U.S. patent number 3,697,863 [Application Number 05/103,406] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-10 for overcurrent protection system and sensor used therewith.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Texas Instruments Incorporated. Invention is credited to Olive H. Kilner.
United States Patent |
3,697,863 |
Kilner |
October 10, 1972 |
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SYSTEM AND SENSOR USED THEREWITH
Abstract
An overcurrent sensor adapted to cooperate with a controller to
control the power to a load is shown. In the embodiment
illustrated, the controller is an electrical switching means to
which the overcurrent sensor furnishes a passive signal in the form
of circuit resistance to cause the controller to operate to
decrease or increase electrical power to the load circuit at
desired current values. The overcurrent sensor comprises a PTC
(Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistor or an NTC (Negative
Temperature Coefficient) thermistor mounted in heat transfer
relation, through a layer of electrical insulation, with a first
heater which is electrically connected in series with an electrical
load, and a heat sink member mounted in heat transfer relation
through a layer of electrical insulation with the series heater to
provide means for changing the transient response time of the
thermistor to the series heater current. A second heater is
optionally mounted in shunt relation to the first heater to provide
a means of increasing the steady state current at which the
controller operates, above that obtained solely with the first
heater while maintaining approximately unchanged the transient
response time of the thermistor assembly for corresponding overload
currents.
Inventors: |
Kilner; Olive H. (Warwick,
RI) |
Assignee: |
Texas Instruments Incorporated
(Dallas, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
22295002 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/103,406 |
Filed: |
January 4, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/106; 318/806;
318/812; 338/24; 361/100; 388/831; 388/906; 388/917; 388/934 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01C
7/04 (20130101); H02H 3/085 (20130101); H01C
7/022 (20130101); Y10S 388/906 (20130101); Y10S
388/934 (20130101); Y10S 388/917 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01C
7/02 (20060101); H02H 3/08 (20060101); H01C
7/04 (20060101); G05f 001/44 (); H02p 005/40 () |
Field of
Search: |
;323/68,69,4,9,20,24
;338/23,24 ;318/227,399 ;317/33,40,41 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goldberg; Gerald
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An overcurrent protection system comprising an electrical
controller switching means to decrease or increase electrical power
to a load circuit at predetermined external values of electrical
resistance in combination with an overcurrent sensor comprising a
housing for support and installation, a cover, an electrical
resistance heater, a positive temperature coefficient of resistance
(PTC) thermistor in heat transfer relation with the electrical
resistance heater, a thermal heat sink member in heat transfer
relation with the electrical resistance heater through electrical
insulation to decrease the temperature of the resistance heater
upon decrease in heat generation in the resistance heater, means to
electrically connect the resistance heater serially to the
electrical load being switched, means to electrically connect the
PTC thermistor to the electrical controller so that an increase in
the power being supplied to the load is effective to increase the
resistance of the thermistor to a first predetermined value
sufficient to operate the electrical controller so as to decrease
the supply of power to the load and a decrease in the power being
supplied to the load is effective to decrease the resistance of the
thermistor to a second predetermined value at which power to the
load circuit is increased in response to controller operation
thereby establishing a preselected level of power across the
load.
2. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 1 including
an additional electrical resistance element in heat transfer
relation with and electrically insulated from the thermal heat sink
member and electrically connected in shunt relation with the
electrical resistance heater whereby use of different shunt
resistances will result in different ultimate trip current levels
while maintaining relatively the same short trip time as a percent
of ultimate trip current.
3. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 1 further
including an electrical resistance element physically separated
from the assembly of the thermal heat sink member, the electrical
resistance heater and the thermistor, the electrical resistance
element being electrically connected in shunt relation with the
electrical resistance heater.
4. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 1 including
means to manually reset the controller to permit its operation when
the resistance of the thermistor has reached its second
predetermined value.
5. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 1 including
means to automatically reset the controller to permit its operation
when the resistance of the thermistor has reached its second
predetermined value.
6. An overcurrent protection system comprising an electrical
controller switching means to decrease or increase electrical power
to a load circuit at predetermined external values of electrical
resistance in combination with an overcurrent sensor comprising a
housing, an electrical resistance heater, a temperature responsive
resistor in heat transfer relation with the electrical resistance
heater, a thermal heat sink member in heat transfer relation with
the electrical resistance heater to decrease the temperature of the
electrical resistance heater thereby preventing premature raising
of the temperature of the heat responsive resistor and concomitant
nuisance tripping of the controller due to the effect of minor
transient overcurrents while maintaining a short trip time upon
sustained overloads, means coupling the resistance heater to the
electrical load being switched, means coupling the heat responsive
resistor to the electrical controller so that an increase in the
power being supplied to the load is effective to increase the
temperature of the heat responsive resistor and cause a change in
resistance to a first predetermined value sufficient to operate the
electrical controller so as to decrease the supply of power to the
load and a decrease in the power being supplied to the load is
effective to decrease the temperature of the heat responsive
resistor and cause a change in resistance to a second predetermined
value at which power to the load circuit is increased in response
to controller operation thereby establishing a preselected level of
power across the load.
7. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 6 including
an additional electrical resistance element electrically connected
in shunt relation with the electrical resistance heater whereby use
of different shunt resistances will result in different ultimate
trip current levels while maintaining relatively the same short
trip time as a percent of ultimate trip current.
8. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 7 in which
the heat responsive resistor has a positive temperature coefficient
of resistance (PTC).
9. An overcurrent protection system according to claim 7 in which
the heat responsive resistor has a negative temperature coefficient
of resistance (NTC).
Description
This invention relates to an overcurrent sensor comprising a
thermistor and heat source and to such a sensor used with a
controller to control the operation of an electrical load at
selected values of heater current corresponding to the resistance
of the sensor, which is related to heater current, and coupled
physically, electrically or both with the controller. Among the
several objects of the invention is the provision of a small
compact sensor assembly which can be readily installed and removed
for replacement as needed to provide the desired electrical steady
state operating current, which is commonly called ultimate trip
current, appropriate for the load with which it is used. A further
object is the provision of an overcurrent sensor which can be
designed to reach its operating point for a wide range of response
times, called short time trip, on a desired value of overload
current, which is a current exceeding steady state operating
current or ultimate trip current. Another object is the provision
of an overcurrent sensor which will have a short trip time at a
desired value of overload current. Still another object of the
invention is the provision of an overcurrent sensor which will
minimize nuisance operation due to premature operation of the
controller on overload currents when the load is cyclic,
intermittent or repetitive. A further object is the provision of an
overcurrent sensor in which the steady state operating current,
ultimate trip current, can be increased with no or little change in
short time trip time for corresponding overload currents expressed
as a percent of ultimate trip current.
Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part
pointed out hereinafter.
Conventional state of the art overcurrent sensors of the thermal
type incorporating bimetallic or eutectic alloy elements have
design limitations and difficulties in achieving a short time trip
of two to three seconds in the initial heating cycle from a cold
start such as from 40.degree. C. room ambient temperature on loads
of 600 percent of the ultimate trip current of the sensor. Typical
industry standards for thermal overload (overcurrent) sensors
specify a maximum short time trip of 30 seconds on an overload
current of 600 percent of ultimate trip current for standard
sensors and short time trip of approximately 10 seconds for so
called quick trip devices on the same overload current. These short
times are related to the heating rate of electric motor windings on
stalled rotor for a typical motor design where stalled current is
approximately 600 percent of motor nameplate full load amperes. In
contrast, semiconductor power switching devices such as thyristors
and triacs, which may be used to control motor loads, have limited
thermal capacity on overloads, which are currents exceeding their
maximum continuous operating current rating, and reach damaging
temperatures in shorter time than electric motors on a similar
magnitude of overload. For example, with an overload of 600 percent
of maximum continuous operating current rating at an ambient
temperature of 40.degree. C., the thyristor or triac circuit must
have its power decreased in 2 to 3 seconds compared to the 10
seconds or longer time acceptable to many electric motors carrying
stalled current at 600 percent of motor nameplate full load amperes
and which latter time is provided by conventional motor overload
(overcurrent) devices. It will be apparent from the following that
the present invention obviates the disadvantages of prior art
structures and provides the desired fast short time trip times.
The present invention, while having more general uses, is
particularly useful for protecting against overcurrent electric
motors as well as semiconductor power switching devices.
The invention accordingly comprises the elements and combination of
elements, features of construction, and arrangements of parts which
will be exemplified in the structures hereinafter described and the
scope of which will be indicated in the appended claims.
In the accompanying drawings in which several of the various
possible embodiments of the invention are illustrated:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged view of an overcurrent sensor according to
the present invention broken away to expose various parts.
FIG. 2 is a side elevation of FIG. 1 with parts broken away.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a thermistor with leads
attached.
FIG. 4 shows a curve of log resistance v. temperature for a PTC
(positive temperature coefficient) thermistor and curves of heater
current v. temperature.
