U.S. patent number 3,697,692 [Application Number 05/151,790] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-10 for two-channel, four-component stereophonic system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Dynaco Inc.. Invention is credited to David Hafler.
United States Patent |
3,697,692 |
Hafler |
October 10, 1972 |
TWO-CHANNEL, FOUR-COMPONENT STEREOPHONIC SYSTEM
Abstract
A two-channel stereo signal including left and right channel
responses (L and R, respectively), deriving from only two
amplifiers, is fed to four speakers located approximately at the
corners of a quadriliateral area, and are positioned to face toward
the interior of the area. The network drives the speakers with four
different signals so that sound from the speakers appears to a
listener positioned interiorly of the area to come from the four
sides of the area, rather than from the four corners. In one
embodiment, speakers in the left and right front corners respond to
(L + R/2 and (R + (L/2), respectively, while in a second embodiment
these speakers respectively respond to (L) and (R), respectively.
Speakers in the left and right rear corners (directed toward the
listener's back) respond to signals proportional to L - (R/2) and R
- (L/2), respectively.
Inventors: |
Hafler; David (Merion Station,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Dynaco Inc. (Philadelphia,
PA)
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Family
ID: |
22540247 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/151,790 |
Filed: |
June 10, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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35018 |
May 6, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
381/18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04S
3/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04S
3/00 (20060101); H04S 3/02 (20060101); H04r
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/15BT,1G,1GP,16.4ST,1.1TD |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"A New Quadraphonic System" Hafler Audio Magazine July 1970 p.
24,26,56,57 .
"Four Channels and Compatibility" Scheiber Audio Engineering
Society Preprint Oct. 12-15, 1970 .
"Dyna Quadraphonic Type II" Hi Fidelity Magazine Feb. 71 p. 26,28
.
"A Compatible Stereo-Quadraphonic (SQ) Record System" Bauer Journal
of Audio Engr. Society Sept. 71 p. 638-646.
|
Primary Examiner: Claffy; Kathleen H.
Assistant Examiner: D'Amico; Thomas
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of my application for
U.S. Pat. filed May 6, 1970, Ser. No. 35,018, entitled Two-Channel,
Four-Component Stereophonic System.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. An audio reproduction system driving four speakers in response
to only two left and right stereophonic audio power amplifiers,
said amplifiers being left and right amplifiers and the audio
signals provided by said amplifiers respectively having audio
signal levels denominated as L and R, a different one of said
speakers being positioned approximately at each of the four corners
of a quadrilateral area, which may be occupied by a listener, said
speakers directing sound towards the interior of the area, wherein
first and second ones of the speakers are respectively positioned
in the left and right rear corners of the area behind the listener
and third and fourth ones of the speakers are positioned in the
left and right front corners of the area facing the listener, each
of said speakers including a signal and a ground terminal,
comprising means responsive to said left amplifier for applying a
first audio signal to said signal terminals of the front left and
rear left speakers, means responsive to the other one of said
amplifiers for applying a second audio signal to said signal
terminals of the front right and rear right speakers, means
grounding the second terminals of the two front speakers, and
passive impedance network commonly in series with said rear
speakers connecting the ground terminals of the two rear speakers
to ground, the impedance of said impedance network having a
substantial value capable of audibly modifying the relative
amplitudes of the responses of the rear speakers relative each
other.
2. The audio reproduction system of claim 1, wherein the value of
said impedance network is selected so that the responses of the
rear left and rear right speakers are respectively approximately
proportional to (L - (R/2)) and (R - (L/2)).
3. The audio reproduction system of claim 2, wherein the impedance
of said network has a value of the order of the impedance of each
rear speaker.
4. The audio reproduction system of claim 2, wherein the first and
second audio signals are respectively commensurate with (L + (R/2))
and (R + (L/2)), and the impedance network has an impedance
approximately equal to four times the impedance of each rear
speaker.
5. The audio reproduction system of claim 1, wherein said impedance
network comprises a fifth speaker.
