U.S. patent number 3,702,053 [Application Number 04/886,247] was granted by the patent office on 1972-11-07 for metallic yarn.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Lurex, N.V.. Invention is credited to Johannes Thomas Brugmans, Klaas Hoogenhout, Peter J. Schoots.
United States Patent |
3,702,053 |
Schoots , et al. |
November 7, 1972 |
METALLIC YARN
Abstract
A laminated yarn adapted for tone-on-tone or cross dyeing with
dispersed dyestuffs comprising metallized transparent films
laminated with an adhesive comprising a copolymer of a major
portion of polyethylene and a minor portion of a comonomer.
Inventors: |
Schoots; Peter J. (Nieuwendam,
NL), Brugmans; Johannes Thomas (Wormerveer,
NL), Hoogenhout; Klaas (Brock in Waterland,
NL) |
Assignee: |
Lurex, N.V. (Amsterdam,
NL)
|
Family
ID: |
25388697 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/886,247 |
Filed: |
December 18, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/457; 57/259;
57/901; 428/397; 428/462 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D02G
3/12 (20130101); D10B 2321/021 (20130101); Y10T
428/31696 (20150401); Y10T 428/31678 (20150401); Y10T
428/2973 (20150115); Y10S 57/901 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
D02G
3/12 (20060101); D02g 003/36 (); D02g 003/40 ();
D02g 003/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;156/270,271,251,252,253,150,151,272 ;57/153,154,155,14BY
;161/214,175,177,180.4,218,170 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Quarforth; Carl D.
Assistant Examiner: Gaither; Roger S.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A laminated yarn consisting essentially of two webs of
transparent thermoplastic material each having an internal side
coated with a metal deposit and said webs having sandwiched
therebetween a polyethylene copolymer adhesive, particularly
adapted to resist corrosion which would result in delamination in
the presence of chemical baths, said polyethylene copolymer
comprising at least about 85% ethylene and not more than 15 percent
of at least one member selected from the class consisting of
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, isobutyl acrylate and ethyl
acrylate, wherein said polyethylene copolymer is dispersion
coated.
2. The yarn of claim 1 wherein said transparent thermoplastic
material has been dyed.
3. The yarn of claim 1 wherein said member is present in an amount
of about 8 percent.
4. The yarn of claim 1 wherein said adhesive is present in a
quantity of approximately 0.3 grams per square meter.
5. The yarn of claim 1 wherein said polyethylene copolymer
comprises about 92 percent ethylene and about 8 percent acrylic
acid as comonomer.
Description
The present invention generally relates to textile materials,
particularly to textile yarns which are prepared by laminating
materials adapted to give colorful and varying effects. The
decorative effects of the subject yarns are achieved through a
combination of the characteristics of the component parts and
through dyes which are applied thereto.
In view of the increased use of the metallic yarns in fabrics, it
is desirable to provide such yarns which may be dyed to produce
colorful effects without detrimentally modifying the
characteristics of the metallic yarn substrate. Although metallic
yarns have been produced by a number of processes, this invention
is directed to those yarns produced by laminating previously
metallized transparent films.
In preparing laminated metallic yarns by the subject process, it is
conventional to utilize transparent or translucent plastic sheets,
for example, polyethylene terephthalate or other polyesters which
are coated on one side with a reflective metal such as aluminum.
The aluminum coated sides are adhered by means of a suitable
adhesive to provide a laminated web which may be slit to produce
yarns of the required size. In applying the metallic coating and
the adhesive material, it has been proposed to use metal foils and
plastic films respectively, however, this generally results in
yarns which are relatively thick and which are subject to
delamination due to the infusion of solvents, oxidants, and other
materials which contact the finished yarn. Likewise, vapor
deposition and solution coatings have been used.
Metallic yarns which have been produced in the past generally
utilize transparent films which contain there between a reflective
metal and which are adhered by applying an adhesive such as a
synthetic or natural resin or a rubber-based adhesive. However, the
choice of adhesive as a practical matter is limited by its ability
to withstand high temperatures, pressures and chemical attack.
