U.S. patent number 3,708,600 [Application Number 05/162,567] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-02 for vacuum induction melting furnaces.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Helmut Frye, Ernst Gunter Nickel, Hans Peter Severin.
United States Patent |
3,708,600 |
Nickel , et al. |
January 2, 1973 |
VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING FURNACES
Abstract
Vacuum induction furnaces comprising a crucible having a lining
layer of bricks of sintered fusible lime, and surrounded by an
insulated inductive heating coil present a problem of preventing
metal break-out during use. This problem is overcome according to
the invention by the provision of a crucible comprising three
layers, namely progressing inwardly a heat-insulating ceramic
layer, a rammed oxide layer and the said lining layer, the
thickness of the said layers being selected so that in use the
rammed oxide layer sinters in a zone adjacent the lining layer, the
unsintered zone thus taking up movement due to contraction and
expansion effects of the crucible in use.
Inventors: |
Nickel; Ernst Gunter
(Hagen-Bohlerheide, DT), Severin; Hans Peter
(Sprockhovel, DT), Frye; Helmut (Essen,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Deutsche Edelstahlwerke
Aktiengesellschaft (Krefeld, DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5778707 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/162,567 |
Filed: |
July 14, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Aug 1, 1970 [DT] |
|
|
P 20 38 442.3 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
373/156; 373/155;
373/141 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
6/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
6/02 (20060101); H05B 6/24 (20060101); A43d
043/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;13/27 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Truhe; J. V.
Assistant Examiner: Jaeger; Hugh D.
Claims
What is claimed is:-
1. A vacuum induction melting furnace comprising
a. a crucible having a lining layer of bricks of sintered fusible
lime,
b. an insulated inductive heating coil surrounding the said
crucible,
c. a heat-insulating ceramic layer interposed between the said
heating coil and the said crucible adapted to provide a barrier
against metal break-out, and
d. a rammed oxide layer interposed between the said heat-insulating
ceramic layer and the said crucible lining, the said oxide layer
being a layer of metal oxide which does not form a relatively
low-melting point eutectic with lime,
the thicknesses of the said heat-insulating ceramic layer, the said
rammed oxide layer and the said lining layer being selected so that
in operation the said rammed layer becomes sintered in a zone
adjacent the said lining layer while a zone adjacent the said
heat-insulating ceramic layer remains unsintered to permit slidable
relative movement as the said lining layer expands and contracts in
use.
2. A furnace according to claim 1, wherein the said heat-insulating
ceramic layer comprises a mass of plastics ceramic material.
3. A furnace according to claim 1, wherein the said heat-insulating
layer comprises a wall of fused oxide bricks.
4. A furnace according to claim 1, wherein a web of spun glass
fibers is provided between the said heat-insulating ceramic layer
and the said rammed oxide layer.
5. A furnace according to claim 1, wherein the bottom of the
crucible thereof comprises an outer layer of oxide ceramic
refractory bricks supporting a layer of fused lime.
6. A furnace according to claim 5, wherein the said layer of fused
lime is a rammed layer.
7. A furnace according to claim 5, wherein the said layer of fused
lime is a brick layer.
8. A vacuum induction melting furnace comprising
a. a crucible having a lining layer of bricks of sintered fusible
lime,
b. an insulated inductive heating coil surrounding the said
crucible,
c. a heat-insulating ceramic layer interposed between the said
heating coil and the said crucible adapted to provide a barrier
against metal break-out,
d. a rammed oxide layer interposed between the said heat-insulating
ceramic layer and the said crucible lining, the said oxide layer
being a layer of metal oxide which does not form a relatively
low-melting point eutectic with lime, and
e. a web of spun-glass fibers interposed between the said
heat-insulating ceramic layer and the said rammed oxide layer,
the thicknesses of the said heat-insulating ceramic layer, the said
rammed oxide layer and the said lining layer being selected so that
in operation the said rammed layer becomes sintered in a zone
adjacent the said lining layer, while a zone adjacent the said
heat-insulating ceramic layer remains unsintered to permit slidable
relative movement in combination with the said web of spun-glass
fibers as the said lining layer expands and contracts in use.
Description
This invention relates to vacuum induction melting furnaces, of the
type comprising a crucible having a lining layer of bricks of
sintered fusible lime and surrounded by an insulated inductive
heating coil.
Fused lime in the form of a rammed mass or bricks has previously
been proposed for lining metallurgical furnaces, particularly
melting furnaces for the production of high-alloy steels and
non-ferrous metal alloys. Such a lining is produced by melting a
conventional burned lime which after cooling is size reduced by
crushing, granulating or grinding. It has also been proposed to use
an at least 98% pure lime for applications in which high resistance
to hydration is essential. The fused lime may also contain zirconia
and possibly magnesite in specified quantities.
Due to the extremely low oxygen partial pressure of lime,
conventional linings made of fused lime also provide major
advantages for melting high-alloy steels and alloys in a vacuum.
Thus the use of fused lime has been described for lining crucibles
used for vacuum melting. However the lining of crucibles of vacuum
furnaces with bricks made of fused lime is difficult and cannot
readily be achieved. The lined crucibles of vacuum furnaces do not
have a long life because the melt runs out through the joints of
the lining and thereby damages the induction coil. It is the object
of the present invention relating to vacuum induction melting
furnaces to improve the durability of the lining of the crucible of
such furnaces, which lining comprises a layer of fused lime
bricks.