6. The audio reproduction system of claim 1, wherein the impedance
network comprises a fifth speaker located at the front of the area
approximately midway between the two front speakers.
7. The audio reproduction system of claim 1, wherein the impedance
network comprises a fifth speaker located midway between said front
speakers.
8. The audio reproduction system of claim 1, wherein said impedance
network includes first, second and third variable resistors
respectively connected, in the order recited, from the rear left
speaker, and from the rear right speaker and as a common impedance
extending from the first and second variable resistors to ground,
and means for gang controlling the values of said resistors so that
the first and second resistors always have approximately the same
value and the third resistor has a value equal to that of one of
the other resistors multiplied by a predetermined constant.
9. An audio reproduction system driving four speakers in response
to only two stereophonic power amplifiers, said amplifiers being
respectively denominated as left and right, a different one of said
speakers being positioned approximately at each of the four corners
of a quadrilateral area, said speakers directing sound towards the
interior of the area, wherein first and second ones of the speakers
are respectively positioned in the left and right rear corners of
the area behind the listener and third and fourth ones of the
speakers are positioned in the left and right front corners of the
area facing the listener, said speakers each having a signal
terminal and a ground terminal, comprising means responsive to one
of the amplifiers for applying a first signal to the signal
terminals of the front left and rear left corner speakers, means
responsive to the other one of the amplifiers for applying an audio
signal to the signal terminals of the front right and rear right
corner speakers, means grounding the second terminals of the two
front speakers, means connected to the second terminals of the two
rear speakers for providing a common substantial resistance from
the ground terminals of both rear speakers to ground, and means
individually grounding the ground terminals of the front
speakers.
10. An audio reproduction system driving four speakers in response
to only left and right power amplifiers, a different one of said
speakers being positioned approximately at each of the four corners
of a quadrilateral area, said speakers directing sound towards the
interior of the area, wherein first and second ones of the speakers
are respectively positioned in the left and right rear corners of
the area behind the listener and third and fourth ones of the
speakers are positioned in the left and right front corners of the
area facing the listener, said speakers each having a drive
terminal and a ground terminal, comprising means responsive to the
left and right amplifiers for deriving responses from the left and
right front speakers respectively proportional to the outputs of
said amplifiers, means responsive to said left and right amplifiers
for deriving audio responses from the left and right rear speakers
respectively proportional to (L - KR) and (R - KL), where K is a
constant greater than zero and less than one, L is the output of
the left amplifier and R is the output of the right amplifier.
11. The audio reproduction system of claim 10, where K is
approximately 1/2.
12. The audio reproduction system of claim 11, wherein the means
for deriving responses from the left and right rear speakers
comprises a common impedance connecting the ground terminals of
only the rear speakers to ground, said common impedance having a
value approximately equal to the impedance of one of said rear
speakers.
13. An audio reproduction system driving four speakers in response
to only two stereophonic amplifiers, said amplifiers being
respectively denominated as left and right, a different one of said
speakers being positioned approximately at each of the four corners
of a quadrilateral area, said speakers directing sound towards the
interior of the area, wherein first and second ones of the speakers
are respectively positioned in the left and right rear corners of
the area behind the lister and third and fourth ones of the
speakers are positioned in the left and right front corners of the
area facing the listener, comprising means responsive to said
amplifiers for deriving responses from the left and right front
speakers respectively proportional to (L + K.sub.1 R) and (R +
K.sub.1 L), means responsive to said amplifiers for deriving
responses from the left and right rear speakers respectively
proportional to (L - K.sub.2 R) and (R - K.sub.2 L), where K.sub.1
and K.sub.2 are constants greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75,
where L is the audio output amplitude of the left amplifier and R
is the audio output amplitude of the right amplifier.
14. The audio reproduction system of claim 13 wherein K.sub.1 =
K.sub.2 = 1/2.