Among the defects apparent in currently produced metallic yarns,
the above-mentioned tendency to delaminate due to the thickness of
the yarn has been in part solved by using solution coating
techniques rather than laminating techniques in applying the metal
and the adhesive. However, this does not entirely eliminate the
susceptibility of the yarn to degradation when cleaning solvents
are applied to the yarn or when boiling water and high temperature
or high pressure conditions are experienced. Under these situations
there is a tendency for the solvent to impregnate the yarn.
Impregnation results in degradation of the adhesive, the coloring
materials, and also the metal. This not only ultimately destroys
the yarn but in the interim, it considerably reduces the decorative
effect by causing bridging in the yarn, separation of the metal
from the plastics and alteration of any dyestuff molecules which
may have been applied.
The above-noted defects are particularly experienced when the
metallic yarns are dyed. Dyes are commonly applied to color the
clear polyester ply. Since the dyes are generally applied to the
yarns in a carrier which is infused into the yarns under extreme
pressure and/or heat to cause infusion, it is essential to have an
adhesive which is capable of withstanding such infusion while
retaining its adhesive characteristics. The method of applying dyes
is particularly important since they are generally applied in
solutions which may be heated to high temperatures and they may be
applied under conditions of increased pressure. Under conventional
dyeing techniques the previously produced metallic laminated yarns
are unfavorably affected by the chemicals in the dyeing bath as
well as by the high temperatures and pressures necessary to infuse
the dye into the transparent films. Typically, the dyed yarns
exhibit modified chemical and physical properties including
bridging, delamination, and demetallization.
From the above-discussion, it is apparent that laminated metallic
yarns must be capable of withstanding the conditions experienced
during dyeing and must withstand cleaning solvents, heat and
pressure while retaining a decorative effect and integral
structure.
In view of the above-noted requirements and the deficiencies in
presently existing laminated metallic yarns, it is a primary object
of this invention to provide a laminated metallic yarn capable of
withstanding degradation during dyeing and during use.
It is a more specific object of this invention to provide metallic
yarns capable of withstanding the infusion of dyestuffs during
pressure dyeing, high temperature dyeing or low temperature dyeing
with carriers.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a process of
producing the subject yarn.
Briefly described, this invention comprises laminating the
metal-coated faces of transparent films by use of an adhesive
system comprising a copolymer of a major portion of polyethylene
and a minor portion of a modifying comonomer. Other aspects of the
invention include the application of such adhesives as a dispersion
wherein a suitable proportion of stabilizer and modifiers are
present or, alternatively, applying a film of the desired
polyethylene copolymer. In the latter case, it is frequently
necessary to apply after-treatment to the laminated film comprising
electron radiation or thermal treatment to improve the integrity of
the yarn.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be
better understood from reference to the following detailed
description and the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating a process of producing
the subject yarn;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal-sectional view of the yarn produced by the
process of FIG. 1 and;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the yarn of FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 1, the process of the present invention is seen
to comprise providing a first web 2 of clear plastic having
ametallic coating 3 on its lower surface, passing that web through
coating rollers 8 such as those used in rotogravure printing,
adapted to apply an adhesive dispersion 4 thereto, passing the
coated web through a pre-drying oven 12 to evaporate solvent
contained in adhesive 4, and then through heated pressure rolls 14
one roll being metal and the other rubber, wherein a second clear
plastic layer 2, with metallic coating 3 on its upper surface, is
laminated thereto. The laminate is thereafter slit in a slitting
device 18 and wound up on roller 20.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the yarn is seen to comprise two outer
transparent plastic layers 2 having metallic surface coatings 3 and
an inner clear plastic adhesive coating 4. As was previously
mentioned, the adhesive 4 may, in some instances, comprise a film.