FIG. 5 shows curves of time for thermistor to reach anomaly range
v. percent heater ultimate trip current.
FIG. 6 is a schematic wiring diagram of a typical electrical
controller and its electrical load including an overcurrent
sensor.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a second embodiment of an overcurrent
sensor according to the present invention broken away to expose
various parts.
FIG. 8 is an end view of FIG. 7 with parts broken away.
FIG. 9 is a partial schematic wiring diagram showing a modification
of the circuit shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 10 shows a curve of log resistance v. temperature for a
typical NTC (negative temperature coefficient of resistance)
thermistor and a curve of heater current v. temperature.
FIG. 11 is a partial schematic wiring diagram showing a
modification of FIG. 6 with an NTC thermistor of an overcurrent
sensor connected into the circuit.
FIG. 12 is a schematic wiring diagram of an overcurrent sensor with
PTC thermistor in series with an electrical load.
Similar reference characters indicate corresponding parts
throughout the several views of the drawings.
Dimensions of certain of the parts as shown in the drawings have
been exaggerated or modified for purposes of clarity of
illustration.
Referring to the drawings, particularly FIGS. 1-3, there is shown a
first embodiment of the present invention in the form of an
overcurrent sensor generally indicated by numeral 2 comprising a
cover 3, a thermistor 4 of PTC material, which may be in the form
of a cylindrical rod and which will be described later, with leads
6 and 7 providing electrical series connections to the thermistor
at points 10 and 12 respectively; a first layer 14 of insulation
which may be made of electrically insulating material with a
desired temperature rating, such as polyimide film, draped about
and in contact with thermistor 4 and extending out therefrom to
ends 16 and 17; a heater 18 which may be made of appropriate high
electrical resistance material such as nickel-chromium alloy
maintained in contact with thermistor 4 through first layer 14 of
insulation by spring tension or other appropriate means and
extending out therefrom to ends 20 and 21; a second layer of
insulation 22 which may be made of material similar to layer 14
previously described in contact with heater 18 and extending
outward to ends 24 and 25, and heat sink 26 which may be made of
metal such as copper in contact with the second layer of insulation
22 by spring tension or the like and extending outward to ends 28
and 29. In addition to or in place of spring tension provided by
heater 18 and heat sink 26, a layer or dip coating of an adhesive
such as electrical varnish can be applied to establish proper heat
flow between aforesaid components as well as to hold aforesaid
parts together. The several layers form a generally U-shape
configuration with the bight portion in close heat transfer
relation with thermistor 4 and supported by outwardly extending
ends 20 and 21 of heater 18.
A support 34, which may be made of conventional electrically
insulative molded phenolic material, provides a means of attachment
for the sensor components and may also provide for the locating and
fastening of the sensor in its installed location. Weld pads 30 and
31, comprising a conductive material such as brass, are attached to
support 34 by conventional means such as rivets 35 and additionally
are electrically connected to heater ends 20 and 21, such as by
welding. An appropriate cover 3 is shown generally by the broken
outline. Terminals (not shown) for connection to lead ends 6 and 7
of thermistor 4 can be installed at any convenient location
including support 34 or other appropriate means for external
circuit connection such as pressure connectors can be used.
Thermistor 4 may be made of positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
material such as a lanthanum doped barium titanate for which a
typical curve 38 of log resistance v. thermistor temperature is
shown in FIG. 4. Characteristics of this material is an anomaly
where its ohmic resistance increases by several orders of magnitude
over a small change in temperature and which, for the material
illustrated, occurs at approximately 115.degree.-120.degree. C.
Different anomaly temperatures may be obtained by use of different
amounts or kinds of dopants in making the thermistor materials.
Current flow through heater 18 will raise heater temperature and
thereby temperature of the thermistor. Relationship of continuous
heater current and steady state heater temperature in a test
ambient of 40.degree. C. is shown in FIG. 4 by temperature curve 40
for a particular heater. Steady state temperature of thermistor 4
corresponds to the temperature of heater 18 except for a small
gradient. Thus, approximately 2 units of current for heater
temperature curve 40 will raise the temperature of thermistor 4
into its anomaly point of 120.degree. C. resulting in a thermistor
resistance of 10.sup.4 ohms. This is shown by dotted lines x-x and
y-y in FIG. 4 and the current is identified as ultimate trip
current Y. If a current exceeding ultimate trip current Y is passed
through heater 18, the thermistor temperature will reach the
anomaly point of 120.degree. C. in some finite time which is also
known as short time trip and this time will decrease as the heater
current is increased. By assigning a value of 100 percent to
ultimate trip current Y, the curve 42 in FIG. 5 of percent heater
ultimate trip current Y v. time from 40.degree. C. for the
thermistor to reach the anomaly point of 120.degree. C. is
obtained. At 600 percent ultimate trip current Y for current 42,
short time trip for thermistor to reach anomaly range 120.degree.