15. In a four speaker two amplifier stereophonic reproduction
system, wherein left and right front speakers are connected to left
and right amplifiers of said reproduction system, respectively, the
combination wherein is provided left and right rear speakers
connected respectively to be driven directly by said left and right
amplifiers, and a passive circuit connected directly between said
rear speakers and ground for introducing at least 25 percent of
negative cross coupling of said rear speakers.
16. In a four speaker audio system having only left and right power
amplifiers, four loudspeakers having each a signal input terminal
and a grounding terminal, said loudspeakers being left front, right
front, left rear, and right rear loudspeakers, respectively, means
connecting said left power amplifier in parallel with the signal
output terminals of said left front and left rear loudspeakers,
means connecting said right power amplifier in parallel with the
signal input terminals of said right front and rear loudspeakers, a
switch normally connecting the grounding terminals of said rear
loudspeakers to ground, a passive impedance network normally
commonly connecting the grounding terminals of said rear speakers
to ground via said switch, said impedance network comprising a
common resistance connected with said rear speakers in parallel to
audibly cross couple said rear loudspeakers.
17. The system according to claim 16 wherein is further provided
control means for at will disconnecting only said signal input
terminals of said rear speakers from said power amplifiers.
18. The system according to claim 16, wherein said impedance
network is a resistive T-network including said common resistance
and further separate resistances respectively connecting said
grounding terminals of said rear speakers to said common resistance
and thence via said switch to ground, and a gang control means for
commonly adjusting all the resistances of said T-network.
19. The system according to claim 16, wherein said common impedance
includes a fifth loudspeaker.
20. A four speaker stereophonic system driven solely from a left
and a right power amplifier, said four speakers including left and
right front speakers and left and right rear speakers, means
driving said left speakers in multiple directly from said left
amplifier, means driving said right speakers in multiple directly
from said right amplifier, an adjustable resistive passive cross
coupling network, said resistive cross coupling network being
connected commonly between said rear loudspeakers and ground and
providing at least 25 percent cross coupling between said rear
loudspeakers.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In my copending application for United States patent, filed May 6,
1970, supra, signals received by left and right microphones are
assumed to contain front information, i.e., information common to
the two microphones, and back information which may be taken to
represent hall ambience, or reflections from the back wall directly
or via side walls. The latter are of random phase, and therefore
include cophasal and contraphasal components. I use a single rear
speaker which responds differentially to the right and left
signals, so that front information cancels completely, right-left
information cancels insofar as it is cophasal, but much of the
ambience signal combines additively.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Left and right front speakers respond without any change of signals
of a two amplifier stereo amplifier system. To this extent the
system is conventional. Two rear speakers are added to the
conventional system. These are located left and right of a
listener, and are driven on the left by the left channel signal
minus half the right channel signal, and on the right by the right
channel signal minus half the left channel signal. Thereby the
common cophasal components of the two channels subtract in both
speakers, by 6db, but the ambience representing components of the
signal add, insofar as they are non-cophasal in both speakers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a reproduction
system in accordance with the present invention, wherein negative
blending of signals coupled to rear speakers is provided;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a reproduction system in accordance
with the present invention wherein positive blending of signals fed
to front speakers and negative blending of signals fed to rear
speakers is provided;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a modification of embodiment of FIG.
1, employing a fifth speaker;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating a fifth speaker located
remotely of the four speakers illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a modification of the system of FIG.
1, employing autotransformers for intercomplying speakers;
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of embodiment of the invention
utilizing autotransformers for blending signals supplied only to
rear speakers;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a hall arranged for recording signals
capable of reproduction according to the systems of FIGS. 1-6,
incl.;
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of microphone circuitry employed in the
hall illustrated in FIG. 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Reference is now made to FIG. 1 of the drawing wherein there is
illustrated a two-channel stereophonic source for deriving output
signals respectively denominated as L and R, for the left and right
channels, respectively, of the stereophonic signal. Stereophonic
source 11 can be a standard stereophonic signal, of the type
derived from conventionally recorded stereophonic sources, such as
disc records or magnetic tapes, or from a stereophonic f.m.
multiplex receiver.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the right and left
channels derived from source 11 are applied to input terminals of
conventional stereo amplifiers 12 and 13, each of which includes a
signal output terminal referenced to ground.