In such cases it is sometimes necessary to after-treat the
laminated yarn in order to ensure and improve the adhesion of the
yarn. The preferred after-treatment involves electron-irradiation
before slitting although thermal techniques before slitting have
also been used. In such a process the schematic representation
shown in FIG. 1 would be modified by elimination of the adhesive
tank 7, coating rollers 8 and pre-drying oven 12. In their place, a
roll of adhesive film 4' would be supplied with suitable feed means
to supply the adhesive film between the two one side metallized
polyester layers 2. Additionally, the schematic would be modified
by inserting an after-treating irradiator or oven 15 between
laminating roller 14 and slitter 18.
The lamination technique involves applying adhesive to the clear
plastic layers which have previously been coated by vapor
deposition or other conventional techniques with a metal,
particularly aluminum, gold or silver. The films may be metallized
in a high vacuum metallizer as by the process set out in U.S. Pat.
No. 2,974,055 wherein gold, silver, aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
nickel, etc. are applied by vapor deposition in thicknesses under
about 1/50,000 of an inch.
The exact processing technique will be varied somewhat depending
upon the form of the adhesive which is used, that is, whether a
film or dispersion is utilized.
A suitable rate of travel of film during the processing steps shown
in FIG. 1 is on the order of 100 to 175 feet per minute.
Lamination occurs with rolls 14 heated at about
150.degree.-180.degree. C., the exact temperature will depend upon
the adhesive used as is more fully explained hereinafter. The nip
of the rollers 14 is maintained at a pressure which can vary from
about 0.1 to 65 pounds per inch of film width depending on the type
of adhesive used. The slitter 18 is provided after the point of
lamination and generally comprises a knife which slits the film in
desired widths.
One problem in the processing of the laminated yarns is to maintain
proper tension at the point of lamination in order to avoid
bridging in the fibers. Equal tension in both webs is required to
avoid such conditions. Bridging relates to the joining of the two
materials which may occur when improper tension is provided or when
one layer contracts more than the other, causing the first layer to
buckle and bridge. When using certain polyesters, for example,
Melinex S, which is a commercially available clear polyester
material, the temperature at lamination should not exceed
180.degree. C. since at this temperature, the shrinkage
characteristics of the polyester film produce undesirable
characteristics in the ultimate yarn.
If a dispersion is used it is necessary to remove the solvent and
dispersing medium prior to lamination. This is preferably conducted
in an air-type oven (12) wherein hot air (80.degree.-120.degree.
C.) is applied to the surface of the coated film. Passage through
the air oven is part of a continuous process and in a typical
process, the material will reside in the oven for only about 20
seconds. This dwell time will clearly vary with the film speed
through the process.
When using an adhesive dispersion the laminating rolls can be
heated to about 160.degree. C. and the nip pressure will be about
0.1 pound per inch of film width.
In the case of the alternate use of a polyethylene film, the
laminating techniques would be generally the same with the pressure
rolls maintained at 130.degree.-150.degree. C. and at a pressure of
64 pounds per inch for a process speed of 130 feet per minute. In
this embodiment the after-treater 15 is used instead of pre-heater
12. In the case of thermal treatment, a heat treatment for 20-120
seconds at 160.degree.-180.degree. C. suffices to obtain a pressure
dyeable yarn. In the case of electron radiation, a level of 2 to 32
mrads. is suitable, with the preferred dose being above 8 mrads.
The radiation is achieved with conventional techniques and
apparatus.
As noted above, the yarn, according to this invention, is receptive
to dispersed dyestuffs such as acetate dyes while retaining its
resistance to degradation due to such agents as the chemicals,
temperatures and pressures, experienced during dyeing.
The yarns, are dyed with a number of different types of dyes in
either the tone-on-tone or cross dyeing techniques by use of high
temperature or low temperature processes. Dispersed dyes are
particularly adapted for use with this invention and when the yarns
of this invention are interwoven with other threads, for example,
cotton or rayon, the cross dyeing technique may be utilized. That
is, the woven fabric is first dyed with colors which are picked up
by the laminated threads and then cleared with a suitable solution
such as sodium hydrosulfite followed by application of dyestuffs
which are reactive to or attracted to the other threads in the
fabric. These techniques and processes of dyeing and the particular
dyestuffs will vary with the intended use and characteristics of
the ultimate fabric but the yarns of this invention are adapted for
use in all such processes.
