U.S. patent number 3,707,850 [Application Number 05/080,117] was granted by the patent office on 1973-01-02 for cryogenic storage tank improvements.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Systems Capitol Corporation. Invention is credited to Anthony J. Baranyi, Joseph A. Connell, Paul V. Laylander.
United States Patent |
3,707,850 |
Connell , et al. |
January 2, 1973 |
CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK IMPROVEMENTS
Abstract
Liquified gas is stored underground in a large double walled
container seated in an opening in the earth's surface. Between the
walls of the liner, thermal insulation is distributed in a
continuous layer along the floor and wall of the opening. A
diaphragm is supported across the top of the opening with a seal
being provided between the diaphragm and the double walled liner to
form a container for the liquified gas. Surrounding the lip of the
opening is a concrete ring across which a net of cables is
stretched to support a thermally insulating ceiling. A cooling
system is provided for freezing the earth to aid in the excavation
of the opening and this system is subsequently used to maintain the
wall and floor of the opening frozen to a controlled thickness by
cooling them in response to a rise in the temperature of the
surrounding earth above a predetermined temperature level. Also
disclosed are various techniques for constructing a storage tank of
the type described.
Inventors: |
Connell; Joseph A. (Harbor
City, CA), Baranyi; Anthony J. (Costa Mesa, CA),
Laylander; Paul V. (Irvine, CA) |
Assignee: |
Systems Capitol Corporation
(Phoenix, AZ)
|
Family
ID: |
22155368 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/080,117 |
Filed: |
October 12, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/53.1; 405/56;
62/260 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17C
3/005 (20130101); F17C 2270/0147 (20130101); F17C
2203/0673 (20130101); F17C 2203/0646 (20130101); F17C
2203/016 (20130101); F17C 2203/0663 (20130101); F17C
2205/0367 (20130101); F17C 2201/032 (20130101); F17C
2227/0135 (20130101); F17C 2201/052 (20130101); F17C
2203/0629 (20130101); F17C 2209/228 (20130101); F17C
2250/0631 (20130101); F17C 2203/0643 (20130101); F17C
2250/0439 (20130101); F17C 2203/0604 (20130101); F17C
2223/0161 (20130101); F17C 2227/0353 (20130101); F17C
2203/0341 (20130101); F17C 2223/033 (20130101); F17C
2201/0119 (20130101); F17C 2223/047 (20130101); F17C
2227/0178 (20130101); F17C 2221/033 (20130101); F17C
2203/0391 (20130101); F17C 2227/0388 (20130101); F17C
2201/0104 (20130101); F17C 2203/0678 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F17C
3/00 (20060101); F17c 001/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/.5 ;62/45 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Assistant Examiner: Capossela; Ronald C.
Claims
We claim:
1. An underground storage tank for liquified gas comprising:
a. an opening in an earthen surface;
b. a container made of a laminate and conforming when filled to the
shape of said opening;
c. porous reinforcing screening covering the floor and wall of said
opening and serving to surround and gird said container; and
d. thermal insulation distributed between said screening and the
floor and wall of said opening and a thermally insulated roof
covering the top of said opening.
2. The storage tank of claim 1 characterized further by a plurality
of expanding retention bands located within said screen at
vertically spaced intervals between said screening and the side of
said container and pressing said screening against said thermal
insulation to hold said thermal insulation in place.
3. The storage tank of claim 2 characterized further by a
moisture-impervious liner surrounding the thermal insulation which
is distributed between said screening and the floor and wall of
said opening and a layer of padding distributed between the wall of
said opening and said liner to protect said liner from
puncture.
4. In an underground storage tank for liquified gas of the type
having an opening in the earth's surface and a container in said
opening, a thermally insulated roof comprising:
a. a concrete ring surrounding the lip of said opening;
b. a net of steel cables stretched across said opening and
supported by said concrete ring;
c. screening of cryogenically stable material extending on top of
said net;
d. a moisture-impervious laminate extending on top of said
screening; and
e. thermal insulation packed in bags and distributed in several
layers on top of said laminate.
5. For use in storing liquified gas in a bucket-shaped opening in
the earth's surface a thermally insulated container comprising:
a. a sealed, double walled, liquid and gas impervious bucket-shaped
liner covering the floor and wall of said opening;
b. thermal insulation packed in bags and distributed in a
continuous layer between the inner and outer walls of said
liner;
c. a porous reinforcing screen surrounding the inner wall of said
liner;
d. a liquid and gas impervious diaphragm stretched across the mouth
of said opening and sealed to the rim of said liner; and
e. thermal insulation distributed in a continuous layer above said
diaphragm.