C. is approximately 12 seconds. If an increase in ultimate trip
current is desired greater than Y, the ohmic resistance of heater
18 would be decreased such as by substituting a heater material of
increased thickness. Curve 44 FIG. 4 shows the relationship of
continuous heater current and steady state heater temperature at an
ambient temperature of 40.degree. C., for a heater of increased
thickness material, which raises the thermistor to its anomaly
range 120.degree. C. at ultimate trip current U. Curve 46, FIG. 5,
shows percent heater ultimate trip current U v. time for the
thermistor to reach anomaly point of 120.degree. C. At 600 percent
ultimate trip current U for curve 46, short time trip for
thermistor to reach anomaly range 120.degree. C. is typically
longer than the time from curve 42 at 600 percent ultimate trip
current Y and this results from an increase in the mass of the
corresponding heater. Similarly, for a desired decrease in ultimate
trip current below Y, the ohmic resistance of heater 18 would be
increased such as by substituting a heater material of decreased
thickness. Curve 48, FIG. 4, shows the relationship of continuous
heater current and steady state heater temperature at an ambient
temperature of 40.degree. C. for a heater of decreased thickness
material which raises the thermistor to its anomaly point of
120.degree. C. on ultimate trip current V. Curve 50, FIG. 5, shows
percent heater ultimate trip current V v. short time trip for the
thermistor to reach the anomaly point of 120.degree. C. At 600
percent ultimate trip current V for curve 50, time for the
thermistor to reach the anomaly point of 120.degree. C. is
typically shorter than the time for curve 42 at 600 percent
ultimate trip current Y. As seen, the overcurrent sensor, with a
PTC thermistor as described so far, will reach its anomaly range at
a desired ultimate trip current and a change in ultimate trip
current will result in a change in corresponding short time
trip.
To reduce the short time trip for thermistor 4 to reach its anomaly
temperature on 600 percent ultimate trip current appreciably below
the 12 seconds of curve 42, a heater of reduced cross section could
be used by using a material of lower resistivity. Another way of
reducing transient response time is to provide a non-uniform
cross-section to the heater with a reduced section contiguous with
the thermistor and an increased section elsewhere. Both of these
heater modifications result in an increase in the rate of
temperature rise of the heater at the thermistor and, therefore, a
decrease in short time trip for the thermistor to reach its anomaly
range which is shown by curve 52, FIG. 5. However, because of the
existence of a temperature gradient, even through it is small,
between heater 18 and thermistor 4, the increased rate of
temperature rise in the heater for curve 52 results in the heater
attaining a temperature value exceeding the temperature of the
thermistor at overload currents such as 600 percent ultimate trip.
This overshoot in heater temperature beyond the thermistor
temperature is objectionable because it can result in the first
insulation 14 reaching a damaging level or in the thermistor
reaching its anomaly range temperature prematurely. To attain a
short time trip as short as 2 to 3 seconds at 600 percent ultimate
trip current, it is desirable to minimize this temperature
overshoot characteristic. By means of the instant invention this is
accomplished by the addition of the previously described heat sink
26 which is in good heat transfer relationship with heater 18
contacting it through second insulation 22. The effect of heat sink
26 is to quickly reduce the temperature of heater 18 when the
current in the heater is reduced after thermistor 4 reaches its
anomaly range, so that the heater temperature will be below the
maximum allowable limits for first insulation 14, for thermistor 4,
and for second insulation 22, to prevent these components from
undergoing excessive thermal degradation and damage.
Overcurrent sensor 2 would usually be electrically connected into
an electrical controller circuit. A typical controller circuit
providing an electrical control function is shown generally by
numeral 60, FIG. 6, wherein an increase or decrease in power
supplied to the load is provided by bidirectional thyristor
(commonly referred to as triac) 62 gated by thyristor 64. The
electrical load which can be a motor 66 is shown supplied from the
same power source 67 and 68 as electrical controller 60.