In applying the dyes, generally, the methods available can be
characterized as low temperature processes and high temperature
processes. In each of these processes, the laminated yarn is
subjected to the potentially detrimental effect of the dye
solution. It is found that the adhesive of this invention resists
all such processes and is adapted for particular use with the
normally troublesome dyeing processes.
A considerable range of shades can be achieved through the use of
different dyestuffs. In the case of dyes applied in the presence of
substantial quantities of carriers (low temperature dyeings), the
carriers must swell the polyester and not substantially affect the
adhesive.
The clear plastic films 2 utilized are preferably polyester
materials which are clear, that is, transparent or translucent. The
use of clear outer layers allows the maximum utilization of the
decorative effects of the metallic coating and any subsequently
applied dyestuffs which are present in the clear plastic layers.
The combined effect of dyes and metallic coatings give a colorful
glittering appearance to the ultimate yarn and fabric. Suitable
plastic films 2 are oriented polyesters, for example, polyethylene
terephthalate or other clear films which may be oriented or
unoriented. Particular reference is made to Terphane produced by La
Cellophane and Melinex-S, both of which are commercially available
clear polyester films. The essential characteristic of the outer
layer films 2 is that they be clear and be adapted to receive a
metallic coating 3 and a dyestuff. The films may be any suitable
size with the preferred film being 40 inches in width and
approximately 25-100 gauge.
Generally, no adhesive primer is required on the metallized film,
however, if desired, conventional primers for the subject adhesives
can be applied.
The adhesive of this invention is preferably applied as a
dispersion in order to reduce the ultimate thickness of the yarn.
The quantity of the adhesive applied is on the order of 0.15 to 1.2
g/m.sup.2, preferably 0.3 g/m.sup.2. The adhesive material is a
copolymer containing at least about 75 percent and preferably about
92 percent polyethylene which contains as comonomer a material
selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid and the acrylate monomers, particularly, ethyl acrylate and
isobutyl acrylate; "copolymers" includes terpolymers of these
materials. These copolymers are prepared by conventional techniques
which are clearly available to those skilled in the art. The
preferred range of comonomer is from 4 to 12 percent especially 8
percent of the total and the preferred comonomer is acrylic acid.
When such adhesive is applied from a dispersion, it is generally
necessary to add a stabilizer such as a detergent, a nitrile
rubber, a vinyl monomer or a modified vinyl monomer containing
carboxy or hydroxy groups. The polyethylene copolymer is dissolved
in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent and is then dispersed in a
solution of the stabilizer in, for example, methyl ethyl ketone and
this combination is utilized as the adhesive dispersion 4. The
stabilizer works as a dispersing agent for the polyethylene
copolymer and has a beneficial influence on the chemical resistance
of the yarns.
Preferred stabilizers for the polyethylene copolymer are the
polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate copolymers modified with
hydroxyl groups and commercially known as VAGH produced by Union
Carbide. An alternative is a polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate
copolymer known as VYHH also produced by Union Carbide.
Additionally, VMCH another polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate
copolymer produced by Union Carbide can be used. It can generally
be said that any vinyl resin and/or detergent can be used as the
stabilizer of this invention. Epoxy and isocyanate resins and
silicone compounds are also effective. These components are present
in about 0.05 to 1.5 percent weight.
To the resin and stabilizer dispersion may be added conventional
modifiers and additives to effect the characteristics of the
adhesive. The dispersion is applied in a thin layer since thin
coatings improve the resistance to deterioration in the yarn.
Instead of using the dispersion of polyethylene copolymer it is
possible, although not preferred, to use films of the polyethylene
copolymer. These are commercially produced by conventional
extrusion techniques or by blow molding from the reaction product
of the polyethylene and comonomer. In this case, there is no
necessity to add a stabilizer or modifier.
The yarns produced by the slitter are from about 1/100 inch to
one-fourth inch in width. The exposed parts of adhesive and metal
seen in FIG. 3 are on the order of 0.2 mils for a total peripheral
surface of 20-500 mils. The yarn thickness, when an adhesive
dispersion is applied to vapor coated films, is about 50 gauge and
when a film is used it is about 100-110 gauge, when 25 gauge
polyester films are used.