6. For use in storing liquified gas in a bucket-shaped opening in
the earth's surface a thermally insulated container comprising:
a. a sealed, double walled, liquid and gas impervious bucket-shaped
liner covering the floor and wall of said opening;
b. thermal insulation packed in bags and distributed in a
continuous layer between the inner and outer walls of said
liner;
c. bracing means for maintaining said bags of insulation upright
against the wall of said opening and for reinforcing the inner wall
of said liner, said bracing means including,
1. cryogenically stable bucket-shaped screening surrounding the
inner wall of said liner, and
2. a series of vertically spaced apart, expandable, cryogenically
stable retainer bands between the upright portion of said screening
and the upright portion of said inner wall for holding said
screening against said insulation;
d. a liquid and gas impervious diaphragm stretched across the mouth
of said opening and sealed to the rim of said liner; and
e. thermal insulation distributed in a continuous layer above said
diaphragm.
7. For use in storing liquified gas in a bucket-shaped opening in
the earth's surface a thermally insulated container comprising in
combination:
a. a bucket-shaped liquid and gas impervious liner within said
opening;
b. compressible pillows of thermal insulation distributed in a
continuous layer inside said liner along its floor and wall;
c. a bucket-shaped expandable cryogenically stable reinforcing
screening inside said layer of bags;
d. a series of vertically spaced apart, expandable, cryogenically
stable retaining bands compressed inside said screening;
e. a bucket-shaped liquid and gas impervious liner within said
series of retaining bands, made expandable by distributed
folds;
f. a liquid and gas impervious diaphragm stretched across the mouth
of said opening and sealed to the rim of said inner liner; and
g. thermal insulation distributed in a continuous layer above said
diaphragm, said container being characterized in that its inner
liner, its retaining bands, and its screening all expand and said
compressible pillows are compressed when said tank is initially
filled.
Description
The present invention relates to the storing of large quantities of
liquified gas, most advantageously natural gas and in particular to
the storing of such liquified gas underground.
More particularly, the present invention is directed to certain
structural features of an underground storage tank which was
broadly conceived by Joseph A. Connell and Anthony J. Baranyi and
which is described and claimed in a patent application entitled
METHOD AND MEANS FOR THE UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF LIQUIFIED GAS Ser.
No. 99,980 filed by the above joint inventors on Oct. 12, 1970. The
aforesaid underground storage tank is constructed by first
excavating a generally bucket-shaped opening in the earth's surface
and placing two bucket-shaped liners, one within the other, into
the opening. Between the two liners thermal insulation packed in
bags is distributed along the floor and wall of the opening. The
two liners have radially extending flanges which are sealed to one
another so as to form, together with the thermal insulation between
them, a double walled, moisture-impervious insulating bucket within
the opening in the earth. A diaphragm caps the top of the
insulating bucket and forms with it a container for receiving
cryogenic liquid such as liquid natural gas. A thermally insulating
ceiling is suspended above the diaphragm in order to form a
completely thermally insulated container.
The present invention lies in certain methods and structural
features for constructing an underground storage tank of the above
type. Thus, in accordance with one of these features, a layer of
padding is placed over the wall of the opening and the outer liner
of the insulating bucket is installed within that layer, thereby
protecting the outer liner from puncture by sharp projections on
the wall of the earthen opening.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a
unique retaining structure is provided between the bags of
insulation which are stacked along the wall of the opening and the
inner liner. This retaining structure has a dual purpose. First, it
serves to prevent the bags which are stacked along the wall of the
opening inside the outer liner from falling down. That this would
otherwise be a problem will be appreciated when it is considered
that a typical height for the wall of the opening, and hence for
the stacked bags along that wall, is of the order of 60 feet. In
carrying out this feature of the invention, the insulating bags or
pillows are stacked inside the outer liner to a height which is a
fraction of the total height of the wall of the excavated
opening.