Overcurrent sensor 2 is connected in the controller circuit so that
heater 18 is in series with motor load 66 by means of terminal
connections screws 36 and 37. PTC thermistor 4 is connected into
the electrical controller circuit as shown in FIG. 6 by means of
leads 6 and 7. The remaining controller circuit components are push
button 70, resistors 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, capacitors 84, 86, 88,
diodes 90, 92 and zener diode 94. One set of typical values for the
circuit components are as follows:
Item Value Item Value
__________________________________________________________________________
72 1k ohms 84 10 mf 74 3.3k ohms 86 0.22 mf 76 22k ohms 88 0.22 mf
78 1k ohms 80 10k ohms 82 1k ohms
__________________________________________________________________________
Items 90, 92, 94, 62, 64 are rated as required. Controller
operation is described starting with all components and thermistor
4 at a room ambient temperature such as 40.degree. C. and with
motor 66 unloaded. At this temperature, thermistor 4 is at a low
level of resistance such as 500 ohms. On energizing power source
67, 68, a voltage is imposed across circuit points 96, 99 which is
of the proper value for gating bidirectional thyristor 62 into its
low impedance state thereby permitting power to be supplied to the
motor. Voltage difference between circuit points 97, 98 is below
the breakover voltage of diode 92 and zener 94 so that current in
the gate circuit of thyristor 64 is below its switching level and
thyristor 64 is therefore in its high impedance state. With
continuous motor current flowing through overcurrent sensor heater
18, heater temperature and thus thermistor temperature will
increase such as shown by curve 40, FIG. 4. An increase in power to
the motor results in an increase in current through the heater and
thereby an increase in resistance of thermistor 4 according to
curve 38 which in turn increases the voltage across capacitor 86.
The controller circuit is calibrated by selection of resistances
76, 78 so that when thermistor 4 reaches its anomaly point of
120.degree. C. with the resistance of 10.sup.4 ohms at ultimate
trip Y current, the voltage across capacitor 86 is sufficient to
switch diode 92 and zener 94 into their low impedance states
thereby imposing a voltage across circuit points 98, 99 of the
appropriate value for gating thyristor 64 into its low impedance
state. This results in reducing the voltage across circuit points
96, 99 which reduces the gate current of thyristor 62 resulting in
thyristor 62 switching into its high impedance state which reduces
power supplied to motor 66. Controller circuit 60 will remain in
this mode as long as it is energized. Resetting is accomplished by
interrupting power source 67, 68 or by opening the controller
circuit by means of push button switch 70. This allows capacitor 86
to discharge so that diode 92 and zener 94 will switch to their
high impedance states which reduces gate voltage at thyristor 64 so
that it switches into its high impedance state. This permits
voltage to reappear across circuit points 96, 99 of an appropriate
value to gate bidirectional thyristor 62 into its low impedance
state to increase power supplied to motor 66.
Operation at motor loads resulting in current exceeding ultimate
trip current such as ultimate trip Y is defined by curve 42, FIG.
5. For example, a motor with a stalled rotor current of 600 percent
ultimate trip current would result in controller 60 reducing power
to the motor in approximately 12 seconds starting from 40.degree.
C. ambient temperature. This is obtained since this is the short
time trip for thermistor 4 to reach its anomaly point of
120.degree. C. at which point controller circuit 60 is calibrated
for switching thyristor 62 into its high impedance state.
Different motor loads are accommodated by means of heaters having
different characteristics than heater 18 to provide the desired
ultimate trip current in overcurrent sensor 2. Examples of two such
changes are ultimate trip U and V shown by curves 44, 48 and short
time trip times shown by curves 46, 50 respectively.
Bidirectional thyristors such as 62 typically are limited by
internal heating. When conducting a power load such as 600 percent
of thyristor continuous current rating, the maximum allowable
conduction time is considerably shorter than the maximum time
during which typical motors may safely remain on stalled rotor
without overheating. Because of this, it is common to use
thyristors with a continuous current rating exceeding the motor
nameplate rated load current since overcurrent sensors typically
used with motors provide tripping times related to the motor
temperature limitations. Thyristors, at these current levels,
generally need to be limited to a conduction time of approximately
2 seconds versus approximately 15 seconds for motors, at 40.degree.
C. ambient temperature. In many motor applications, of which a
refrigerant compressor is one example, the nature of the motor load
is such that the motor generally reaches normal operating speed in
less than 1 second; otherwise, an abnormal condition would be
expected to exist. These may be a mechanical binding within the
compressor or low voltage at the motor terminals which would
prevent the motor from starting or running properly. In this case,
a short time trip of 2 seconds, as shown in curve 52, FIG. 5, for
overcurrent sensor 2 with heat sink 26, FIG. 1, to reach the
anomaly range to cause controller 60, FIG. 6, to reduce power
supplied to load 66, would protect thyristor 62 as well as motor 66
against excessive temperature. Thyristors rated in accordance with
motor nameplate current rating could be safely used which would
result in a substantial cost savings because of a lower rated
thyristor resulting in another advantage of the instant
invention.