The yarns may be packaged on cones such as non-returnable cardboard
tubes or cones which contain about 7 ounces, 200 grams, of yarn or
they may be packaged on a plastic non-returnable spool containing
about 5.5 ounces (150 grams) of yarn. The yarns may be supported
(combined with nylon monofilaments) or unsupported and can be wound
as single strands or as tow.
The yarns produced show very good properties having typically a
strength of 90-100 gm, an extensability of 100% and a yield force
of 50 gm. In addition, they are soft and have good handle making
them easy to wind and to use in mechanical knitting or weaving
machines without physical breaking or cracking.
The processes of dyeing described above serve as tests for the
effectiveness of the inventive yarns, since most laminated metallic
yarns will not withstand the dyeing processes. The subject yarns
can also be tested by the standard boil test. These tests are used
in the examples and may briefly be described as follows.
The high temperature dyeing test involves use of temperatures of
about 120.degree.-125.degree. C., or when high pressure is applied
a temperature of about 140.degree. C. can be used. A dye in
quantities of about 5-10 percent and a liquor ratio 1:200
containing minor portions (less than 0.05 g/l) of a conventional
carrier such as a diphenyl emulsion is used and adjusted to a pH of
5-7 with 30 percent acetic acid. Dye % and liquor ratio are known
textile terms. Percent relates to dye/fabric ratio and liquor ratio
to fabric/liquor ratio. Commercial processes use normally between
0.1-5 percent dye and liquor ratio of approximately 1:40. The yarn
is boiled at indicated temperature for 1-2 hours.
The low temperature dyeing test involves similar conditions with a
temperature of 100.degree. C. with about 10 percent dye and liquor
ratio 1:500 containing about 3-4 g/l carrier and having a pH of
6-6.5. The yarn is boiled for about 1 hour.
The standard soap boil test involves immersion of a yarn in aqueous
solutions containing about 5 grams soap (LUX) per liter (pH about
9) at 100.degree. C. for 2 hours. This test gives an indication of
the alkali resistance of the yarn.
To indicate the effectiveness of a given yarn in surviving the
above tests observations of the chemical deterioration, bridging,
delamination, and demetallizing are made and reported in the
examples according to the following scale.
Chemical Attack Bridging & Delamination Demetallizing
__________________________________________________________________________
0 = undamaged 0 = undamaged 0 = undamaged 1 = very slight 1 =
slight briding 1 = 0-3% de- damage 2 = moderate bridging metallized
2 = slight damage or very slight 2 = 3-10% " 3 = moderate
delamination 3 = 10-30% " damage 3 = slight delamination 4 = 30-60%
" 4 = severe damage 4 = severe bridging or 5 = 60% " 5 = extreme
moderate delamina- damage tion 5 = severe bridging &
delamination
__________________________________________________________________________
The invention can better be understood by reference to the
following embodiments presented by way of specific examples. The
examples are given in order to enable those skilled in the art to
make and use the invention but are not intended to define the
limits of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Ethylene, acrylic acid and a solvent were fed continuously at rates
respectively of 10.01, 0.01 and 2.70 pounds per hour into and
through a two liter stirred autoclave maintained at a temperature
of 140.degree.-150.degree. C. and a pressure of 1,450 atmospheres.
Azo-bis-isobutyronitrile initiator was also fed continuously at a
rate equivalent to about 0.8 pounds per 1,000 pounds of polymer
product. The residence time in the autoclave was about 15 minutes.
The reaction mixture continuously removed from the autoclave was
stripped of unpolymerized monomers and solvents under reduced
pressure at elevated temperature. After operations had reached a
steady state the conversion of monomers to copolymer was 12.4
percent, the copolymer had a melt index of 40 and contained about
92 percent ethylene and 8 percent acrylic acid. Melt index is
determined by ASTM test method D 1238-52T (ASTM Standards, 1955,
Part 6, pages 292 to 295) and melt index is a well recognized
determination of molecular weight.