A screening is then installed along the floor of the opening on top
of the inner liner, is brought up inside the stacked insulating
pillows and is held in place by means of an expandable
cryogenically stable retaining ring. Once that ring is installed,
the height of the stacked bags is increased by piling additional
insulating pillows to an additional height approximately equal to
the height of the first set of pillows thus installed. The
screening is then extended further upward so as to cover the
additionally stacked pillows and a second expandable retaining ring
is put in place inside the screening near the top of the stacked
pillows. This process continues, with the height of the pillows
being successively increased along the wall of the opening and with
the screening and additional retaining bands being installed all
the way to the top of the opening.
With the insulating pillows all held securely in place, the inner
liner is installed inside the retaining structure which also serves
to reinforce that inner liner when it is filled with cryogenic
liquid. This is particularly important because the insulating
pillows are by their nature compressible. Moreover, they present to
the inner liner a surface having gaps which the liner must bridge.
Both of these characteristics tend to cause the inner liner to
balloon outward under the weight of the liquid within. Thus, the
retaining structure and particularly the screening serve not only
to hold the insulating pillows in place but also serve the
important function of lending additional strength to the inner
liner to prevent it from being ruptured by the fluid which is
stored within it.
In the storage tank which is described in the above-referenced
patent application, there is described a concrete ring which is
installed at the rim of the opening and which serves to support the
inner and outer liners by means of a set of anchoring bolts
distributed around its periphery. In accordance with the present
invention, a lightweight supporting structure is mounted upon this
concrete ring to support the thermally insulating ceiling which is
required above the top of the underground container. In keeping
with this feature of the invention, the supporting structure is in
the form of a net comprised of steel cables stretched across the
concrete ring. On top of the cables a cryogenically stable
screening, of the same type used to maintain the bags in the
opening upright, is laid. A liner, similar to those used for the
insulating bucket, is then laid on top of the cryogenically stable
screening and insulating pillows, again of the same type used
between the inner and outer liners, are installed in several layers
over the liner. A second liner is laid on top of the layers of
insulating pillows and the top and bottom liners are sealed
together at their edges so as to form a moisture-impervious
enclosure or envelope for the thermally insulating pillows between
them.
The present invention and its advantages will be more clearly
understood with reference to the following description of a
preferred embodiment thereof taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a plan view, partially cut away, of a storage tank
incorporating features of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross section along line 2--2 of the storage tank
illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a wall of the storage tank
illustrated in FIG. 2 taken along line 3--3;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the ceiling and roof of the storage
tank illustrated in FIG. 2, taken through line 4--4;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of the supporting concrete
ring surrounding the mouth of the opening which houses the storage
tank illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5a is an enlarged perspective cross-sectional view of a
portion of the concrete ring of FIG. 5 showing more clearly the
manner in which the several layers of the storage tank are anchored
upon the ring;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the floor of the storage tank of FIG.
2, taken through line 6--6;
FIG. 7 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 2 to illustrate some
of the details of the submerged pump used in the illustrated
storage tank and the manner in which it is installed therein;
and
FIG. 8 is a side view of a few of the freeze pipes which are sunk
into the earth in a circular array and through which a refrigerant
is pumped to create a frozen shell of earth to provide structural
support for the storage tank of FIGS. 1 and 2.
In the detailed description which follows, an exemplary storage
tank incorporating features of the present invention is described
in detail. It should be kept in mind that several of the structural
features as well as several of the construction methods described
herein are the joint inventions of Joseph A. Connell and Anthony J.
Baranyi, are not claimed in the present application, but are
claimed instead in the above-referenced application of these joint
inventors.
An underground storage tank incorporating features of the present
invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, and 5. As best seen in
FIGS. 1, 2, and 5, the exemplary storage is comprised principally
of an opening 13 in the earth's surface housing a double walled
container 15. The container is shown to be fabricated of a
bucket-shaped inner liner 17 capped by a diaphragm 19. The inner
liner 17 of the container is surrounded by insulating pillows 21
comprised of thermal insulation packed in bags, and the pillows 21
are in turn held within an outer bucket-shaped liner 23 which
serves to prevent moisture from the earth from seeping into the
thermal insulation. A concrete ring 25 surrounds the lip of the
opening 13 and serves as a structural support for the ceiling 27.
The latter includes a net 29 of cables upon which several layers of
bags 31 packed with insulation are distributed. If desired, a roof
33 supported by an inert gas such as nitrogen may be anchored upon
the ring 25 to prevent damage to the ceiling 27. Cryogenic fluid is
pumped out of the storage tank by a submersible pumping system 37
which is suspended into the storage tank from a cantilever support
structure 35.