The right and left channel output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13
are fed to speakers 21, 22, 23 and 24, positioned approximately in
the corners of a quadrilateral listening area 25, which generally
is defined by the walls of a room. Speakers 21 and 22 are at the
front of the listening area so that a listener in the interior of
area 25 is generally positioned so that he is facing them, while
speakers 23 and 24 are located in the rear of listening area 25 so
that they are facing toward the back of the listener. Speakers
21-24 preferably have matched impedance characteristics, although
this is not a necessary requirement, as seen infra, as long as
front speakers 21 and 22 and rear speakers 23 and 24 are matched in
pairs.
In accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1, speakers 21 and 22 are
responsive only to the output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13,
respectively. The left and right channel signals are differentially
combined at speakers 23, 24, with -6 db of crossover, by feeding
the output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13 to one input terminal of
each of speakers 23 and 24, respectively, and by connecting the
other terminal of the speakers to ground through T network 28 and
impedance 29. To achieve -6 db crossover, impedance 29 has a value
corresponding with the impedance of either of matched rear speakers
23 and 24. To this end, impedance 29 can be a resistor if speakers
23 and 24 have a substantially flat impedance versus frequency
response over the entire audio spectrum, or the impedance can be a
circuit simulating and matching the impedance characteristics of
speakers 23 and 24. In the alternative, impedance 29 is a further
speaker having impedance characteristics matched with those of
speakers 23 and 24.
Crossover can differ from - 6 db if the relative crossover between
the two channels can theoretically vary so that the responses for
speakers 23 and 24 are respectively represented as (L - KR) and (R
- KL), where K is a constant between zero and one. In practical
situations the value of K will be between 0.25 and 0.75; for -6 db
of crossover K = 0.5. The negative crossovers from the right
channel into the left rear speaker 23 and from the left channel
into right speaker 24 provide a differential effect in speakers 23
and 24 relative to the left and right channels to simulate the
reflective or reverberative characteristics of walls of a concert
hall wherein the stereophonic signal was originally recorded. In
addition, the predominant signals derived from speakers 23 and 24
are from the left and right sides of the concert hall. The
amplitude of signals derived from the rear speakers 23 and 24 is
less than the amplitude of the signals derived from speakers 21 and
22. This is desirable because the listener is usually positioned
towards the rear of listening area 25, in greater proximity to rear
speakers 23 and 24 than to front speakers 21 and 22. The ratio
between the responses of the rear and front speakers can be
relatively varied, if desired, by controlling the relative value of
resistors in network 28.
T network 28 includes three variable resistors 31, 32 and 33 which
are provided to control the amplitudes of sounds from front
speakers 21 and 22 relative to rear speakers 23 and 24 for a
listener positioned towards the rear of the listening area 25. In
addition, network 28 enables the same amount of negative cross
coupling between the left and right channels and speakers 23 and
24. Resistors 31-33 are ganged together so that the values thereof
are varied together and are always the same regardless of the
direction in which a controller for the values thereof is moved.
Resistors 31-33 are increased to attenuate the rear speakers in
order for the listener to be able to sit closer to the rear.
Without attenuation, and with four loud-speakers of equal
efficiency, the listening position is close to the center of the
room. If impedance 29 has a value different from the impedance of
speakers 23 and 24, the value of resistor 33 is always maintained
equal to the value of resistor 31 or 32 times the impedance ratio
of impedance 29 to speaker 23 or 24.
To balance the responses of speakers 21-24 so that the responses of
left speakers 21 and 23 are the same as the responses of right
speakers 22 and 24, the same signal, a monophonic signal, is fed to
the input terminals of amplifiers 12 and 13. To test if the
speakers are balanced, normally closed, spring biased switch 27 is
open circuited and a listener determines if he is able to hear
sound from any of the speakers. If speakers 21-24 are balanced, no
sound is derived from them because the same signal is applied to
each of them and they are connected in a differential pair.
