.
Furthermore, the benefits of depicting a flat course are clearly
recognizable from an inspection of FIG. 9. For example, if the
scene of FIG. 9 was taken on an actual course having an uneven
terrain and the green 88 was elevated above the tee point, it will
apparent that the green would be indicated at a location above that
illustrated in FIG. 9. As a result, even though the golfer would
have perfectly negotiated the entire distance to the cup, the ball
spot 94' would be below the base of the flag stick 86. Similarly,
if the scene was taken on a course having an uneven terrain and the
green was located in a valley, the same would be illustrated on the
screen in a position below the green 88 as seen in FIG. 9. Again,
even though the golfer has perfectly negotiated the distance to the
cup, the ball spot 94' would not illustrate the same. Rather, the
ball spot 94' would be illustrated as being above the base of the
flag stick 86.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that a golf game
according to the invention results in a structure that maximizes
the realism and thus the commercial attractiveness of indoor golf
games and accomplishes the same at a relatively low cost. Through
use of the invention, inaccurate representations of the flight of
the ball which may be irksome to a golfer playing the game are
avoided and similarly, highly complex memory and computing systems
that would provide the desired realism but would render the game
commercially uneconomical are avoided.
Having described a specific embodiment of my invention, I do not
wish to be limited to the details set forth, but rather to have my
invention construed as set forth in the following claims.
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