The storage tank may be either in an opening which is in a rock
formation, in which case freezing of the ground is not required, or
it may be formed in an opening in soil in which case it is
desirable that the ground be frozen both as an aid in construction
and to provide structural strength during operation of the tank.
The tank which is illustrated in the figures is of the latter type.
The first step in constructing the subject storage tank is to
investigate the soil conditions at the site thoroughly. The results
of this investigation will help determine the exact construction
methods which are to be employed, the required thickness of the
soil that is to be frozen, as well as the amount of refrigeration
that will be required.
The first step in ground freezing is the insertion of freeze pipes
into the ground on a circle which will ultimately be the center of
the frozen earthen wall. Pipes 39 and 41 which are alternately long
and short, as illustrated in FIG. 8, are preferably employed, with
the long pipes 39 extending into the ground about 10-20 percent
deeper than the bottom of the ultimate excavated hole. The short
pipes 41 extend into the ground approximately 20 feet. The
staggered arrangement of pipes provides a greater transfer surface
and hence cooling capacity near the ground level where the largest
amount of heat must be removed from the soil. In order to permit
close control of the rate of freezing, two separate systems 43 and
45 for circulating refrigerant through the pipes are shown. The
first system 43 is connected to the long pipes 39 through a
manifold 44 and the second system 45 is connected to the short
pipes 41 through a second manifold 46. The advantage of this
arrangement derives from the fact that at times during normal tank
operation heat leak from the ground into the insulated tank is not
sufficient to maintain the frozen wall at the desired thickness.
When this occurs, it is only necessary to pass refrigerant through
the short pipes 41 since it is from the ground surface that the
heat leak into the tank is the greatest.
As shown in FIG. 2, the long freeze pipes 39 are comprised of
coaxial pipes 39a and 39b, and the manifold 44 is comprised of an
inlet manifold 44a and a return manifold 44b.
Refrigerant is circulated from the cooling unit 43 down through the
inside freeze pipes 39a, up through the outside freeze pipes 39b
and back to the cooling unit 43 through the return manifold 44b.
The short pipes 41 and their associated manifold 46 are similarly
constructed.
At the same time that the freeze pipes 39 and 41 are installed,
several rows of temperature sensors 47, preferably of the type
which produce an electrical indication of temperature on a pair of
wires, are also inserted into the ground on radii extending out
from the tank. The sensors may be contained in pipes (not shown),
sunk into the earth to the same length as the long freeze pipes 39,
and containing temperature sensors throughout their length. The
wires of the sensors will, of course, be brought up through the
pipes for connection to suitable controls or indicators. By sensing
and monitoring the ground temperatures with the temperature sensors
47 the progress of ground freezing may be monitored and the time
when excavation may begin can be determined. The temperature
sensors 49 in combination with additional sensors 49 and 50 which
are inserted inside the excavation 13 and also beneath its floor
also serve to monitor the temperature of the earth surrounding the
excavation during operation of the tank. As explained in the
related Joseph A. Connell and Anthony J. Baranyi application, one
or both of the cooling systems 43 and 45 are kept running during
the operation of the tank so as to keep the thickness of its frozen
floor and wall within set limits, with the status of the floor and
wall being determined by the sensors 49 and 50.
After the walls have been frozen to the desired thickness,
excavation of the unfrozen center of the frozen ring by any of
several known methods may begin. After excavation has progressed to
a depth which will represent the bottom of the concrete ring 25,
the latter is installed. The ring 25 contains reinforcing steel
rods whose number and thickness will depend upon the diameter of
the opening and upon the loads which the ring is to carry. The
necessary calculations for determining the number, thickness and
distribution of the reinforcing steel rods are well known in the
civil engineering art and will not be described herein. It might be
noted that, before the concrete ring 25 is poured, it is desirable
that some portion of the frozen earth be chipped out in order that
the concrete may be poured directly against the frozen ground to
eliminate the possibility of ice lens formation.
After the concrete ring 25 has been installed, the unfrozen earth
within is excavated to a depth which is several feet greater than
that ultimately required. In the over-excavated portion at the
bottom of heat exchanger 51 consisting of a series of connected
pipes is installed. The heat exchanger 51 is connected to the
manifold 44 which serves the long pipes 39. Additional temperature
sensors 49 and 50 are placed along the bottom of the opening and
along its side. After the heat exchanger 51 and the additional
temperature probes 49 have been installed on the bottom of the
opening 13, they are covered with a layer of sand 52 to a depth of
several feet, usually less than 4. Refrigerant is then pumped
through the heat exchanger 51 until a bottom which is typically
four feet thick is frozen.
