U.S. patent number 3,705,762 [Application Number 05/182,044] was granted by the patent office on 1972-12-12 for method for converting black-and-white films to color films.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Color Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Fred Ladd, Jung Hoon Song.
United States Patent |
3,705,762 |
Ladd , et al. |
December 12, 1972 |
METHOD FOR CONVERTING BLACK-AND-WHITE FILMS TO COLOR FILMS
Abstract
A method for converting black-and-white animated cartoons to
color cartoons. An enlarged print is made for each frame of the
cartoon, a celluloid sheet is placed over each print, the outlines
of the characters in the frame are drawn on the sheet, and the
characters are then hand colored. Several prints corresponding to
each scene are then cut in order to derive unobstructed background
views. The background views are pieced together to form a
photo-montage of the background for the scene. The background is
then hand colored. The final color film is made by placing
successive celluloid sheets in successive positions on a common
background and exposing the final film frame-by-frame. A similar
technique is disclosed for converting live-action films.
Inventors: |
Ladd; Fred (Great Neck, NY),
Song; Jung Hoon (Seoul, KS) |
Assignee: |
Color Systems, Inc. (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22666859 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/182,044 |
Filed: |
September 20, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
352/38; 352/51;
352/50; 352/87 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03B
15/08 (20130101); G03C 7/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03C
7/22 (20060101); G03B 15/08 (20060101); G03b
019/18 (); G03b 021/32 () |
Field of
Search: |
;352/38,50,51,52,87 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Matthews; Samuel S.
Assistant Examiner: Adams, Jr.; Russell E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for converting a black-and-white animated cartoon film
to a color film comprising the steps of:
1. making a photographic print duplicate of sequential different
frames of said black-and-white film,
2. placing a respective transparent sheet of material over each
print, drawing on said sheet the outlines of the characters on the
print, and coloring the characters within the outlines on said
sheet,
3. selecting a group of prints corresponding to respective frames
in each scene of said film, cutting substantially
character-unobstructed background sections from the selected
prints, piecing together the cut sections and constructing a
photo-montage of the entire background for the scene, and coloring
the background photo-montage, and
4. for each scene, placing the transparent, colored,
character-containing sheets corresponding to the frames in the
scene on top of the colored background photo-montage for the scene
in respective positions corresponding to the backgrounds of
respective frames in said black-and-white film, and exposing each
frame of a color film in accordance with the composite image of a
respective transparent colored, character-containing sheet in its
respective position on the colored background photo-montage.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein step (1) includes
the sub-steps of making a negative of said black-and-white film and
making enlarged photographic prints of frames of said negative.
3. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein in step (2) the
outlines of the characters on each transparent sheet are drawn on
one side of the sheet and the coloring of the characters is done on
the other side of the sheet, and in step (4) each transparent,
colored, character-containing sheet is placed on top of the
respective colored background photo-montage with said other side
facing the background photo-montage.
4. A method in accordance with claim 3 wherein in step (2) the
characters on a transparent sheet are colored by applying vinyl
colors to the sheet.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein in step (3) the
photo-montage for each scene is constructed by photographing the
pieced together cut background sections for the scene.
6. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein in step (3) a
background photo-montage is colored by applying poster colors to
the photo-montage.
7. A method for converting a black-and-white live-action film to a
color film comprising the steps of:
(1) making a photographic print duplicate of sequential different
frames of said black-and-white film,
(2) making a pair of masks for each of said prints, the first mask
serving to block light from the performers in said print but
allowing the transmission therethrough of light from the background
in said print, and the second mask serving to block light from the
background in said print but allowing the transmission therethrough
of light from the performers in said print,
(3) coloring the performers on said prints,
(4) selecting a group of prints corresponding to respective frames
in each scene of said film, cutting substantially
performer-unobstructed background sections from the selected
prints, piecing together the cut sections and constructing a
photo-montage of the entire background for the scene, and coloring
the background photo-montage,
(5) for each scene, placing the first masks corresponding to the
frames in the scene on top of the colored background photo-montage
for the scene in respective positions corresponding to the
backgrounds of respective frames in said black-and-white film, and
exposing each frame of a color film to light transmitted from the
background photo-montage through the respective first mask, and
(6) for each scene, placing the second masks corresponding to the
frames in the scene on top of the respective performer-colored
prints for the scene, and exposing respective ones of the same
frames of the color film exposed in step (5) to light transmitted
from the performer-colored prints through the respective second
masks.
8. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein step (1) includes
the sub-steps of making a negative of said black-and-white film and
making enlarged photographic prints of frames of said negative.
9. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein each print made in
step (1) is made on brown-and-white stock.
10. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein in step (4) the
photo-montage for each scene is constructed by photographing the
pieced together cut background sections for the scene.
11. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein in step (4) a
background photo-montage is colored by applying poster colors to
the photo-montage.
12. A method for converting a black-and-white film to a color film
comprising the steps of:
(1) making a photographic print duplicate of sequential different
frames of said black-and-white film,
(2) for each print, making a colored record of the characters on
the print,
(3) selecting a group of prints corresponding to respective frames
in each scene of said film, cutting substantially
character-unobstructed background sections from the selected
prints, piecing together the cut sections and constructing a
photo-montage of the entire background for the scene, and coloring
the background photo-montage, and
(4) for each scene, exposing frames of a color film to light
transmitted from portions of the respective colored background
photo-montage corresponding to the backgrounds of respective frames
in said black-and-white film, and exposing respective ones of the
same frames of the color film to light transmitted from respective
ones of the character-colored records made in step (2).
13. A method in accordance with claim 12 wherein step (1) includes
the sub-steps of making a negative of said black-and-white film and
making enlarged photographic prints of frames of said negative.
14. A method in accordance with claim 12 wherein in step (3) the
photo-montage for each scene is constructed by photographing the
pieced together cut background sections for the scene.
15. A method in accordance with claim 12 wherein in step (3) a
background photo-montage is colored by applying poster colors to
the photo-montage.
16. A method for converting a black-and-white film to a color film
comprising the steps of:
(1) making a photographic print duplicate of sequential different
frames of said black-and-white film,
(2) for each print, making a colored record of the characters on
the print,
(3) selecting a group of frames in each scene of said film,
constructing therefrom a record of the background for the entire
scene, and coloring the background record, and
(4) for each scene, exposing frames of a color film to light
transmitted from portions of the respective colored background
record corresponding to the backgrounds of respective frames in
said black-and-white film, and exposing respective ones of the same
frames of the color film to light transmitted from respective ones
of the character-colored records made in step (2).
Description
This invention relates to methods for converting black-and-white
films into color films, and more particularly to methods for
converting both black-and-white animated cartoons and live-action
films.
At the present time there are film libraries of many thousands of
black-and-white animated cartoons and live-action films. (The term
"live-action" films refers to ordinary movies.) Most of these films
were made before color-film technology advanced to its present
stage of development. Many of these films, especially animated
cartoons, are almost worthless from a commercial standpoint because
of the lack of color. Were it possible to convert these films to
color films, at a cost less than that required to make a color film
in the first instance, old black-and-white film libraries could
become worth very large sums of money. As only a single example,
thousands of "fresh" color cartoons would become available for
television broadcast purposes.
It is a general object of the invention to provide a method for
converting black-and-white films (both animated cartoons and
live-action movies) to color films at a cost substantially less
than that required to make color films in the first instance.
The invention will be described in detail below in connection with
the conversion of animated cartoons. Thereafter, the conversion of
live-action films will be described with reference to the cartoon
method but with the changes necessary for the live-action
situation. Before proceeding with a brief description of the method
of the invention, it will be helpful to review the conventional
method for making color cartoons in the first instance.
