U.S. patent number 3,711,858 [Application Number 05/118,363] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-16 for monopulse radar antenna structure.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to George C. Reeder, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,711,858 |
Reeder, Jr. |
January 16, 1973 |
MONOPULSE RADAR ANTENNA STRUCTURE
Abstract
An antenna structure formed from slotted wave guide sections for
producing monopulse arrays and incorporating means for reducing
sidelobes. This is achieved by providing wave guide sections in the
four quadrants of a monopulse antenna with adjacent ends of the
wave guides in the quadrants being staggered such that certain wave
guides in one quadrant extend into an adjacent quadrant and vice
versa. The staggered configuration effectively reduces the slope of
the transition in phase from one quadrant to the other and results
in a reduction in amplitude of the side-lobes.
Inventors: |
Reeder, Jr.; George C.
(Pasadena, MD) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
22378113 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/118,363 |
Filed: |
February 24, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/771;
342/382 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
25/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
25/02 (20060101); H01Q 25/00 (20060101); H01q
013/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/767-771,854 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Nussbaum; Marvin
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In an antenna of the slotted wave guide type, at least two
segments each formed from a plurality of parallel slotted wave
guides, the wave guides in at least one segment being positioned
end to end with the wave guides of at least one other segment, the
longitudinal axis of all wave guides so positioned being parallel,
with the adjacent ends of selected wave guides being staggered such
that certain wave guides in one segment extend into an adjacent
segment and vice versa to reduce the generation of sidelobes due to
a discontinuity at the junction of the two segments, and means for
feeding out-of-phase wave energy to the wave guides in the
respective segments.
2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein the antenna is circular in
configuration and there are four segments each defining a quadrant
of a circle.
3. The antenna of claim 2 wherein the parallel wave guide sections
are aligned along vertical axes such that two segments are above
the other two.
4. The antenna of claim 1 including means for feeding wave energy
to said wave guides to produce an illumination pattern where the
phase of the wave energy reverses at the adjacent ends of the wave
guides.
Description
The Invention herein described was made in the course of or under a
contract or subcontract thereunder, (or grant) with the Department
of the Navy.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In conventional radar systems, conical scanning is often used to
obtain the angular position of a target with respect to the
boresight axis of the radar antenna. Radiation from the antenna is
in the form of a narrow pencil beam which is made to rotate
circularly about the boresight axis so that the radiation pattern
is in the form of a cone whose vertex is the center of the
radiating antenna. By recording the position of the radiated energy
pulses which are reflected by a target somewhere in the 360.degree.
circular path traveled by the beam, the angular position of the
target may be determined.
In a monopulse radar system, on the other hand complete angular
information is obtained from a single radiated energy pulse. This
is accomplished by using at least two antenna or antenna segments
rather than one; and in the case where complete azimuth and
elevation information is to be derived, the antenna must be divided
into four quadrants, two above the other and separated along
generally vertical and horizontal dividing planes. The antenna
segments are spaced apart from a common center point and are aimed
so that their cone-shaped lobes or radiation beams overlap. Any
target in the field formed by the overlapping lobes will send
reflected energy pulses back to the respective antenna segments.
Unless the target lies at equal distances from two segments, the
amplitudes and phases of the reflected energy waves arriving at the
antenna segments will vary. By comparing the amplitude or phase
differences, an angular error signal is derived whose magnitude and
polarity indicates target distance and direction from the center
point between the antenna segments. The monopulse system,
therefore, determines target angularity by comparing the amplitudes
of received signals at a plurality of antennas or antenna segments;
whereas the conical scan system determines angularity by noting
amplitude variations in reflected signals as the antenna and lobe
travel through 360.degree..
It has been found desirable to employ in monopulse radar systems an
antenna formed from slotted hollowpipe wave guides. In an antenna
of this type, the wave guides are aligned in side-by-side
relationship and provided with slots in the forward faces thereof.
Four sets of such slotted wave guides must be provided to form the
four quadrants of a monopulse antenna for determining azimuth and
elevation information, the ends of the wave guides in two of the
quadrants abutting or being closely adjacent the ends of the wave
guides in the remaining two quadrants.
In an antenna of this type, it is necessary that the four quadrants
be phased differently in order to obtain the angle error signal.
This phasing results in a discontinuity in the illumination pattern
of the antenna. Specifically, there is a discontinuity at the
center of the antenna where the ends of the wave guides in the
respective quadrants abut each other. At this point, the phase of
the wave energy abruptly changes from a positive value of high
amplitude to a negative value of high amplitude, with the result
that excessive sidelobes occur.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, the generation of
sidelobes because of the abrupt change in phase at the abutting
ends of wave guides in a slotted wave guide configuration for
monopulse radars is reduced or eliminated. This is accomplished
with the use of an antenna of the slotted wave guide type including
at least two segments each formed from a plurality of parallel
slotted wave guides. The ends of the wave guides in one segment are
closely adjacent the ends of the wave guides in the other segment,
and the wave guides in one segment are aligned with those in the
other segment. The adjacent ends of the wave guides in the
respective segments are staggered such that certain wave guides in
one segment extend into an adjacent segment and vice versa to
reduce the generation of sidelobes due to an abrupt discontinuity
at the junction of the two segments.