The installation of the tank may now begin. First, the wall of the
opening 13 is smoothed, preferably by spraying water upon it which
freezes and produces a smooth surface. To further insure that no
damage will be done to the outer liner 23, and in accordance with a
feature of the present invention, padding is installed all around
the opening over its wall and base. This may be done by fiberglass
mats 53 in the form of vertically running strips attached to the
wall of the opening and layed over its bottom, as shown in FIGS. 3
and 6. After the mats 53, which should be at least an inch thick,
have been installed, the outer liner 23 is lowered into the
opening. Preferably, it will be prefabricated to have a shape which
conforms to the shape of the opening 13 and to have a size which is
slightly larger than the opening. The latter will insure that when
the outer liner 23 is put in place it will be slightly wrinkled so
as to preclude the possibility of its being placed in tension when
the tank is filled.
The outer liner 23 should be made of a cryogenically stable
material. One which is believed will be found suitable includes at
least one multilayer laminate having layers of aluminum and
polyester. At its top the outer liner 23 is provided with a
radially extending flange 23a by which it is anchored to the
concrete ring 25. For this purpose a plurality of bolts 55 are
anchored around the periphery of the concrete ring 25 and the rim
23a is fastened upon these bolts. FIGS. 5 and 5a show a suitable
arrangement wherein the bolts 55 are distributed around the
periphery of the concrete ring in a channel 58. A sealant paste is
first applied in a layer 60 to the bottom of the channel 58 around
the bolts 55, and the outer liner flange 23a is placed on top of
the sealant layer 60. At subsequent stages of construction the
extreme portions of the screening 61 and of the inner liner 17 are
also extended into the channel 58, with additional layers 62 and 64
of sealant being applied under each of them. Finally, the entire
sandwich structure thus formed is clamped by means of a series of
arcuate retaining strips 56 made of a durable cryogenically stable
material. The strips 56 will be typically several feet long and
will be predrilled to mate with approximately six bolts 55 for each
strip, each bolt receiving a respective nut 66 to secure the strips
56 thereon.
Having installed the outer liner 23, the thermal insulation may now
be installed upon the floor of the opening on top of the liner. The
insulation is preferably in the form of pillows 21 wherein
particulated insulation is packed in bags 57 made of a
cryogenically stable, porous material. The material needs to be
cryogenically stable since at least some of the bags will be
exposed to the cryogenic temperatures of the liquid stored within
the tank. The advantage of making the bags out of porous material
is that this allows trapped air to escape from within the bags when
the tank is filled. Perlite has been found to be suitable for the
insulating material.
The number of layers of insulating pillows 21 are a matter of
choice, three being shown in the drawings.
Once the floor of the opening has been covered with the desired
number of layers of bagged thermal insulation, the insulation of
the wall of the opening 13 within the outer liner 23 may begin. The
use of insulating pillows 21 comprised of bagged Perlite is again
preferred. The insulating of the wall of the opening is best
achieved by first stacking insulating pillows 21 along the wall of
the opening 13 to a moderate height such as for example ten feet.
To prevent the inner liner 17 from having a sharp corner and
thereby to reduce the chances of rupture when the tank is filled,
it is desirable at this point to install all around the bottom
corner of the opening 13 next to the pillows 21 a series of
triangularly cross-sectioned corner pillows 65 which may be
comprised of the same materials as those used for the pillows 21,
forming a curved radial side wall-to-base configuration.
In keeping with a principal feature of the present invention, means
are next installed to help retain the insulating pillows 21 which
have been stacked next to the wall of the opening. In the exemplary
embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, these means comprise a
screening 61 combined with a series of expandable retaining bands
59. As best seen in FIG. 1, the screening 61 is made up of a
plurality of screen strips 63 which are laid upon the floor of the
opening, with their edges slightly overlapping to make for a
continuous, pie-shaped piece of screening. The screen strips 63 are
brought up next to the stacked pillows along the wall of the
opening 13. To hold the screen strips 63 in place against the bags
21, and in further keeping with the present invention, a first
retaining band 59 is installed and is expanded sufficiently to hold
it, and the screen strips 63, in place. The retaining bands are
provided for this purpose with one or more ratcheted expanding
joints 60 of conventional construction, which permit the retaining
bands to expand, both during installation and subsequently, when
the bands are further expanded, typically by several feet, by the
pressure exerted upon them when the storage tank is filled. The
retaining bands 59 will contract at cryogenic temperatures but this
is provided for in the expandable ratcheting connections 60. The
retaining bands will generally be of a semi-tubular shape, that is,
their cross-section would be arcuate, to obtain structural strength
and to present a smooth surface without abrupt corners to the inner
liner 17. The ratcheted expanding joints 60 would be in the hollow
of the retaining bands and would have no contact with inner liner
17. The ratcheting is so arranged that the retaining bands 59 can
only expand and cannot contract even when the pressure which had
caused them to expand in the first place is removed, as by emptying
of the storage tank.