Each frame of a cartoon generally consists of both a background
scene and characters in the foreground. For example, the background
might be a landscape scene or some other stationary objects. Not
only do the positions of the characters change from frame to frame
(thus requiring the drawing and coloring of characters for every
frame in the film), but as a general proposition the backgrounds
also vary from frame to frame. But the backgrounds vary to a much
lesser extent. For example, consider a cartoon character running in
front of a house in the background. If the background is the same
in all frames, the only difference from frame to frame would be in
the character movement (arms, mouth, etc.) and the position of the
character relative to the background. The simplest way to make a
cartoon sequence of this type is to draw (in color) a single
background scene, for example, a landscape in which a house is
prominently featured. Suppose that the scene requires 50 different
frames. For each frame, a piece of clear celluloid is taken and the
outlines of the character or characters to be depicted in the frame
are first drawn. Then color is applied within the outlines. The
scene is "shot" by placing the celluloid sheets in succession on
top of the background, and exposing a single frame of the film for
each celluloid sheet placed on the background. The background shows
through the clear celluloid, except in those portions containing
the character. By placing the successive celluloid sheets on the
same background, successive frames of the final film depict the
character moving across a "fixed" background. While characters must
be drawn and colored for each frame, only a single background must
be prepared.
Thus far, it has been assumed that the background for each of the
frames in a scene is the same; the physical dimensions of the
background correspond to the frame size. However, in most cases the
background is not fixed for successive frames. Consider, for
example, a character running in front of a house from left to
right. If the background is fixed, the first frame in the sequence
would have the character in front of the left side of the house on
the left side of the frame, the last frame of the sequence would
have the character in front of the right side of the house on the
right side of the frame, and the intermediate frames would have the
character at intermediate positions in front of the house. But
suppose it is desired to position the character in the center
region of each frame, thereby centering the character on the screen
during projection. This can be accomplished by causing the house to
"move" from frame-to-frame. In the first frame, the background
would show the left side of the house and in the last frame the
background would show the right side of the house, with the
character being in the center of every frame. What is done in
practice is to draw a background scene whose width is much greater
than the width corresponding to a single frame. In other words, the
background scene depicts much more than is required for any one
frame. The celluloid sheets for the frames would be made with the
cartoon character being placed in the central part of each sheet.
The first sheet is then placed on top of the leftmost portion of
the wide background and the first frame of the scene is shot. The
first celluloid sheet is then removed, and the second is placed
slightly to the right of the position of the first. The second
frame is then shot. The third celluloid sheet is then placed on the
same background but slightly to the right of the position of the
second celluloid sheet. This process is continued and it is
apparent that although the same background is used for each frame,
a different portion of the background is overlayed by each
celluloid sheet.
In practice, in the case of a cartoon character running across a
field, only a single background might be drawn whose physical
length might be several feet. Hundreds of frames might be shot
utilizing an individual celluloid sheet drawn for each frame but
with the same background. It is much less time consuming to draw a
single large background and to use different parts of it for
different frames than it is to completely draw a background for
each frame.
Black-and-white cartoons have been made in the same way, except
that the background scenes, as well as the individual celluloid
sheets, have been colored only in black and white. But once a
black-and-white cartoon film is in existence, it would appear that
the only way to convert it to a color film would be to completely
color each individual frame, the reason for this being that in
almost all cases the backgrounds and the individual celluloid
sheets are no longer available for the application of color to
them.
In accordance with the principles of the invention, the
black-and-white film to be converted is first "torn apart" in a
sequence of steps which in some respects is the converse of the
sequence employed for making a cartoon film in the first place.
Each frame is enlarged and a black-and-white print is made of it. A
piece of celluloid is then placed over each print and the outline
of the cartoon characters in the frame are drawn on the celluloid.
Thereafter, each celluloid sheet is colored to produce a celluloid
sheet containing color characters comparable to those hand drawn in
the prior art. But it would still appear that the backgrounds for
all frames would have to be colored on a frame-by-frame basis.
However, the prior art-type, extra-wide backgrounds can be
constructed, thereby drastically reducing the overall cost of the
conversion process, by what might be considered a "scissors-and
paste" technique. The original black-and-white film is analyzed to
identify frame sequences which comprise individual "scenes."