If, in certain instances, it is desired to disable rear speakers 23
and 24 and provide a stereophonic signal only from front speakers
21 and 22, this can be accomplished by opening switches 35 and
26.
To enable sounds from the front speakers to be derived with greater
directional characteristics so that sounds appear to be derived to
a greater degree from the front, as well as left and right sides,
the system can be modified by positively blending the left and
right channels with +6 db of crossover, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
In FIG. 2, the right and left stereophonic channels derived from
source 11, prior to being fed to amplifiers 12 and 13 are fed to a
blending network 37 including resistors 38, 39 and 40. Resistors 38
and 39 are respectively connected to the left and right output
channels of stereophonic source 11 and the input terminals of
amplifiers 12 and 13 while resistor 40 bridges the input terminals
of the amplifiers. Each of resistors 38-40 has the same value to
provide 6 db of positive crossover between the left and right
channels, whereby the output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13 can be
respectively represented as (L + (R/2)) and (R + (L/2)). If the
amount of positive crossblending amongst front speakers 21 and 22
is desired to be other than 6 db, the values of resistors 38-39 are
changed accordingly. The output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13 are
applied directly to the terminals of speakers 21-24 in the same
manner as illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 1. In
the circuit of FIG. 2, however, to obtain 6 db of crossover between
thr rear speakers, whereby the responses of the left and right rear
speakers are respectively represented as, (L - (R/2)) and (R -
(L/2)), the value of impedance 29 is selected to be four times the
impedance of each of speakers 23 and 24, whereby the value of
resistor 33 is always four times as great as the value of resistor
31 or 32. With the value of impedance 29 four times greater than
the impedance of each of speakers 23 and 24, the average response
of rear speakers 23 and 24 is one-third that of front speakers 21
and 22.
In the system of FIG. 2, the same degree of directivity is derived
from rear speakers 23 and 24 as in the embodiment of FIG. 1 because
the right and left signals are fed to the speakers with the same
relative amplitudes as in the FIG. 1 system. The responses from the
front speakers 21 and 22 in the FIG. 2 system, however, provide
enhanced directivity. This is because the left and right channel
responses are additively combined in speakers 21 and 22.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3 of the drawings wherein five
speakers are interconnected, the fifth speaker 41 performing the
function of impedance 29, FIGS. 1 and 2. Corner speakers 21-24 are
responsive to the output signals of amplifiers 12 and 13, in the
same manner as described in conjunction with either FIG. 1 or FIG.
2. The corner speakers are also positioned as described supra,
except that the front corner speakers 21 and 22 may be positioned
at a slight acute angle with respect to the front of the listening
area. The fifth speaker 41 is connected in circuit in exactly the
same manner as impedance 29, FIGS. 1 and 2, and is positioned in
close proximity with the front of listening area 25 and
approximately midway between the left and right sides of the
listening area. Speaker 41 responds to the sum of the currents
supplied to rear speakers 23 and 24 and thereby derives a response
proportional to the sum of the left and right channels, i.e.,
proportional to L + R. Since the response of speaker 41 is
proportional to the sum of the left and right channels, the
acoustic output thereof can be considered as similar to the output
derived from the front speaker of the diamond array descrived in my
aforementioned copending application to simulate the response of a
microphone located in the center front of the concert hall.
If a speaker is substituted for impedance 29, it can also be
located in a listening area remote from listening area 25, as
illustrated in FIG. 4. In such an instance, the four corner
speakers can be located in one room, while the fifth speaker 42,
FIG. 4, can be located in another room of a dwelling where
stereophonic reproduction is not desired. Since speaker 42 is
responsive to the sum of the two channels, all of the acoustical
information originally in the stereophonic source is reproduced by
speaker 42.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, +6 db of
blending for the front speakers and -6 db of blending for the rear
speakers is provided by connecting autotransformers 51 and 52 to
the output terminals of left and right channel amplifiers 12 and
13, as illustrated in FIG. 5. Amplifiers 12 and 13 are directly
responsive to the right and left channels of the stereophonic
signal as derived from source 11 and illustrated in FIG. 1 so that
no blending is provided in the input circuits thereof.