EXAMPLE 2
Fifteen Parts copolymer of Example 1 is dissolved in 300 parts
perchlorethylene (temperature 100.degree.-120.degree. C.) with
stirring. Initially the polymer floats on the perchlorethylene and
forms a thick gelly. This has to be broken up with continuous
stirring until the copolymer is dissolved.
Five Parts Hycar 1022 15 percent solution in toluene are dissolved
in 200 parts methyl ethyl ketone.
The hot perchlorethylene containing dissolved copolymer is poured
into the diluted Hycar solution in methyl ethyl ketone at room
temperature. High speed stirring is utilized until a good
dispersion results. The dispersion is cooled to room temperature
and placed in a fountain of a rotogravure printing press.
EXAMPLE 3
(A) Metallic yarns were produced by coating a 25 gauge, 40 inch
width clear polyethylene terephthalate film containing a vapor
deposit of aluminum on one side with a solution prepared according
to Example 2. The composition was applied to the metallized side of
one film by rotogravure printing in a thickness of about 1.0
g/m.sup.2. The coated film was passed at an approximate speed of
125 feet per minute through an air oven containing heated air at
approximately 80.degree.-90.degree. C. The film was then passed
through rollers maintained at 170.degree. C. and a second like film
of polyethylene terephthalate was brought into contact with the
coated surface of the initial film. After passing through the
laminating rollers maintained at a nip pressure of about 0.1 pounds
per inch film width, the films were passed into contact with a
rotating cutter having a series of knives adapted to produce
filaments from 0.07 to 0.25 inches in width.
The process of Example 3(A) was repeated with the following
modifications:
B. repeated using VMCH instead of Hycar 1022;
C. repeated using VAGH instead of Hycar 1022;
D. repeated using VYHH instead of Hycar 1022;
E. repeated using 0 percent stabilizer;
F. repeated using 0.08 percent Hycar 1022 and coating to a
thickness of 0.3 g/m.sup.2 ;
G. repeated using 1.5 percent Hycar 1022 and coating to a thickness
of 1.2 g/m.sup.2 ;
H. repeated using 4 1/2 percent acrylic acid as comonomer;
I. repeated using 26.8 percent acrylic acid as comonomer;
J. repeated using 11.8 percent methacrylic acid as comonomer;
K. repeated using 9 1/2 percent acrylic acid and 19.2 percent
isobutyl acrylate as comonomers; and
L. repeated using 9.8 percent acrylic acid and 9.0 percent ethyl
acrylate as comonomers.
EXAMPLE 4
Instead of the dispersion used in Example 2 and 3, the copolymer of
Example 1 was formed by blow-molding into a film approximately 0.40
inches wide and 25 gauge. This adhesive film was run between the
metallized surfaces of two aluminum coated polyethylene
terephthalate films and the composite was passed through laminating
rollers maintained at 130.degree. C. with a pressure of 0.1 pounds
per inch at about 130 feet per minute. The resulting laminate was
divided into a series of portions treated as follows:
A. A first portion was slit without irradiation.
B. A second portion was irradiated at 4 mrads prior to
slitting.
C. A third portion was irradiated at 8 mrads, prior to
slitting.
D. A fourth portion was irradiated at 32 mrads, prior to
slitting.
E. A fifth portion was heat-treated in an oven for 27 seconds at
180.degree. C. prior to slitting.
F. A sixth portion was heat-treated in a oven for 111 seconds at
180.degree. C.
G. A seventh portion was heat-treated in an oven for 27 seconds at
160.degree. C.
H. An eighth portion was heat-treated in an oven for 68 seconds at
160.degree. C.
EXAMPLE 5
Samples of the yarns produced above in 3 (A)-(D) were dyed by the
low temperature technique described above by immersing them in a
carrier solution of a dyestuff at 98.degree. to 100.degree. C. for
1 hour, after dyeing the yarns are boiled for one-half hour in an
alkaline solution at 100.degree. C. (5 gm Lux per liter).