In most cases, the antenna will include four segments in order that
both azimuth and elevation information can be obtained. The outer
peripheral configuration of the antenna is usually circular with
the segments forming quadrants of the circular configuration;
however, in any event, the outer periphery of the antenna will
ordinarily define a geometrical configuration in which the four
quadrants or sectors are all of the same size.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will
become apparent from the following detailed description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this
specification, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the general principle of
a monopulse radar;
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram showing the manner in which
the antenna of the invention may be connected to transmitting and
receiving circuitry;
FIG. 3 is an elevational plan view of the antenna of the
invention;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of the slotted wave guide
sections of the antenna of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a plot of error signal voltage versus angle for the
antenna of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 6 is a plot of amplitude versus angle showing the reduction in
generation of sidelobes with the teachings of the invention.
With reference now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the
principle of a monopulse radar is shown for locating a target in
one dimension, such as azimuth or elevation. Two antennas or
feedhorns 10 and 12 are spaced at equal distances from a common
center line 14. The radiated lobes or fields 16 and 18 overlap to
form a combined field 20. If a target 22 is found within the
combined field, simultaneous pulses emanating from the antennas 10
and 12 will be reflected back to their respective antennas.
However, since in the present illustration the target is nearer to
the center of the beam of antenna 12 than that of antenna 10, the
reflected pulses arriving at antenna 12 will be greater in
amplitude than those arriving at antenna 10. Likewise, the signal
received at antenna 12 will lead in phase that received at antenna
10. By comparing the difference in amplitude or phase between the
two received signals, an angular error signal can be derived whose
magnitude and polarity will indicate the position of target 22 with
respect to center line 14. The amplitudes of the received pulses
will also indicate the range of the target 22.
A schematic circuit diagram of a monopulse radar system employing
the antenna of the invention for locating a target in both azimuth
and elevation is shown in FIG. 2. The antenna 24, hereinafter
described in detail, includes four quadrants A, B, C and D, each of
which acts as a separate antenna corresponding to one of the two
antennas 10 or 12 in FIG. 1. The segments A and D are connected to
the two arms of a hybrid junction 26 such as a "magic tee" or a
short-slot coupler. The sum and difference signals appear at the
other two arms 28 and 30 of the hybrid. Similarly, the segments B
and C are connected to the two arms of a hybrid junction 32 with
the sum and difference signals appearing at the other two arms 34
and 36. The sum signals 28 and 34 are applied to the two arms of a
third hybrid junction 38 which produces, in channels 40 and 42 a
sum signal and a difference signal, respectively. In addition, the
difference signals at arms 30 and 36 are applied to a hybrid
junction 44 which produces in channel 46 an elevation difference
signal. The signals in channels 40, 42 and 46 are applied to mixers
48, 50 and 52, respectively, where they are mixed with the output
of a local oscillator 54 and then applied through intermediate
frequency amplifiers 56, 58 and 60 to an amplitude detector 62 and
to two phase detectors 64 and 66, respectively. The output of the
amplitude detector 62 is a signal proportional to the range of the
target; the output of phase detector 64 is an azimuth angle error
signal; and the output of phase detector 66 is an elevation angle
error signal. The transmitter 68 is connected through duplexer
devices 70 and 72 to the sum channel 40.
The antenna 24 is shown in detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. It is generally
circular in configuration and includes the four quadrants A, B, C
and D. Each quadrant, such as quadrant B, is formed from a
plurality of parallel wave guide sections 74 provided with angled
slots 76 spaced along their forward walls.
The wave guide sections 74 are shown in detail in FIG. 4. They
comprise a piece of hollow-pipe wave guide which carries the energy
from a transmitter. At the point where radiation is desired, the
holes or slots 76 are cut and so shaped and spaced that radiation
from them is of the desired form. Thus, the antenna feed and the
antenna itself are really one and the same thing. Note that the
wave guide sections 74 in quadrant B, for example, are aligned with
those in quadrant C and that all wave guide sections in quadrants
A, B, C and D are parallel to each other. Furthermore, ends of the
wave guide sections 74 in quadrant B have terminating ends which
are closely adjacent terminating ends of the wave guide sections in
quadrant C. Similarly, the wave guide sections 74 in quadrant A
have terminating ends which are closely adjacent the terminating
ends in quadrant D.
It is common in slotted wave guide antennas of this type to align
all of the terminating ends of the parallel wave guide sections 74
in quadrants B and C, for example, along a straight line. This
results in the illumination pattern shown by the full-line curve 78
in FIG. 5. Suitable wave guide "plumbing," not shown, but within
the skill of the art, is provided between the hybrid junctions 26
and 32 (FIG. 2) and the quadrants A, B, C and D to achieve this
illumination pattern. It will be noted that the illumination
pattern changes abruptly at the junction of the terminating ends of
the wave guide sections in quadrants B and C. Specifically,
radiation of positive phase increases in amplitude from the edge of
the antenna to the center line thereof; whereupon the phase changes
along the straight line edge 79 (FIG. 5) to a negative value of
high amplitude and then decreases in amplitude as the other edge of
the antenna is approached. Furthermore, with an arrangement of that
type, sidelobes of considerable amplitude are generated as shown by
full-line curve 80 in FIG. 6 which is a plot of amplitude versus
angle off the boresight axis of the antenna.
In accordance with the present invention, reduction in sidelobes is
achieved by staggering the terminating ends of the parallel wave
guide sections 74 in quadrants B and C as well as in quadrants A
and D. This creates a condition wherein the phases at the
termination are more or less mixed and the phase reversal is not as
steep as when the terminations are aligned, resulting in the
illumination pattern indicated by the broken line 82 in FIG. 5.
Furthermore, as can be seen from the broken-line curve 84 in FIG.
6, the amplitudes of the sidelobes are considerably reduced by
staggering the ends of the wave guide sections.
Although the invention has been shown in connection with a certain
specific embodiment, it will be readily apparent to those skilled
in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts
may be made to suit requirements without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
* * * * *