Autotransformers 51 and 52 are designed to have suitable amplitude
versus frequency responses over the audio spectrum of interest and
include terminals 48 and 49, respectively, connected to the output
terminals of amplifiers 12 and 13. Each of autotransformers 51 and
52 includes three equally spaced taps and an unconnected terminal
at the other end of a winding from the terminal connected to
amplifiers 12 and 13. Center taps 53 and 54 of transformers 51 and
52 are both grounded so that at taps 55 and 56, midway between
terminals 48 and 49 and the center taps, there are respectively
derived voltages indicative of (+L/2) and (+R/2). At taps 57 and
58, midway between the center taps and ungrounded terminals 59 and
60 of transformers 51 and 52, there are derived voltages equal to
(-L/2) and (-R/2), respectively. To provide 6 db of positive
blending, front left speaker 21 is connected between the output
terminal of amplifier 12 and tap 58 of transformer 52, while the
terminals of speaker 22 are connected between the output terminal
of amplifier 13 and tap 57 of transformer 51. The voltages thereby
applied across speakers 21 and 22 can therefore be respectively
written as [L - (-R/2)] and [R - (-L/2)] , which can be rewritten
as (L + (R/2)) and (R + (L/2)). To provide -6 db of crosscoupling
for rear speakers 23 and 24 the terminals of speaker 23 are
connected between the output terminal of amplifier 12 and tap 56 of
transformer 52, while right rear speaker 24 is connected between
the output terminal of amplifier 13 and tap 55 of transformer 51.
Speakers 23 and 24 respond to the voltages applied across their
terminals to derive responses respectively proportional to (L -
(R/2)) and (R - (L/2)) to establish the desired amount of negative
crosscoupling.
A transformer arrangement can be employed to provide -6 db of
respectively, or crosscoupling for the rear speakers and no
crosscoupling for the front speakers by employing the circuit
configuration illustrated in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, the output
terminals of amplifiers 12 and 13, having input terminals
respectively driven only by the left and right channels of source
11, feed front speakers 21 and 22 in parallel with tapped
autotransformers 61 and 62. Tapped autotransformers 61 and 62 have
the desired amplitude versus frequency characteristics over the
audio spectrum to achieve the desired response from the four
speakers 21-24. Autotransformers 61 and 62 include center taps 63
and 64, respectively at which are derived voltages L/2 and R/2,
respectively. To enable speaker 23 to derive an L - (R/2) output
response, its terminals are connected between the output terminal
of amplifier 12 and tap 64 of autotransformer 62. The R - L/2
response for speaker 24 is obtained by connecting its terminals
between the output terminal of amplifier 13 and tap 63 of
autotransformer 61.
It may be preferred to drive the systems of FIGS. 1-6 from
specially recorded stereophonic signals. The special recording
arrangement considered most desirable involves placing microphones
effectively at approximately the four corners of a concert hall, as
illustrated in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, source 71 of acoustic radiation
is positioned at the front of the hall and corner microphones 72,
73, 74 and 75 are positioned between source 71 and the rear wall of
the hall. Front microphones 72 and 73 are positioned so that their
apertures are directed towards the front of the hall in proximity
to the left and right edges of source 71. Microphones 74 and 75,
which may be located near the rear of the hall, are positioned so
their apertures are directed toward the rear of the hall so that
they are responsive to ambience and reverberative sounds reflected
from the rear wall of the hall.