Consider the case of a scene in which one or more characters run
across a landscape background and for which the landscape
background seen in each frame is different, the individual frames
having originally been shot by placing successive celluloid sheets
in successive positions on top of an extra-wide background. What is
now done is to construct a montage from many different frames in
the scene. Although part of the background in each frame is
obscured by characters, almost every frame contains an unobstructed
part of the overall background scene. Parts of unobstructed
backgrounds from enough of the large prints comprising each scene
are cut so that when they are pieced together (for example, by
pasting them on a cardboard backing) what is obtained is a
complete, unobscured, extra-wide background scene. In this
cutting-and-pasting process, the frame prints which are used are
generally those containing relatively large areas of unobscured
background. This reduces the total number of cut pieces which must
be used to form the composite picture. In almost all cases, a
complete, composite background can be made from several of the
frames comprising each scene. Once the black-and-white background
montage is pieced together, it is colored and then used together
with the individual color celluloid sheets to shoot the final film
in a conventional manner.
This stripping apart of the original black-and-white film, followed
by the making of the background montages, the coloring steps and
the final photography, enable a color film to be made at a cost
which is less than that of making a color film from "scratch" and
which is also less than that of completely and individually hand
coloring each frame of the black-and-white film. The celluloid
sheets with color cartoon characters are relatively simple to
derive; while in the making of an original cartoon the characters
must be created for each frame, all that is required in the
conversion process is to trace their outlines on a frame-by-frame
basis and to then color them. And even with respect to the
background required for each scene, it is not necessary to draw the
background without benefit of any prior work. A black-and-white
background can be constructed by making a montage, and then all
that is required is to hand color the composite picture.
It is a feature of the invention to draw on transparent sheets
color cartoon characters corresponding to the characters in
respective frames of a black-and-white film.
It is another feature of the invention to construct a background
montage from background sections taken from frames in a scene of a
black-and-white film, and to color the background for subsequent
use with the individual transparent sheets in shooting a color
film.
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention,
including the additional steps preferred for the conversion of
black-and-white live-action films to color films, will become
apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description
in conjunction with the drawing, in which:
FIGS. 1-8 depict some of the successive steps employed to convert
an animated cartoon; and
FIG. 9 depicts an additional step which is advantageous in the
conversion of live-action films.
FIG. 1 depicts a single frame 20-b of a black-and-white cartoon
film 16, together with partial views of the adjacent frames 20-a
and 20-c. The drawing is symbolic only and is intended to show a
cartoon character 22 in front of a background scene. The first step
in the conversion method is the forming of a "negative" film strip
24, the step being shown symbolically by arrow 18. The negative is
made in accordance with standard techniques.
FIG. 2 depicts several frames in the overall film (negative), and
is designed to show the manner in which the film may be first
analyzed before any further steps are taken in the conversion
process. The analysis of the film reveals its exact length in
footage and frames, the number of sequences it contains, and the
number of scenes in each sequence. Each "sequence" is a set of
successive frames involving the same characters. One full sequence
(N) is shown in FIG. 2, together with part of the next sequence
(N+1). Each sequence comprises one or more "scenes," each scene
being a set of successive frames depicting the same background or
different parts of the same overall background. In FIG. 2, the
first and last frames of the first scene in sequence (N) are shown,
together with the first and last frames of the last scene J of the
same sequence. Analyzing the film in this manner simplifies
subsequent processing in that it provides an indication of the
number of different backgrounds required, the number of different
characters, the total time that can be expected to be expended in
the processing, etc.
Next, from the negative film a standard black-and-white,
semi-gloss, photo-enlarged print is made of each frame. FIG. 3
shows a typical frame 24 of the negative and the resulting enlarged
print. Since the print is a "positive" picture, each print
corresponds exactly to a respective frame in the original film. For
example, print 26 of FIG. 3 is a replica of frame 20-b of FIG. 1.
Each print is numbered to correspond to its respective frame
position in the negative film. Subsequent processing is performed
by making use of the enlarged prints.
In the next step, the foreground motions of the characters are
separated from or, in effect, "matted off" the backgrounds. This is
accomplished by placing a transparent sheet of material, such as
celluloid 28 in FIG. 4, over each print 26 and tracing in ink all
key motions on the transparent sheet. The single character shown in
print 26 of FIG. 4, after the tracing and removal of the celluloid
sheet from on top of the print, as symbolized by arrow 29, results
in a relatively simple tracing. It should be noted that in this
step more than just "characters" may be traced on the celluloid
sheets. For example, consider a ball which is thrown by a cartoon
character. The ball's position relative to the background changes
from frame-to-frame. This type of motion is comparable to that of a
character the ball cannot be made part of the background since its
position is not fixed relative to the background. For this reason,
the ball, along with the characters, would be traced on the
successive celluloid sheets placed on top of all prints for the
particular scene. (Hereinafter, the term "character" includes any
object whose position relative to a background changes from frame
to frame within a scene.)
