U.S. patent number 3,710,177 [Application Number 05/196,922] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-09 for fluorescent lamp circuit driven initially at lower voltage and higher frequency.
Invention is credited to Richard Ward.
United States Patent |
3,710,177 |
Ward |
January 9, 1973 |
FLUORESCENT LAMP CIRCUIT DRIVEN INITIALLY AT LOWER VOLTAGE AND
HIGHER FREQUENCY
Abstract
A circuit for fluorescent lamps includes an inverter which
incorporates means such as temperature dependent elements or
switches whereby the voltage from the inverter is lower but at a
higher frequency initially than during normal running. This
inverter feeds a plurality of lamps, each having associated circuit
elements which are resonant or semi-resonant at the higher
frequency, to facilitate the lamps conducting.
Inventors: |
Ward; Richard (N/A,
EN) |
Family
ID: |
10470638 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/196,922 |
Filed: |
November 9, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Nov 14, 1970 [GB] |
|
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54,327/70 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
315/106;
315/DIG.2; 315/DIG.5; 315/244; 315/291; 315/309; 315/311; 331/108B;
331/112; 331/113R; 331/117R; 331/177R; 331/181 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
41/042 (20130101); Y10S 315/05 (20130101); Y10S
315/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
41/04 (20060101); H05B 41/00 (20060101); H05b
041/29 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/DIG.2,DIG.5,DIG.7,105,106,107,244,291,307-311 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Grimm; Siegfried H.
Claims
I claim:
1. A circuit comprising an element such as a fluorescent lamp which
has to be conditioned to conduct, circuit elements connected, one
in series and one in parallel, with the first-mentioned element and
designed to resonate at a resonant frequency and an inverter for
supplying the lamp and said circuit elements with a voltage at a
frequency less than the resonant frequency, the improvement
residing in that said inverter incorporates means whereby it can
deliver a reduced voltage at a frequency nearer the resonant
frequency to facilitate conditioning of the first-mentioned
element.
2. A circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first-mentioned
element is a gaseous discharge device having at least one filament
and the said circuit elements are a capacitor and an inductor
connected in series with each other and with the said at least one
filament with the capacitor being connected across said discharge
device so it is shunted by the device when the device conducts.
3. A circuit as claimed in claim 2 in which said means are
temperature dependent elements.
4. A circuit as claimed in claim 2 in which said means are
switches.
5. A circuit as claimed in claim 2 in which said inverter comprises
an astable multivibrator having switched means for varying the
pulse repetition frequency, thyristors rendered conductive by said
multivibrator, and output means including means for varying the
output from said thyristors.
Description
The present invention relates to circuits including fluorescent
lamps.
The term fluorescent lamps is intended to cover all lamps wherein a
discharge takes place in a gaseous medium and all other elements
having a negative resistance characteristic and requiring to be
rendered conductive by a combination of voltage and current.
One way of firing a fluorescent lamp is to have one or more
electron-emitting filaments. When the lamp conducts the, or each,
filament is subject to ion bombardment which can result in the
filament overheating especially if it is fed with heating current,
the overheating in combination with the ion bombardment is harmful
to the life of the lamp. It is therefore desired to reduce or
prevent heating current through the filament when the lamp is
conductive. There are many known arrangements and in one of them
two filaments are connected in series in a circuit including an
inductor and a capacitor which are resonant at a frequency near the
supply frequency, the capacitor being shunted by the lamp when the
lamp conducts so that the circuit loses its near-resonant property
and becomes a greater impedance reducing the current through the
filaments. This type of circuit may include an inverter supplying
the lamp at a comparatively high frequency say 1,000 c/s so that
the capacitor and inductor can be relatively small.
