U.S. patent number 3,702,951 [Application Number 05/198,285] was granted by the patent office on 1972-11-14 for electrostatic collector for charged particles.
Invention is credited to Henry G. Kosmahl.
United States Patent |
3,702,951 |
Kosmahl |
November 14, 1972 |
ELECTROSTATIC COLLECTOR FOR CHARGED PARTICLES
Abstract
A charged particle collector comprising a stack of apertured
electrode plates which lie within an imaginary sphere is provided.
The plate closet to a charged particle emitter forms a portion of
the imaginary sphere and is at zero volts potential with respect to
the emitter. The plate farthest away from the charged particle
emitter is of conical shape with the apex pointing toward the
emitter and includes a spike extending toward the emitter. The
conical plate has either a negative or positive potential with
respect to the emitter, depending on whether the charged particles
are negative or positive. A plurality of intermediate apertured
electrode plates are positioned between the plate which forms a
portion of the sphere and the conical plate, each of the plates
being at a slightly lower potential than the preceding plate moving
in a direction toward the emitter. These intermediate plates
approximate the shape of an equipotential line which would be
plotted for the particular voltage applied to the plate.
Inventors: |
Kosmahl; Henry G. (Olmsted
Falls, OH) |
Assignee: |
|
Family
ID: |
22732733 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/198,285 |
Filed: |
November 12, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/5.38;
315/3.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
3/02 (20130101); H01J 23/0275 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
3/02 (20060101); H01J 23/02 (20060101); H01J
3/00 (20060101); H01J 23/027 (20060101); H01j
023/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/5.38,3.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Chatmon, Jr.; Saxfield
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A collector for a source which emits a beam of spent charged
particles comprising
a first conical electrode disposed downstream of said source of
charged particles symmetrical to the axis of the charged particle
beam and having its apex pointing toward said source of charged
particles,
a spike disposed on the apex of said conical electrode symmetric to
the axis of the beam and pointing toward said source of charged
particles, and
a concave electrode disposed between said conical electrode and
said source of charged particles symmetric to the axis of the beam
and including a central aperture, the concave side facing said
conical electrode, said conical electrode being at a voltage
potential of the same polarity as that of said charged particles
with respect to said concave electrode.
2. The structure of claim 1 and including a plurality of centrally
apertured intermediate electrodes disposed between said concave and
conical electrodes symmetric to the axis of the beam and with the
central area of each of said apertured electrodes depressed toward
the source of spent charged particles, each of said apertured
electrodes being a higher voltage potential than the electrode
between it and the source of spent electrons.
3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the apertures increase in size
in a downstream direction from the source of spent charged
particles.
4. The structure of claim 2 wherein said spike extends through the
aperture of the one of said apertured electrodes next below the
negative potential of said conical electrode.
5. The structure of claim 2 wherein each electrode is shaped such
that any point on it lies at approximately the same point as a
corresponding equipotential point of a potential equal to the
voltage potential applied to the electrode.
6. The structure of claim 1 wherein said conical electrode has an
included angle of about 120.degree..
7. The structure of claim 1 wherein said concave electrode is a
portion of a sphere whose center lies at the apex of said conical
electrode.
8. The structure of claim 1 wherein the apertured electrodes
nearest said conical electrode are quasi-conical and the apertured
electrodes nearest said concave electrode are quasi-spherical
portions.
9. The structure of claim 8 wherein the included angle of each of
said quasi-conical electrodes is substantially greater than the
next downstream quasi-conical electrode and wherein curvature of
said quasi-spherical portions of each electrode is substantially
less than the next upstream electrode.
10. The structure of claim 1 wherein said spike extends from the
apex of said conical electrode approximately one-fourth of the
distance to the source of the charged particle beam.
Description
ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION
The invention described herein was made by an employee of the
United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for
the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to devices which produce charged particles
as a consequence of their operation and is directed more
particularly to a charged particle collector for such devices. Such
devices include, but are not limited to for example, microwave
tubes and fusion devices.