The screen strips 63 overlap not only along the floor of the
opening but also along the wall so that a generally cylindrical
screening is formed inside the insulating pillows 21 along the wall
of the opening. In some instances it may be advisable to sandwich a
lubricant, such as a strip of polyester, between the overlapping
edges of adjacent screen strips 63 so as to allow them to slide
relative to one another. In this way, the screening 61 is made
capable of expanding under the pressure of liquid entering the
tank. This is particularly important because the insulating pillows
21 are significantly compressed by the liquid, especially toward
the bottom where they may be compressed by more than 6 inches.
Once the screen strips 63 have been fastened under the first
retaining band 59, more insulating pillows 21 may be piled on top
of those which had been initially placed next to the wall. As shown
in FIG. 2, when the pillows 21 have been stacked along the wall to
an additional height, approximately the same as the initial height
of pillows stacked there, another retaining band 59 is installed
and the screen strips 63 are raised all around the wall of
insulation and fastened under the second retaining band 59. This
process continues, with additional pillows being piled on top of
those stacked previously and with successive retaining bands 59
being installed, each time raising the screen strips just above the
last retaining band 59 so installed. The process continues until
the wall of insulating pillows and the screening 61 inside it
reaches the top of the opening 13. At this point the screen strips
63 are brought over on top of the pillows 21 and are fastened upon
the concrete ring 25 in the manner explained previously with
reference to FIG. 5a.
The next step is to install the inner liner 17 which in the
preferred embodiment has the same bucket shape as the outer liner
23, but which of course is made to be smaller. The inner liner 17
is provided with a radially extending flange 17a at its top and the
flange is fastened on top of the outer liner flange 23a by means of
the bolts 55 and the washers 56.
As an aid in the proper installation of the inner liner 17 the air
between the inner and outer liners 17 and 23 is exhausted through
an opening 69. The resulting vacuum inside the space formed by the
two liners 17 and 23 causes the inner liner 17 to press against the
screening 61 so that both the screening and the inner liner conform
generally to the shape of the pillows 21 which are stacked against
the wall of the opening. The inner liner 17 is designed, with a
waffled surface configuration, to be slightly larger than the space
inside the insulating pillows 21.
It may be seen at this point that the screening 61 of the present
invention serves a dual purpose. As noted earlier, it serves to
hold the insulating pillows 21 flat against the wall of the opening
in combination with the retaining rings 59. The screening 61 also
serves, however, as a reinforcement for the inner liner 17. Thus,
where the liner bridges a gap between adjacent insulating pillows,
and particularly where such a bag collapses under the weight of
cryogenic liquid within the inner liner 17, the screening keeps the
inner liner from ballooning into the resulting space. For this
reason, the screening is preferably made of some cryogenically
stable material having good structural strength. It may be, for
example, made of either fiberglass screening, aluminum screening,
or stainless steel screening. Tests have proven that the strength
of the laminate which makes up the inner liner 17 can be
substantially increased by use of the screening 61.
With the inner liner 17 in place the next step is to install the
diaphragm 19. The diaphragm preferably is made of the same laminate
as the liners 17 and 23 and is sufficiently large so that it
extends past their flanges 17a and 23a. It is provided with a
series of openings about its periphery which fit around a
corresponding plurality of bolts 67. By means of retaining strips
70 of the same type as the retaining strips 56 used for the liners
17 and 23 the edges of the diaphragm 19 are sealed to the top
surface of the concrete ring 25 so that the ring provides a seal
between the double walled insulating bucket formed by the inner and
outer liners 17 and 23 on the one hand and the diaphragm 19 on the
other hand.