According to the present invention there is provided a circuit
comprising an element such as a fluorescent lamp which has to be
conditioned to conduct, circuit elements connected, one in series
and one in parallel, with the first-mentioned element and designed
to resonate at a resonant frequency and an inverter for supplying
the lamp and said circuit elements with a voltage at a frequency
near the resonant frequency, the improvement residing in that said
inverter incorporates means whereby it can deliver a reduced
voltage at a frequency nearer the resonant frequency to facilitate
conditioning of the first mentioned element.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way
of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a fluorescent lamp and
its associated circuit elements,
FIG. 2 is an exemplary inverter for supplying current to the lamp
of FIG. 1 and employing temperature dependent circuit elements,
FIG. 3 is an exemplary inverter for supplying current to the lamp
of FIG. 1 employing switches, and
FIG. 4 is an exemplary high power inverter for supplying current to
a plurality of lamps as shown in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1 cathode filaments 11 of a fluorescent lamp 12 are
connected in a series resonant circuit comprising an inductor 13
and a capacitor 14 across a supply which is shunted by a capacitor
15 designed to bring the power factor of the current taken from the
supply to near unity when the lamp is running normally. The lamp
(i.e. the ion conduction path thereof) is connected across the
capacitor 14.
The value of the inductor 13 is such as to provide the desired
ballast after the lamp is conductive and the value of the capacitor
14 is chosen so the capacitor and the inductor resonate at a
frequency above the designed supply frequency.
At switch-on, a heavy current is drawn through the inductor 13 and
heats the filaments 11. Due to the near resonance of the inductor
13 and the capacitor 14, a voltage higher than the supply voltage
appears across the capacitor 14 and the lamp 12 and a higher
current than normal heats the filaments. These are ideal conditions
for the lamp to conduct. If the circuit were at resonance, the
current and voltage magnification effects would be too large
(unless the circuit was heavily damped leading to operational
inefficiency) and the lamp would be prone to damage. When the lamp
conducts the effective resistance across the lamp between the
filaments 11 drops to a low value, damping the circuit so that its
resonant properties become negligible and the circuit behaves
substantially as if the inductor 13 was in series with the lamp and
has a low power factor. The capacitor 15 takes a leading current to
increase the power factor and is chosen to bring the power factor
when the lamp is conducting to any chosen value, normally as near
unity as is economical.
An inverter shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be used to supply a
plurality of lamps which would each have its own near resonant
circuit. The main advantage of the invention is in fact when the
inverter is used to supply a plurality of lamps. For example,
before a fluorescent lamp conducts, the lamp and its associated
circuit elements take a much heavier current than in the running
condition. When a semi-conductor inverter starts to supply a large
number of fluorescent lamps, the pre-conducting current represents
a heavy temporary load on the inverter, and the inverter has to be
uneconomically designed to cope with this temporary load.
This current is reduced to about normal running current in the
practice of the present invention by having the inverter initially
delivering a voltage reduced to below that at which the lamp would
start to conduct at operational frequency, but at a frequency
nearer resonance so that the lamp will strike even at the reduced
supply voltage because the voltage across the lamp is increased by
the voltage magnification effects of the semi-resonance.
When sufficient time has elapsed for the lamps to strike, the
voltage and frequency are adjusted to their running values either
abruptly or gradually.
A switch can be used to modify the performance of the inverter for
example by introducing or removing circuit elements such as
capacitors, resistors or inductors or by altering tappings on
transformers and can be operated manually, or automatically in
response to time, temperature of a component or current. Instead of
switches, temperature dependent circuit elements can be used so
that the inverter, before it reaches its normal running frequency,
is made to sweep through a range of frequencies at progressively
increasing voltages. By suitable use of temperature dependent
elements, it can be more or less guaranteed that random
manufacturing differences between the lamps will cause them to fire
one after another and they will then run feebly until the inverter
runs at its normal frequency and voltage.