With microphones 72-75 positioned approximately in four corners of
the hall to transduce acoustic radiation in the manner illustrated
by FIG. 7, it is possible to define effective responses for the
four walls of the hall in terms of linear combinations of the
responses of the four microphones. To this end, assume that the
responses of microphones 72, 73, 74 and 75 are respectively
denominated as A, B, C and D. The front response can be defined as
the sum of the acoustic radiation transduced by microphones 72 and
73, (A + B); the left side acoustic energy can be defined as the
sum of the acoustic radiation transduced by microphones 72 and 74,
(A + C); the right side acoustic radiation can be defined as the
sum of the acoustic radiation transduced by microphones 73 and 75,
(B + D); and the rear acoustic energy can be defined as the
difference between the acoustic energy transduced by microphones 74
and 75, (C - D). The acoustic energy for the rear wall is defined
as the difference (C - D) because the rear acoustic energy includes
ambience information due, e.g., to reflection, reverberation and
audience noise, such as applause, which is of random phase and
derived with greater accuracy by a differential combination.
By defining the front, rear, left and right sides in the manner
stated, left and right channels can be formed as if the microphones
were located in a diamond array as described in the aforementioned
copending application. Thereby, the left channel of the
stereophonic signal can be defined as the acoustic signals
transduced from the sum of the left, front and rear of the hall,
while the right channel of the stereophonic signal can be defined
as the sum of the front and right sounds minus the rear sounds. By
appropriate substitution, the left and right channels can therefore
be expressed in terms of responses from microphones 72-75 as
Equations (1) and (2), supra.
One system that can be utilized for forming the left and right
channel signals is illustrated in FIG. 8. Acoustic signals
transduced by microphones 72-75 are fed to amplifiers 76-79, each
having an output terminal referenced to ground. The output signals
of amplifiers 76-79, which all have the same relative phase as the
signals derived by microphones 72-75, are fed to a combining matrix
81. Combining matrix 81 includes eight resistors 82-89, each having
the same value. Resistors 82-87 are connected in pairs to form
three summing networks that feed input signals to amplifiers 91, 92
and 93. Amplifier 91 responds to the A and B output signals of
amplifiers 76 and 77, as coupled through resistors 82 and 83 to
derive an (A + B) signal indicative of the acoustic radiation at
the front of the hall. Amplifier 92 responds to the output signals
of amplifiers 76 and 78, as coupled through resistors 84 and 85, to
derive an (A + C) signal indicative of the left side acoustic
radiation. Right side acoustic radiation is derived by amplifier 93
by virtue of the connection of its input terminal to the output
terminals of amplifiers 77 and 79 through resistors 86 and 87,
respectively. To form the back acoustic radiation signal (C- D),
the output terminals of amplifiers 78 and 79 are connected through
resistors 88 and 89 to ground and feed plus and minus input
terminals of differential amplifier 94.
To derive the left channel of the stereophonic signal, the front,
left and back output signals of amplifiers 91, 92 and 94 are
additively combined in summing network 95 which derives an output
signal in accordance with (1) L = 2A + B + 2C-D. The right channel
of the stereophonic signal is derived by additively combining in
summing network 97 the output signals of amplifiers 91 and 93 and
an inverted replica of the output of amplifier 94, as derived by
inverter 96. Thereby, summing network 97 derives an output signal
commensurate with the sum of the responses derived from amplifiers
91 and 93 subtracted from the response of the signal derived at the
output terminal of amplifier 94 to produce an output signal in
accordance with (2) R = A + 2B - C + 2D, where
A = sound picked up by a microphone in front left corner;
B = sound picked up by a microphone in right front corner;
C = sound picked up by a microphone in left rear corner; and
D = sound picked up by a microphone in right rear corner.
The right and left channels of the stereophonic signal derived at
the output terminals of networks 95 and 97 are applied to a
suitable two-channel output device 98. Output device 98 may be a
standard two-channel stereophonic device, such as a tape recorder
or a stereophonic disc recorder, as well as a stereo f.m. broadcast
station.