The next step is to color the characters whose outlines appear on
the clear overlays 28. As part of this process, a color scheme must
be planned for the film on a scene-and-sequence basis. Artists
select colors for the costumes of the characters and their skin
tones to harmonize with the colors selected for the backgrounds. As
aids, colored papers, and tinted transparent films may be used for
checking various combinations. The colors selected for the
characters and backgrounds in each scene are generally written down
for reference purposes before the actual coloring begins.
The coloring of the characters is a hand process in which the
specified colors are brushed on the reverse side of the overlay
sheets within the character outlines. In FIG. 5, an air brush 30 is
shown spraying paint 32 on the reverse side of overlay 28.
Preferably, opaque vinyl colors are used. The reverse side of each
clear sheet is painted so as not to obscure the black outline of
each character; in a cartoon, black outlines are desirable. As a
practical matter, skin tones are generally applied first, followed
by jacket colors, trousers and shoes for most cartoon characters.
At the end of this step, there is a celluloid sheet for each frame
of the film which contains an exact replica of the cartoon
characters in the frame in full, opaque color.
The enlarged prints (FIG. 3) are also used for constructing the
backgrounds. As described above, key stills are selected from each
scene, cut and pieced together to produce a background which is
suitable for use with the overlays in shooting the final picture.
On a long pan shot over a city or field, as many as eight or nine
different stills may be selected and assembled into a composite
photo-montage showing only the background. FIG. 6 shows the manner
in which a composite background may be made from seven different
stills (only two of which are shown in the drawing). It is assumed
that the scene contains 50 frames, 24-1 through 24-50. It is
further assumed that the character in the scene appears at the left
of frame 24-1, at the right of frame 24-50, and at intermediate
positions in the intermediate frames.
If print 24-1 is cut along the dashed line indicated at 34, it is
apparent that a section of unobstructed background is made
available. As shown by the arrow 38-2, this section is placed in
the photo-montage in the position shown. Print 24-1 cannot be used
to obtain the leftmost part of the overall background since that
part of the background is obscured by the character in print 24-1.
However, in the fifth frame 24-5 (not shown) the character is
assumed to have moved to the right such that it has crossed over
the imaginary line 34. If print 24-5 is cut along the same line 34,
the leftmost section cut from the print can be placed in the
overall photo-montage 40 in a position indicated by arrow 38-1. In
this manner, the right part of the print 24-1 and the left part of
print 24-5, with the left part of print 24-5 being placed to the
left of the right part of print 24-1, together provide an
unobstructed view of the left-most part of the overall
background.
In a similar manner, by cutting print 24-50 along the line 36 and
using the leftmost part of the print as shown by arrow 38-6,
another section of the photo-montage is obtained. As for the
rightmost part of the overall photo-montage, it can be obtained by
using the rightmost part of another print 24-40 (not shown) as
indicated by arrow 38-7. The other arrows in FIG. 6 (38-3, 38-4 and
38-5) illustrate the manner in which cut sections from three other
frames (not shown), 24-17, 24-22 and 24-35, can be used to complete
the photo-montage. The individual cut sections are most
conveniently pasted on a cardboard backing.
As shown in FIG. 7, the photo-montage for each scene is then
painted in different colors (shown in the drawing by different
cross-hatching), for example, by again using an air brush 30. It is
the front of the photo-montage (which is not transparent) which is
painted as shown in FIG. 7. Preferably, opaque poster colors are
used. In some cases it has been found that it is not feasible to
paint the mock-up of FIG. 6 directly because the cuts may be
visible in the final film as a result of the light which is
reflected from them in the final photographic sequence. For this
reason, in some cases it may be necessary to photograph the
photo-montage, make a print of it, and paint the print (which has
no line cuts). Also, while the general rule is that sections which
are cut from the prints should contain no characters on them so
that an unobstructed background can be constructed, in actual
practice it has been found that some characters or parts of
characters can be tolerated in the photo-montage. They are
eliminated simply by painting over them. Some parts of characters
can be tolerated in the composite picture as long as it is possible
to determine what the true background obscured by the characters
should be by looking at the background immediately adjacent to the
characters.