FIG. 2 shows a phase-shift inverter relying on temperature
dependent circuit elements which can be normal resistors associated
with bi-metallic switches using the heat developed by a resistor
which is permanently in circuit and shunting another resistor
either when they are hot or are cold to give the desired resistance
temperature dependency. The collector of a transistor 20 is
connected to a supply line through a load resistor 21 and to the
base of the same transistor through three phase shifting stages,
each comprising a capacitor 22 and a temperature dependent resistor
23. The temperature dependent resistors 23 have an initially low
resistance (so the frequency of the inverter is high) which
increases when the resistors warm up so the frequency is reduced.
The voltage applied to the base is a smaller proportion of the
collector voltage when the resistance is low than when the
resistance increases. Thus the collector voltage is smaller as
well. Therefore the collector voltage increases as the resistors
warm up and the frequency decreases.
The base and the emitter of the transistor are connected to ground
by resistors 24 and 25 respectively. The resistor 25 is shunted at
least in part by a capacitor 26 to provide the desired bias for the
transistor. It is possible for one or both of these resistors 24
and 25 to be temperature dependent, for example if resistor 24 has
a large mass and a large positive temperature coefficient it is
possible to alter frequency and voltage within different time spans
so that the frequency is reduced and then the voltage increased,
the voltage increase taking longer than the frequency
reduction.
To avoid the inverter frequency being affected by the lamp
circuits, it is advisable to use a buffer amplifier 27 with an
output transformer 28.
FIG. 3 shows a tuned inverter relying on switches for voltage and
frequency changes. A transistor 31 has a tuned collector circuit 32
comprising a tapped inductor 32 and a capacitor 33. The collector
can be connected to any one of the tappings of the inductor 32 by a
multi-position switch 34. A feed back coil 35 is
electromagnetically coupled to the inductor 32. Initially the
inductor 32 should have a low inductance. Again a buffer amplifier
36 is provided but this time a tapped transformer 37 is used as the
output load. A multi-positioned switch 38 is used to select the
voltage output. The switches 34 and 38 are controlled manually or
by a temperature, current or time sensitive device represented by a
block 39.
FIG. 4 shows a high power inverter. An astable multivibrator 41
having its frequency adjustable by a variable resistor 42 and a
switched resistor chain 43 is used to control a pair of power
thyristors 44. The output is fed to a transformer 45 having a
variable tapping selector 46. The wave form is improved by an
inductor 47 and capacitors 48. Protective diodes or zener diodes 49
are used to eliminate undesired pulses. The tapping selector 46 and
the switched resistor chain are operated as before in response to
temperature of a component, time, current or manually.
If one lamp fails to fire at reduced voltage (or if a lamp
conducting at reduced or full voltage is switched off), it will
fire at full voltage when this is re-applied.
The invention is particularly applicable to installations where the
cable size is important, such as in coal or other mines, because
power factor correction capacitors which then must be positioned
near or in the lamp fittings take a heavy leading current and this
is uncompensated by any lagging current before the lamps conduct,
giving very unfavorable load conditions to the cables and to the
inverter.
The following is an example of a possible sequence of outputs of,
say, a 110 volts-output inverter which normally runs at 1,000
cycles per second and which, feeds a circuit having a resonant
frequency of 1,500 cycles per second.
The inverter is switched on and runs at 1,500 cycles per second
yielding an output voltage of about 30 volts. Due to the resonance
of the circuit, a larger current flows and a larger voltage appears
across each lamp than would be expected from the small voltage. Not
all the lamps may conduct however and the inverter design is such
as to increase the voltage and reduce the frequency progressively
or stepwise to 110 volts and 1,000 cycles per second respectively
during which time the remainder of the lamps fire randomly one
after another.
By the time the inverter has reached its running condition all
lamps have fired in random sequence, ensuring that any transient
surges associated with firing will not be experienced by the
inverter simultaneously.
The starting and running frequencies (i.e., 1,500 and 1,000 cycles
per second) fix the characteristics of the frequency regulating
circuit elements. After these are fixed, the voltage regulating
circuit elements can be decided. If the timing is to be automatic
rather than manual, due regard is paid to obtaining the desired
timing in the selection of all circuit elements.
* * * * *