The provision at this point of a light yet strong, thermally
insulating ceiling forms yet another feature of the present
invention. Specifically, a net 29 of steel cables is stretched
across the concrete ring 25. In the exemplary embodiment disclosed,
particularly in FIGS. 1 and 5, the net 29 is comprised of an outer
steel I-beam ring 72, an inner steel ring 74, and a plurality of
steel cables 73 stretched radially between them. The entire net 29
can be assembled away from the tank and lowered in one piece by a
crane to rest upon the horizontal ledge of the concrete ring 25,
where it would then be bolted, to prevent it from rising
thereafter. Thermal insulation 76 in loose form is installed around
the edge of the net 29 to prevent heat leaks between the ceiling
insulation 31 and the wall insulation 21. Suitable tensioning
devices 79 are usually provided near the end of the cables 73 to
give them a desired catenary.
Before installing the net 29, it is desirable first to lay a
protective cushion 71, such as one inch thick fiberglass on top of
the diaphragm 19 to prevent it from rubbing against the net.
A layer of screening 81 is installed on top of the net 29 to
provide a continuous floor upon which the thermal insulating
ceiling can be stacked. To provide a moisture-impervious protective
layer for the thermal ceiling insulation 31, a liner 85 which may
be of the same construction as the liners 17 and 23 is next
installed on top of the screening 79. Then, before the thermal
insulation 31 is installed on top of the liner 85, a flange 87 is
first formed through the liner 85, the screening 81, the fiberglass
padding 71, and the diaphragm 19 below by cutting a hole 88 through
them in order to accommodate the casing of the submersible pump
37.
Under the hole 88 a gasket 89 is placed and immediately on top of
the hole opposite the gasket 89 a double-flanged collar 91 is laid.
The gasket 89 and the collar 91 are fastened together by a set of
bolts 93, thereby forming a vapor sealing flange 87 and sandwiching
between them the liner 85 and the diaphragm 19. The next step is to
lower the submersible pump system 37 through the flange 87 just
formed. A suitable such pumping system is manufactured by the
Carter Pump Company of Costa Mesa, California and is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,369,715 issued to J. C. Carter. Since the pumping
system is commercially available, it will not be described herein
in detail. Suffice it to say that it includes a casing 95 having a
bottom portion 95a and a top portion 95b having abutting flanges 99
and 100 which are clamped and sealed together.
The initial part in installing the pumping system 37 is to lower
the casing 95 through the flange 87 by means of a crane. The casing
95 is lowered to a depth sufficient to bring its bottom close to
but not in contact with the bottom of the storage tank. It is then
fixed in place upon the support structure 35, suitable brackets 102
being provided on the casing 95 for this purpose, and its flanges
99 and 100 are bolted to the top flange of the ceiling collar 91.
Next, a submersible, electrically powered pump 105 is lowered in
place to the bottom of the casing 95 to rest on top of a foot valve
assembly 107 which automatically opens in response to the pump 105
being seated thereon. Electric power is supplied to the pump 105
through an electric cable 109 fed from a conduit 108. By means of a
connecting member 103, which may be either a pipe or a cable
suspended from a cover plate 101 at the top of the casting 95, the
pump 105 may be both lowered into place and subsequently lifted and
removed from the casing 95 for repairs without unduly disrupting
the operation of the storage tank. For this purpose the connecting
member 103 is suspended from the cover plate 101 by means of a hand
crank 104 which, when turned, is operative to lift or lower the
pump 105. The hand crank 104 is used only to lift the pump 105
sufficiently to close the valve assembly 107. When it is desired to
entirely remove the pump 105 from the casing 95, the cover plate
101 is removed and other means, such as a crane are used to pull
the pump 105 from the casing.
As described in greater detail in the referenced Carter patent,
cryogenic fluid is pumped out of the storage tank through an inlet
and outlet pipe flange 110 which extends from the upper casing
portion 95b.
At the same time that the pump casing 95 is installed, there is
also installed in the ceiling of the tank a fill and vent assembly
113 comprised of a flanged, vent pipe 114 and a fill pipe 116
supported within the vent pipe. This may be accomplished in a
manner similar to the installation of the casing 95. In particular,
an opening 112 is cut through the ceiling material and receives a
gasket 111 and a double flanged collar 118 which are fastened
together by a set of bolts 117. The vent pipe 114 extends up
through the ceiling structure of the tank and is rigidly held in
place by brackets 120 bolted to the support structure 35. The
liquid fill pipe 116 also extends through the ceiling structure and
has at its bottom a splash plate 122 to disperse the cryogenic
fluid being fed therethrough.