Following the painting of the backgrounds, there exists a
full-color reproduction on celluloid of the animated cartoon
characters which should appear in each frame of the film as well as
the separate full-color backgrounds for all scenes. At this point a
check can be made to confirm that all of the necessary component
elements are present before the final photography is undertaken.
Also, registration marks may be placed on each background scene for
indicating where each celluloid sheet should be placed to
correspond to a respective frame in the original film. This can be
achieved by inspecting successive frames in the original film and
making successive marks on each background corresponding to the
leftmost or rightmost edges of successive frames.
The actual color cartoon is "shot" as depicted in FIG. 8. The
drawing shows a multi-color background 40 on which is superimposed
one of the celluloid sheets 28 which contains a color character on
it. Camera 44 is used to expose a single frame in the final film
(not shown) in the camera. Thereafter, the next celluloid sheet is
placed on the same background, with its leftmost edge slightly to
the right of the position of the leftmost edge of sheet 28 in FIG.
8. At the same time, the camera may be moved to the right by the
same distance prior to exposure of the next frame. (In actuality,
the camera may be held stationary, and the background moved to the
left in incremental steps, with successive celluloid sheets being
placed in the same position relative to the camera.) Preferably,
reversal film is used so that a positive is available immediately
after the film processing, although other conventional photographic
films and photographic processes may be employed.
The scenes are not necessarily shot in sequence, that is, the film
shooting does not have to follow the original film on a
scene-by-scene basis. For speed and efficiency, all scenes
utilizing the same background are shot in tandem. Then another
background is used for the shooting of all scenes which take place
in that "set." In many cases, the same background may be used in
different, separated scenes in the overall film and it is most
convenient to shoot the scenes out of sequence and subsequently
edit the film. A scene identifying number may be photographed in
the frame immediately preceding each scene. In the final editing
step, the scenes can be properly sequenced and spliced together in
accordance with conventional practice, and the original sound track
on the black-and-white film may be recorded on the color film using
conventional synchronizing equipment.
Live-action films are those in which the players are not animated
characters, but rather real "flesh-and-blood" characters or
performers. To convert such black-and-white films into color films,
a process similar to that described for animated cartoons is
utilized, but with certain modifications.
The steps through that depicted in FIG. 3 are the same. For each
frame of the original film, an enlarged print is made. As will be
described below, for the live-action case a print is required for
each frame for the purpose of coloring the performers directly on
the print (rather than on a sheet of celluloid). Since in the basic
process several of the prints for each scene are cut up and pieced
together to construct a background, for some frames two enlarged
prints must be made. The prints may be made on black-and-white
stock as in the case of animated cartoons. However, it is also
possible to make the prints on brown-and-white (sepia tone) stock.
The reason for this will be explained below.
The next step in the process is depicted in FIG. 9. A typical frame
(print) 50 is shown as consisting of a performer in front of a
background scene. Two black "mattes" or masks are prepared from the
print 50 as shown by arrows 52. The first matte 54 is completely
black except in that area which would overlay the performer were
the matte placed upon print 50. The matte can be prepared by
utilizing a piece of clear celluloid, placing it over print 50, and
painting the sheet with black ink over all of the background area.
The second mask 56 is exactly the opposite; it is clear throughout
except in that area which would overlay the performer were the mask
placed on top of print 50. The two masks are complementary in that
they block light and transmit light from the print in mutually
exclusive regions.