The invention provides a vacuum induction melting furnace which
includes a crucible having a lining layer of bricks of sintered
fusible lime, an insulated inductive heating coil surrounding the
crucible, a heat-insulating ceramic layer interposed between the
heating coil and the crucible adapted to provide a barrier against
metal break-out, and a rammed oxide layer interposed between the
heat-insulating ceramic layer and the crucible lining, the oxide
layer being a layer of metal oxide which does not form a relatively
low-melting point eutectic with lime, the thicknesses of the
heat-insulating ceramic layer, the rammed oxide layer and the
lining layer being selected so that, in operation, the rammed layer
becomes sintered in a zone adjacent the lining layer.
The inductive heating coil needs to be insulated due to the high
electrical potentials used in large furnaces. Thus the crucible
used according to the invention comprises three layers inside the
induction heating coil. From the outside inwards the layers consist
of a ceramic layer which in preferred embodiments of the invention
consists of a mass of plastics ceramic material, or a wall of fused
oxide bricks; a rammed layer consisting of the oxidic material, and
finally an inner lining for the crucible in the form of a layer of
sintered fused lime bricks. The outer ceramic layer which covers
the inside of the induction heating coil is required firstly to
protect the coil from break-out of metal and secondly to provide
heat insulation, the latter feature being contrary to an open
induction furnace in which the transfer of heat to the coil is
desired to be a maximum. The purpose of providing heat insulation
by the outer layer is to impede the heat flowing from inside the
crucible to the outside and thereby to cause that part of the
rammed layer to sinter which is adjacent the layer of lime bricks.
However, the layer of rammed material which consists of fused
oxides should not sinter completely through the layer thereof.
According to the invention the thicknesses of the several layers
are balanced to ensure that the inner zone of the rammed layer of
material sinters but not the outer zone. To achieve this effect the
ceramic layer covering the heating coil should not be so thick as
to allow the heat flux to become too high, but it must be
sufficiently thick to permit the inner zone of the rammed layer to
sinter. The thickness of the layer of lime bricks which has good
thermal insulating properties must be selected so that the
adjoining inner zone of the rammed layer will sinter. The thickness
of the rammed layer must be sufficient to prevent the entire layer
from sintering through at the existing thermal gradient. The
partial sintering of the rammed layer serves the purpose of
permitting the unsintered zone of the rammed layer slidably to move
without causing the sintered zone which is intended to stop liquid
metal that may have penetrated the joints of the bricks from
penetrating further.
In order further to improve the sliding movement when the lining
expands and contacts in use, another useful feature of the crucible
lining according to the invention consists in interposing a web of
spun glass fibers between the ceramic layer covering the inside
surface of the heating coil and the rammed layer. The glass silk
web firstly has the effect of acting as a separating layer between
the ceramic and the rammed layers, and secondly of providing a
useful sliding surface for co-operation with the unsintered zone of
the rammed layer when the crucible lining expands and shrinks.
According to the invention the floor of the crucible may consist of
an outer layer of oxide ceramic refractory bricks and a covering
layer of fused lime in the form of a rammed composition or of
bricks.
One embodiment of the invention is hereinafter described and
illustrated in the accompanying drawing which is a schematic
longitudinal elevation of part of a vacuum induction melting
furnace according to the invention.
Referring to the drawing, an electrical heating coil 1, comprising
coils 2 provided with an electrical insulation 3, is covered on the
inner side with a layer 4 of a plastics ceramic mass or of bricks.
Preferably a web 5 of spun glass fibers covers the inside surface
of the said ceramic layer 4. The floor of the crucible is
preferably constructed of bricks 6. Bricks 7 of sintered fused lime
form the lining of the crucible and are also disposed on the said
crucible floor 6. A rammed oxide ceramic layer 8 is interposed
between the layer of the said lime bricks 7 and the spun glass
fibers 5. The inside zone 9 of the rammed layer 8 adjoining the
layer 7 of lime bricks is sintered by heat penetrating outwardly
through the layer during the melting down of a charge in the
crucible, the outer zone of the rammed layer 8 remaining in an
unsintered condition, enabling the said rammed layer slidably to
move when the crucible expands or contracts in operation. If the
lining of the crucible consisted of a completely sintered material
the lining would be fractured during such expansion and the
contraction resulting in molten metal breaking out through the
lining from the interior to the outside.
The feature of a lining of the crucible of a vacuum induction
furnace comprising an inner zone of sintered fusible lime provides
the conditions that enable high-alloy steels and alloys to be
vacuum melted and the life of the crucible to be prolonged.
High-alloy steels, some of which have a high affinity for oxygen
and alloys, for example high tensile steels and super alloys based
on nickel and cobalt that harden with a martensitic structure, can
be melted without reducing the crucible material as occurs in the
case of conventional crucible materials, and without thus causing
an increase both in oxygen concentration in the melt and the
concentration of metal liberated by the reduction. Moreover, the
alloying and refining elements zirconium, titanium, aluminum,
beryllium, niobium, tantalum, boron and the rare earths, which
partly also serve for binding and neutralizing non-metallic
impurities and trace elements, can more effectively be prevented
from slagging in a vacuum melting furnace lined with fusible lime
according to the invention than in crucibles having conventional
rammed linings possessing higher oxygen partial pressures.
Since there is no risk of the lime lining being reduced, the vacuum
may be raised to values of the order of 10.sup.-.sup.4 torrs at
which level a substantially more intense and rapid degassing and
evaporation of the trace elements and a reduction of the
carbon/oxygen equilibrium can be achieved, resulting in shorter
melting times.
* * * * *