One of the design problems concomitant with changing heater 18 to
increase or decrease ultimate trip current Y of overcurrent sensor
2 in the manner previously described is that the short time trip
curve such as 52 will also change. In some cases it may be
desirable to maintain the short time trip curve essentially
unchanged. This is provided by a second embodiment of overcurrent
sensor shown generally at numeral 100, FIG. 7. This second
embodiment overcurrent sensor 100 comprises similar components to
those of sensor 2, namely, cover 3, thermistor 4, first and second
layers of insulation 14, 22, heater 18, heat sink 26, support 34,
weld pads 30, 31 and terminal screws 36, 37 and an additional shunt
102 connected electrically in parallel with heater 18 at weld pads
103, 104 such as by welding. The particular physical location of
the components and their characteristics results in either a
negligible or a desirable amount of heat from shunt 102 to be
conducted to heat sink 26 and heater 18. Since shunt 102 and heater
18 are essentially pure resistance at the frequencies of the power
source 67, 68 with which they would normally be used, such as d.c.
through 400 cycles per second, the division of current between the
two circuits by Ohms Law is given by:
Is/Ih = rh/rs and IL = I.sub.h (Rh+Rs)/(Rs )
where
Is = current in shunt
Ih = current in heater
Rs = resistance of shunt
Rh = resistance of heater
IL = current between terminals 36, 37
Heater 18 is selected to provide the minimum contemplated ultimate
trip current such as Y from curve 40, FIG. 4, and the required
short time trip on overload current such as curve 52, FIG. 5.
Thermistor 4 will reach its anomaly point of 120.degree. C.
whenever continuous current in heater 18 is at ultimate trip
current Y. The corresponding current in the circuit supplying power
to the motor, in which overcurrent sensor 100 is connected, is
determined by the resistances of shunt 102 and of heater 18. In a
design in which negligible heat is transferred from shunt 102 to
heater 18, temperature of thermistor 4 is determined essentially by
continuous current through heater 18, such as from curve 40, FIG.
4, and is independent from current in shunt 102, FIG. 7. Short time
trip operation is given by curve 52, FIG. 5, directly in terms of
percent IL at ultimate trip since the division of current between
IL, Ih and Is is linear for all values of IL. This relationship is
seen from data recorded on a series of overcurrent sensors 100 as
follows:
Short Time Trip IL Time to Anomaly Sensor Heater 18 Shunt 102
ultimate Range at 480% IL No. resistance resistance Trip Ultimate
Trip
__________________________________________________________________________
1 0.275 ohms * 1.65 amps 2.2 Secs. 2 0.275 ohms 0.0909 ohms 6.66
amps 2.2 Secs. 3 0.275 ohms 0.057 ohms 9.57 amps 2.2 Secs. 4 0.275
ohms 0.035 ohms 13.3 amps 2.2 Secs. 5 0.275 ohms 0.029 ohms 16.9
amps 2.2 Secs.
__________________________________________________________________________
Further, the objective of approximately constant short time trip in
terms of percent IL (ultimate trip) for different resistance values
of shunt 102 used with a desired thermistor 4, heater 18,
insulation layers 14, 22 and heat sink 26 is also obtained when the
design permits transfer of heat from shunt 102 to heater 18. The
invention, therefore, includes in second embodiment overcurrent
sensor 100 a modification in which finite heat transfer takes place
from shunt 102 to heater 18. This is demonstrated by another
similar group of overcurrent sensor samples 100 where heater 102 is
in the form of a spiral coil surrounding heat sink 26, heater 18
and thermistor 2 and the data obtained is as follows:
Transient Response Time Sensor Shunt 102 IL Ultimate to Anomaly
Range at 480% No. resistance Trip IL (Ultimate Trip)
__________________________________________________________________________
10 0.527 ohms 2.15 amps 2.1 Secs. 11 0.158 ohms 3.0 amps 2.1 Secs.
12 0.121 ohms 3.8 amps 2.0 Secs. 13 0.070 ohms 5.4 amps 2.0 Secs.
14 0.044 ohms 8.05 amps 2.0 Secs.