The monochromatic prints are then examined and color schemes are
planned. The colors which are specified for the case of live-action
must be realistic and authentic, as opposed to stylized or
exaggerated colors which are often preferable for animated
cartoons. It is then that the coloring of the characters or
performers takes place. In the case of animated cartoons, as
depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, a sheet of transparent material is used
for coloring the characters in each frame. This is not desirable
for live-action films. Instead, the monochromatic print for each
frame is itself hand colored, the coloring operation being confined
to the live-action players. Skin tones are applied first followed
by the coloring of clothing. The coloring is relatively simple
because there is no need to confine the color to the outlines of
the performers. As will be described below, before the colored
print is used to expose a frame in the final film, it is covered by
a mask such as mask 54 in FIG. 9 and consequently the final film
frame is exposed only in an area corresponding to the actual
performer in the print being used for the exposure. In the coloring
step, the backgrounds are ignored (except insofar as they are
accidentally colored which, as just described, presents no
problem). The reason for using sepia-tone stock is that a Caucasion
male star may already appear with life-like pink skin tones, brown
eyes, sandy hair, and even be attired in a brown suit in the print,
and there is thus much less coloring which must be done. Similarly,
a Negro star's skin tone will already appear as a natural shade of
sepia and little or no additional coloring will be required. In
actual practice, all that is required for skin tones is to spread
translucent color wash on the skin areas, followed by dabs of color
(eyes, mouth, etc.) where necessary.
The color backgrounds are made exactly as they are for animated
cartoons. Key stills are selected from each scene in the film, and
they are cut and then pieced together to construct a background
which can be used subsequently in the final photography. The
specified colors are then applied to the photo-montage, principally
by utilizing an air brush technique. As explained above, in some
cases it may be necessary to make a print of the background and to
color the print so that the cuts are not visible in the final
film.
There are thus available all of the necessary color backgrounds or
"sets," a print containing color performers for each frame, and two
masks for each print. At this time, the original film may be
examined and registration marks may be placed on the backgrounds
for the purpose of subsequently correctly identifying that part of
each background which should be shot for each frame.
A background is then taken and the first mask of the type shown by
numeral 56 in FIG. 9 for the respective scene is placed in the
correct position on the background. A frame in the film contained
in the camera is exposed and what is "seen" is a colored background
which is blacked out wherever performers should appear. The
background is then advanced slightly and the next mask 56,
corresponding to the next frame, is positioned on the background,
the film in the camera is advanced by a single frame, and the frame
is then exposed. This process is continued until the entire scene
is photographed, that is, until the background for each of the
frames in the scene has been photographed.
The film is then rewound in preparation for a second exposure of
each frame. This time, however, the color background is not used.
Instead, the first print 50 (FIG. 9) is placed under the camera
underneath its respective mask 54. The mask prevents the already
exposed background portion of the frame from being exposed once
again, and what now happens is that the part of the frame
corresponding to the performer is exposed in accordance with the
color performer appearing on the print. The film is then advanced
to the next frame, and the next print with its corresponding mask
54 is placed under the camera. This process continues until all
frames in the scene are exposed once again. For any given scene the
color film rolls past the camera lens twice once for recording the
background alone and once for recording the performers alone. The
result is that each frame, in color, matches a corresponding frame
in the original black-and-white film. The film can then be edited
and the sound track recorded as in the case of animated
cartoons.
The reason for the different steps taken in the conversion of a
live-action film is that the black outlines on the celluloid sheets
(FIG. 4) which are made for each frame of an animated cartoon are
not acceptable for a live-action film. Because it is exceedingly
difficult to paint the performers on a celluloid sheet without
benefit of black outlines, celluloid sheets are not used at all.
Instead, the performers are colored directly on the prints
themselves. The construction of the backgrounds is basically the
same in both cases. But because the color performers are
represented on prints which also include background, it is
necessary to utilize the masks and to expose each frame in the
final film two times.
Although the invention has been described with reference to
particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these
embodiments are merely illustrative of the application of the
principles of the invention. For example, in many cartoons, each
frame is repeated, that is, each frame is photographed twice so
that in showing the cartoon there are only 720 "new" frames per
minute rather than 1,440 as is normally the case in live-action
films. The conversion process of the invention can be used in such
a case simply by working on alternate, different frames of the
black-and-white film and shooting the same frame in the color film
twice in succession. Thus it is to be understood that numerous
modifications may be made therein and other arrangements may be
devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
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