Microwave electron tubes are used to generate radio frequency
electromagnetic waves in such devices as radar sets and television
transmitters. With the advent of space communication systems using
orbiting satellites there is a demand for maximum efficiency and
for the elimination of cooling problems associated with microwave
tubes. The relatively low efficiency and heating problems of prior
art tubes result from spent electron beams emerging from the exits
of microwave tubes and producing heat and energy losses in such
tubes when they strike the walls of the tube shell or
enclosure.
In the past, attempts have been made to reduce the velocity of
spent electrons and collect them on surfaces at the lowest possible
potentials by using depressed collectors, that is a collector
comprising elements which are at low potential with respect to the
electron emitter source.
Some prior art depressed collectors consisted of two or more
cylindrical, axially aligned segments insulated from each other and
shielded from a magnetic field established to focus the electron
beam. Such arrangements provided a significant improvement in
efficiency but caused strongly curving fringing fields which
prevent collecting electrons at the lowest possible potential and
which additionally caused undesirable backstreaming of many
electrons.
Further improvements in depressed-type collectors have been made by
providing the depressed collector with a spike pointed toward the
electron emitting source and carrying a negative potential.
Although the depressed collector utilizing a spike has further
improved the efficiency of microwave tubes, much greater
improvements in efficiency are required to minimize the weight and
to reduce the heating and sputtering problems with respect to
satellite communication systems.
Like microwave tubes fusion devices, as part of their operation,
produce a beam of spent charged particles having a range of kinetic
energies. The charged particles, in the case of a fusion device,
are ions which carry a positive charge. As in the case of microwave
tubes, it is desirable to collect the spent charged particles to
increase efficiency and to reduce sputtering and heating.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the invention to
provide a new and novel charged particle collector of the depressed
type.
It is another object of the invention to provide for a microwave
tube a collector which will minimize space charge effects and
blocking which occur in the collector regions of microwave
tubes.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a collector
which will control electron trajectories with lens effects by
providing parameters which result from exactly solving the boundary
value problem.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a collector which
independently effects the sorting of low and high energy charged
particle groups by utilizing sloped electrode plates and an axial
spike, respectively.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a microwave
tube wherein the electron source appears to the collector as a
point source thereby making variations in the position of entry of
electrons into the collector unimportant.
A further object of the invention is to provide a new and novel
microwave collector which eliminates backstreaming of secondary and
primary electrons into the collector entrance.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cutaway pictorial drawing of a microwave tube and
collector embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph of the equipotential lines found in a collector
arrangement embodying the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
While the following description is directed to a collector for a
microwave tube, it will be understood that the same collector
arrangement may be used for the ion beam of a fusion device by
reversing the electrical potential on the collector. The same
equations for equipotential lines apply to the electron collector
and the ion collector.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a microwave tube 10
comprising an evacuated shell 11 in which is disposed a microwave
amplifier tube 12 which serves as the source of a beam comprised of
spent electrons and an electron collector assembly 13. The
collector 13 is comprised of a stack of electrodes in the form of
plates 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 which are retained in spaced
apart positions by insulators 21 through which are threaded bolt
22. As viewed in FIG. 1, the bolts 22 also extend through an upper
support plate 23 and through a lower support ring 24. Each of the
electrodes 14 through 20 includes an annular, radially extending
flange 25 which is clamped between the insulators 21.
The electrode 20 is conical in shape and disposed downstream of a
beam of electrons emitted from an exit 26 of the microwave electron
tube 12. The apex of the conical electrode 20 lies on the axis of
the electron beam emitted from exit 26 and is pointed toward the
microwave tube 12. A short spike 36 extends from the apex of
electrode 20 toward the electron beam source 12 and is symmetrical
about the axis of the electron beam.
The electrode 14 is of concave shape, as viewed from the electrode
20, and is axisymmetric with respect to the electron beam. The
curvature of electrode 14 is such that it forms a portion of an
imaginary sphere whose center is at the apex of the conical
electrode 20.