__________________________________________________________________________
If the temperature of thermistor 4 were independent of heat
generated in shunt 102, then IL (ultimate trip) would be calculable
from the resistance of a new shunt 102 (rsx) and that of a sensor
with shunt resistance (rs), heater resistance rh and known IL
(ultimate trip) from a formula as follows:
IL (ultimate trip) for No. 11 in the above table based on a shunt
resistance of 0.158 ohms referred to No. 10 with a shunt resistance
of 0.527 ohms and IL (ultimate trip) of 2.15 amps has a calculated
value of 3.86 amps compared to a measured value of 3.0 amps. Since
a linear relationship exists between currents in the line, shunt
and heater, it follows that current in heater 18 is (3.0/3.86) 100
or 78 percent of the expected value when thermistor 4 is at its
anomaly point of 120.degree. C. for IL (ultimate trip). Referring
to FIG. 4, curve 40, which has been used in previous examples, a
heater current of 78 percent of ultimate trip current Y would raise
the heater temperature to approximately 103.degree. C. Since
thermistor 4 is at its anomaly point of 120.degree. C., heater 18
must also be 120.degree. C. and it follows that heat transferred
from shunt 102 is providing an indicated temperature rise of
17.degree. C. at ultimate trip current Y. At 480 percent IL
(ultimate trip) for which a short time trip of 2.1 seconds is shown
in the preceding data for sensor No. 11 the current in the heater
is (480) (78) or 375 percent of its expected value. Referring to
FIG. 5, curve 52, the expected short time trip is indicated as
approximately 2.8 secs. It is apparent that heat is transferred
from shunt 102 to thermistor 4 and heater 18 in order to obtain the
shorter time of 2.1 seconds recorded in the test data. A similar
analysis can be made for the remaining samples No. 12, 13, 14 where
it will be seen that heat is transferred from shunt 102 to heater
18 and thermistor 4 at ultimate trip current Y. The desired value
of short time as a percent of IL (ultimate trip) is maintained
approximately constant for different shunts 102 where heat is
transferred from the shunt to heater 18. This is confirmed by the
test data which shows short time trip times of 2.0 to 2.1 seconds
at 480 percent IL (ultimate trip) for samples No. 11 through 14 and
is in accordance with an object of the present invention.
Overcurrent sensor 100, FIG. 7, is electrically connected into an
electrical controller circuit similarly to first embodiment
overcurrent sensor 2, FIG. 1. Heater 18 and shunt 102 through
terminals 36, 37 are connected in series with motor 66 and along
with PTC thermistor 4 are connected into electrical controller
circuit 60, FIG. 6. Operation with electrical controller 60 is also
similar to that previously described for overcurrent sensor 2 and
hence the description will not be repeated. Inasmuch as overcurrent
sensor 100 operates in cooperation with electrical controllers such
as controller 60 another object of the invention is met.
Overcurrent sensor 100 can be modified by omitting heat sink 26 and
the second layer of insulation 22 where short time trip
requirements are appropriately long so that overheating of
insulation layers 14, 22 and of thermistor 4 is not a problem.
First and second embodiment overcurrent sensors 2 and 100 may also
be modified by substituting a negative temperature coefficient of
resistance (NTC) material, such as nickel oxide - manganese oxide,
for the positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTC)
material previously described for thermistor 4 and the resulting
overcurrent sensor, otherwise the same as overcurrent sensor 2,
FIG. 2, will be called overcurrent sensor 110 (not shown) and its
thermistor (NTC) 112, FIG. 11. Curve 114, FIG. 10, shows typical
characteristics of log resistance v. temperature of thermistor
(NTC) 112. Curve 114 indicates thermistor (NTC) 112 resistance of
0.035 ohms at 120.degree. C. which will be referred to as operating
point 120.degree. C. and is shown by dotted lines x' and y'. The
relationship of heater 18 current and steady state thermistor (NTC)
112 temperature in an ambient temperature of 40.degree. C. is shown
by temperature curve 116 for a heater selected so that two units of
current raise the temperature of thermistor (NTC) 112.degree. to
120.degree. C. as shown by dotted lines x' and y'. This current
value is identified as ultimate trip Y'.
At heater currents exceeding ultimate trip Y', thermistor (NTC) 112
will reach its operating point 120.degree. C. in some finite time
and this time, which is similar to previously identified short time
trip, will decrease as the heater current is increased. Operation
of overcurrent sensor 110 is similar to that previously described
for overcurrent sensor 2 to which reference may be had for details.
Desired values for ultimate trip Y' as well as for short time trip
on a percentage of ultimate trip Y' current are obtained similarly
to that previously described for overcurrent sensor 2.