The results of the dyeing are as follows:
3 (A) 2/1/1 (B) 2/1/1 (C) 2/1/1 (D) 2/1/1
the function of the carrier is to accelerate difusion of the dye in
the polyester. However, the carrier not only swells the polyester
but also difuses into the adhesive and, therefore, low temperature
dyeing is more critical than high temperature dyeing. Suitable
dispersed dyes are those produced commercially by Geigy
Laboratories under the names "Setacyl" and "Gycoluce." In the
following examples the only modification of the basic low
temperature dyeing process is in the use of a particular
carrier.
A. The above-described process is carried out with a carrier
comprising the sodium salt of ortho phenyl phenol.
B. The carrier used is an aromatic ester commercially known as
"Remol PCN" produced by Hoechst.
C. The carrier is an aromatic ether Pananil A produced by BASF.
D. The carrier is an aromatic ether commercially known as "Pananil
AN" produced by BASF.
E. As a carrier diphenyl emulsions are utilized which are
commercially available from ICI, Tanatex, and Hoechst.
F. The carrier used is a chlorinated aromatic commercially
available from BASF and CIBA. In the above examples, Examples 5A-D
produced acceptable dyed yarns whereas Examples 5E and 5F produced
unacceptable yarns. The results are tabulated below using the
testing scale described above:
5A 2/1/1 5B 0/1/2 5C 1/0/1 5D 1/0/2 5E Complete Delamination 5F
Complete Delamination.
EXAMPLE 6
High temperature dyeing with dispersed dyestuff at
120.degree.-125.degree. C. as described above were also conducted
on the above-produced yarns 4A-H, 3A-D and 3H-L with dyed products
being produced as follows:
4A 0/2/0 4B Unsatisfactory 4C Good 4D Good 4E 0/2/0 4F 0/2/0 4G
0/3/0 4H 0/3/0 3A 1/0/1 3B 1/0/0 3C 1/0/1 3D 1/0/1 3H 1/0/1 3I
2/3/2 3J 1/2/1 3K Unsatisfactory 3L 1/0/1.
example 7
a high temperature-high pressure dye test was conducted wherein the
yarns as produced above of Examples 4A-D and 3E-G were subject to a
liquor containing dispersed dyestuffs in quantities of 5-10 percent
in a 1-200 ratio with 0.025 grams per liter carrier (Tumasol D
produced by ICI) at a pH of 5-5.5 for 2 hours at
120.degree.-125.degree. C. in a pressure cooker. The resulting dyed
yarns were then subjected for a half hour to the action of a
boiling medium (100.degree. C.) containing 5 grams of Lux soap per
liter. The results are as follows:
4A Unsatisfactory 4B Unsatisfactory 4C Good 4D Good 3E
Unsatisfactory 3F 1/3/0 3G 0/2/3.
example 8
the standard boil test was conducted on the yarns of Examples 4A-H
and 3A-L, the following results were achieved:
4A 2/1/0 4B Unsatisfactory 4C Unsatisfactory 4D Unsatisfactory 4E
0/2/0 4F 0/2/0 4G 0/3/0 4H 0/3/0 3A 2/0/1 3B 2/0/l 3C 2/0/1 3D
2/0/1 3E 3/3/4 3F 1/0/0 3G Unsatisfactory 3H 1/1/2 3I 2/5/3 3J
2/1/1 3K Unsatisfactory 3L 2/2/1.
from the above examples it is clear that the yarns produced with
the novel adhesive of this invention exhibit the ability to
withstand dyeing under low temperature, or high temperature
techniques and additionally, the dyed yarns resist the action of
solvents, soaps and boiling mediums generally. No delamination,
demetallization or susceptability to chemical attack is appreciable
when using the preferred embodiments of the invention except in the
case of low temperature dyeings with some carriers. The materials
can be hand and machine washed without detrimental effect and
ironed or subjected to dry cleaning techniques without
detrimentally affecting the properties.
While the above description is given for the purpose of
illustrating the invention, what is intended to be protected is
defined in the following claims.
* * * * *