If a two-channel stereophonic signal having characteristics
indicated by Equation (1) is supplied to a reproduction network
including both 6 db positive blending for the front speakers and 6
db negative blending for the rear speakers, as illustrated by the
reproduction systems of FIGS. 2 and 5, for example, excellent
results are provided with regard to separation between the
channels. In particular, each corner speaker has a response that is
predominant for itself and includes components common to the
responses of the two speakers with which it is adjacent, but no
components in common with the predominant component of the speaker
in the opposite corner. For example, speaker 21 in the system of
FIG. 2 derives a predominant response associated with the left
front corner microphone of the hall illustrated in FIG. 7, as well
as lower amplitude responses indicative of the responses from the
right front and left rear microphones of the hall, to the exclusion
of components derived from the microphone in the right rear corner
of the hall. This is particularly desirable to achieve a
directional effect while preserving the feeling of deriving sounds
from all sides of the listening area.
Mathematically, it can be shown that if the left and right channels
of stereophonic source 11 are as indicated by Equations (1) and (2)
the system of FIG. 2 produces output responses at its four speakers
in accordance with:
L + (R/2) = (5/2) A + 2B + (3/2) C; speaker 21 (3); R + (L/2) = 2A
+ (5/2) B + (3/2) D; (4); ker 22
L - (R/2) = (3/2) A + (5/2) C - 2D; speaker 23 (5); and R - (L/2) =
(3/2) B - 2D + (5/2) D; (6). ker 24
Analyzing Equations (3) - (6) it is noted that the response for
each corner is devoid of the predominant response of the diagonally
opposite corner and includes lower amplitude components for the
adjacent corners. In addition, it is noted that the responses for
the front speakers are greater than those for the rear speakers,
the desired results since the listener is generally in closer
proximity to the rear speakers than the front speakers.
While there have been described and illustrated several specific
embodiments of the invention, variations in the details of the
embodiments specifically illustrated and described may be made
without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention
as defined in the appended claims. For example, a balancing network
similar to the network illustrated for FIGS. 1-4 can be employed in
conjunction with the systems of FIGS. 6 and 7. In addition, the six
db of positive blending between the right and left channels, as
illustrated in the reproduction embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 5, can
be obtained by combining the responses of networks 95 and 97 prior
to feeding them to putput device 98, FIG. 8. The latter feature, in
many instances, is not desirable, however, because it is not
compatible with standard stereophonic reproduction systems having
only two speakers. If the signals derived from summing networks 97
and 95 are directly recorded there is complete compatibility with
standard two-speaker stereophonic reproduction systems.
The recording system of the present invention has been stated, see
Equations (1) and (2), to provide L and R signals, which with
change of constants are:
L = A + (B/2) + C - (D/2)
R = (A/2) + B - (C/2) +D
The 50 percent cross mixing represented by the factor 1/2, is
cancelled by corresponding negative cross feeding in the
reproduction system of FIG. 2, popularly known as a Quadaptor
(T.M.) This implies that if a front left signal is recorded, no
right rear signal will be reproduced, and similarly for a front
right signal no left rear signal will be reproduced.
There is a complete separation between A and B with 6 db of
separation negative between C and D, for a pure left signal, so
that a signal on left input only has much more separation in front
than in back, in the Quadaptor. This is acceptable since the
listener hears the rear speakers from a wide angle, and because
phase reversal in the rear widens the apparent separation.
The 50 percent cross feed system of Equations (1) and (2) can be
modified in respect to cross feed factor, i.e., 50 percent is not
critical or essential. It is advantageous to equalize front and
back separations, for example, and this can be optimumly
accomplished with cross feed 2 - .sqroot. 3, or 26.8 percent.
Separation in both front and rear, apart from outphasing in the
rear, is then about 11 db.
The matrixing system, with parameters rounded off, then becomes
L = A + (1/4) B + C - (1/2) D (7) and R =(1/4) A + B - (1/2) C
(8).
Employing the suggested matrix of Equations (7) and (8),
differentiation of direction of better than 10 db both front and
back, and about 10 db left to right, and the matrix is optimum for
Quadaptor reproduction, but also quite suitable for normal stereo
use, or for monophonic use.
While the specific value of cross feed, 26.8 percent, is optimum,
in general a range of cross feeds should be made available in the
recording studio, to provide desired musical effects, and to
accomodate various microphone locations and physical recording
environments.
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