However, a change is made in controller circuit 60, FIG. 6, with
which overcurrent sensor (NTC) 110 will be used. Referring to FIGS.
6 and 11, thermistor (NTC) 112 is connected in the circuit in place
of resistor 76 and a resistor 120 which is used to calibrate the
operating point of the circuit replaces thermistor 4 and resistor
78. Otherwise controller circuit 60 is unchanged and heater 18 is
located at the same point in circuit 60 as shown in FIG. 6.
Modified controller circuit 60 is calibrated so that, when
thermistor (NTC) 112 of overcurrent sensor 110 reaches a value of
resistance corresponding to its operating point 120.degree. C. at
ultimate trip Y' current, thyristor 64 switches into its low
impedance state which reduces the voltage available at the gate of
bidirectional thyristor 62 so that thyristor 62 assumes its high
impedance state. The circuit is resettable through push button
switch 70 when thermistor (NTC) 112 has cooled, increasing its
resistance which lowers the voltage across capacitor 86, to a point
at which zener diode 94 assumes its high impedance state. Operation
of modified overcurrent sensor (NTC) 110 with a thermistor 112 of
NTC material is similar to that previously described for
overcurrent sensors 2 and 100 with thermistors of PTC material at
ultimate trip currents as well as at currents exceeding ultimate
trip and therefore the description will not be repeated.
It is also within the purview of the invention to employ a separate
or different power source for energizing motor 66 in series with
heater 18 than that energizing the circuit of electrical controller
60, FIG. 6. This is shown in modified controller circuit 120, FIG.
9, otherwise the same as controller circuit 60, FIG. 6, containing
push button station 126 and an automatic switching device such as
magnetic contact 122 comprising coil 123 with circuit connections
124, 125 and load switch 128. Contactor 122 is connected into
controller circuit 120, FIG. 9, so that coil 123, in series with
push button station 126, is in series with bidirectional thyristor
62 in a circuit connected to power source 67, 68. Load switch 128,
in series with motor 66 and heater 18, is in a circuit connected to
a second power source 130, 131 which may be different than power
source 67, 68. Operation is similar to that previously described
for controller circuit 60, FIG. 6, except that in modified
controller circuit 120, bidirectional thyristor 62, when in its low
impedance state, energizes coil 123 of magnetic contactor 122
energizing the motor and heater through load switch 128.
Conversely, when bidirectional thyristor 62 is in its low impedance
state, load switch 128 is open circuited deenergizing the motor and
heater. Thus it will be seen that the overcurrent sensor of the
instant invention also cooperates with an electrical controller
even though the power source for the controller and the load is
either separated or different.
The previously described characteristic of overcurrent sensor 2,
provided by heat sink 26 in limiting temperature overshoot from
heater 18 on currents exceeding ultimate trip current, results in
the sensor being particularly adaptable for use with motors
operating at high cyclic loads or with frequent starting and
stopping such as in jogging or reversing operation. Since heat sink
26 effectively lowers the temperature of the heater and thermistor
by increasing the heat loss from the sensor it follows since the
thermistor is less likely to overshoot its anomaly point following
cutoff of the cyclic or intermittent high motor current to the
sensor heater. This avoids so called nuisance operation obtained
with conventional bimetallic and eutectic alloy overcurrent sensors
where the heater temperature increases on repetitive cycles at a
faster rate than required for protection of the motor or where the
temperature override of the heater is high in relation to the
bimetal or eutectic alloy so that heat transfer continues after
motor current is shut down which results in unnecessary sensor
operation.
Overcurrent sensors 2 and 100 may be used without electrical
controllers directly with small loads such as fractional horsepower
electric motors. In this use, a PTC thermistor with a low value of
resistance approximately one one-hundredth of the value shown in
curve 38, FIG. 4, would be used for thermistor 4 and with heater 18
is connected in series with the motor load 66 as shown in FIG. 12.
When thermistor 4 reaches its anomaly range, the high increase in
its resistance of approximately three orders of magnitude, reduces
the power supplied to the motor circuit to a low value so that the
motor does not run or overheat and the sensor performs its intended
function. When thermistor 4 has cooled and its resistance has
returned to its former low level, power supplied to the motor is
increased so that it will again operate.
As many changes could be made on the above constructions without
departure from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all
matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawings, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense, and it is also intended that the appended
claims shall cover all such equivalent variations as come within
the true spirit and scope of the invention.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its
application to the details of construction and arrangement of parts
illustrated in the accompanying drawings, since the invention is
capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out
in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology
or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description
and not of limitation.
* * * * *