To allow passage of the electron beam upwardly through the
electrodes 14 through 19, each is provided with respective central
apertures 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32. Preferably, the apertures
increase in size in a downstream direction from the electron exit
26 so that electrons of the electron beam will not strike the lower
or upstream surface of the electrodes as electron beam spreads or
increases in diameter in a downstream direction. On the other hand,
the apertures must be small enough in size so that electrons
falling back toward the microwave tube 12 will not fall past any
electrode without being caught, that is, the electron will fall
onto the surface of an electrode.
The microwave tube 12 is at ground potential (or positive) with
respect to the collector 13. The electrode 14 is also at ground
potential while the electrode 20 is at a negative potential which,
in the instant case, is about 1.5 V.
In the electrode 13 just described, the spike 36 serves to deflect
high energy electrons. The relatively low energy electrons are
collected by the sloped apertured electrode plates 14 through
19.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a graph of the
equipotential points for various voltages which may be applied to
the electrodes of a collector embodying the invention. Line 37
connects points which are at ground potential. As shown, line 37
forms part of the surface of a sphere which is further defined by
the dashed line 38. The radius of curvature of lines 37 and 38
emanates from a point 39 which is at the center of a sphere
partially defined by lines 37 and 38.
Line 40 connects points having the maximum negative potential on
the collector. It will be understood by those skilled in the art
that the shape of lines 37 and 40 are determined by the shape of
electrodes 14 and 20, respectively, of FIG. 1. Thus, if lines 37
and 40 were rotated about the axis 41 they would generate a portion
of a sphere and a cone, respectively, which have the same shape as
electrodes 14 and 20, respectively.
The lines 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 define equipotential levels
which increase negatively in the direction toward the line 40. To
construct a collector in accordance with the invention, the
intermediate electrodes between the conical electrode 20 and the
concave electrode 14, the intermediate electrodes would have shapes
which would be approximately defined by rotating lines 42 through
47 about an axis defined by line 41. The lines 42 through 47 would
first be calculated in view of the desired difference in potential
between electrodes 14, 20 and the desired equipotential levels
between those electrodes. Of course, it will be understood that the
number of intermediate electrodes will be determined by the degree
of efficiency required in view of other considerations such as
minimum weight. The line 48 in FIG. 2 represents the potential on
spike 36 which, as will be seen from FIG. 2, is the same as the
potential along line 40 and which is present on electrode 20.
It will be seen from the graph of FIG. 2 that electrodes which are
formed in accordance with the equipotential lines 42, 43 and 44 are
quasi-spherical in that the radius of curvature of each line is not
uniform. It will also be noted that the radius of curvature of line
43 is greater than the radius of line 44 which, in turn, is greater
than the radius of curvature of line 44.
Lines 45, 46 and 47, on the other hand, represent electrodes which
are quasi-conical. It will also be seen that the included angle of
an electrode determined by line 45 is greater than the included
angle of an electrode determined by the line 46. Likewise, an
electrode formed by revolving line 46 about axis 41 has a greater
included angle than one determined by line 47.
As indicated previously, the apertures 27 through 31 preferably
increase in diameter in a downstream direction in order to minimize
the number of electrons which strike the lower surfaces of the
electrodes as the electron beam spreads in a downstream direction.
Dashed line 49 in FIG. 2 defines the apertures which would be
provided in electrodes of a collector made in accordance with the
voltages utilized in the graph of FIG. 2. Thus, the distance
between the axis 41 and the dashed line 49 would be the radius of
the aperture for a particular equipotential electrode. The
apertures thus defined increase linearly in size because line 49 is
a straight line. However, the apertures may increase in size
non-linearly depending on the kinetic energies in the electron beam
and the voltages to be applied to the electrodes.
The lines 50, 51, 52 and 53 are illustrative of paths which may be
taken by electrons of different kinetic energies and subject to
different radial accelerations in a collector made in accordance
with the equipotential surfaces represented by lines 37, 40 and 42
through 48 of FIG. 2.
It will be understood that the foregoing invention may be changed
or modified by those skilled in the art without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth in the claims
appended hereto.
* * * * *