Once the pump assembly 37 and the fill and vent assembly 113 have
been installed through the ceiling structure, the thermal ceiling
insulation may be laid. This thermal insulation may be in the same
form as that used for insulating the floor and walls of the storage
tank and is therefore shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 as several layers of
thermally insulating pillows 31. The insulating pillows 31 are laid
over the entire ceiling on top of the liner 85 and are preferably
packed to the edge of the concrete ring 25 as shown in FIG. 5. A
second liner 121, which may be of the same material as the bottom
ceiling liner 85 is then installed over the ceiling insulating
pillows 119. The ceiling screening 81, and the ceiling liners 85
and 121 are anchored at their peripheries in a groove 82 which
extends all around the top of the concrete ring 25. As shown in
FIG. 5, the manner of attachment is similar to that used for the
tank diaphragm 19. In particular, the screening 81 and the liners
85 and 121 are sandwiched together in the groove 82 with a sealant
being applied under each of them, and they are clamped in the
groove 82 by means of long arcuate strips 83 fastened down by bolts
84 and nuts 86 distributed along the groove. Additional vapor seals
124 are provided subsequently where the casing 95 and the pipe 113
penetrate the upper liner 121 and the ceiling 33. The two liners 85
and 121 together form a moisture-impervious barrier which fully
encloses the ceiling insulating pillows 119. The space between
liners 85 and 121, filled with bagged Perlite insulation, is
maintained in an inerted gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen.
To protect the ceiling 27 from damage caused by the elements it is
advisable to install a protective roof 33. This structure may be
made of a flexible, airtight commercially available material, such
as vinyl coated nylon fastened at its edges to the outer periphery
of the concrete ring by a set of bolts 123 and washers 125. The
protective roof 33 may be inert gas supported by maintaining the
pressure in the space 127 below it at slightly above
atmospheric.
Prior to filling the vessel with cryogenic fluid, a purging of the
inner vessel and insulated annular space between outer and inner
liners 23 and 17 with inerting gas is accomplished by introducing
inerting gas, such as nitrogen, into the inner vessel area first,
and then into the annulus through the inlet 69, maintaining a
higher pressure in the vessel than in the annulus to avoid
displacement of the inner liner 17 from the insulated wall.
The filling of the tank may now begin. It will usually be done
through both the fill pipe 116 and the pump housing 95. For this
purpose, the pipe flange 110 of the housing 95 is connected to a
source of cryogenic fluid as in the fill pipe 116. By means of
suitable external pumps, cryogenic fluid will then be fed through
the pipes 110 and 116. The feeding of the cryogenic fluid through
the fill pipe 116 has the advantage that the cryogenic fluid is
dispersed by means of the splash plate 122 near the top of the
tank, thus serving to condense some of the rising flash and vapor
which is always generated when cryogenic fluids are transferred. At
subsequent times when the level of the cryogenic fluid in the tank
has diminished, additional cryogenic fluid may be supplied through
the fill pipe 116. This may be done either while the submerged pump
is inoperative or at the same time that cryogenic fluid is being
withdrawn from the tank by means of the pump 105 through the pipe
110.
During the initial filling of the tank the lateral pressure of the
liquid being exerted upon the wall of the inner liner 17 will cause
that liner to expand, this being made possible by the presence of
waffling distributed over its entire surface. The screening 61 will
also expand by virtue of the sliding engagement of its individual
strips 63, as will the retaining bands 59 by virtue of its ratchet
joints 60. The principal reason for this expansion is the
compressibility of the insulating pillows 21 which line the wall of
the opening 13.
In essence, therefore, the entire double walled insulating bucket,
which is comprised of the liners 17 and 23 and of the pillows 21
between them, is compressible, with its inner wall being made
expandable for this purpose. However, once the tank assumes its
final configuration upon being filled, it will retain that
configuration even if the liquid is withdrawn therefrom. This is
partly because the insulating pillows 21 do not spring back to
their original shape, but remain in their compressed form and
partly because the retaining bands maintain their expanded
dimension as a result of their one-way ratcheted joints. Thus, by
use of compressible insulation and expandable inner wall
construction in the tank, a liquid container is provided which can
withstand very high liquid pressures by responding flexibly to
them.
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