U.S. patent number 3,697,635 [Application Number 05/134,804] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-10 for process for the manufacture of capillary exchangers.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Ciba-Geigy AG. Invention is credited to Hans Joachim Dietzsch, Otto Dietzsch.
United States Patent |
3,697,635 |
Dietzsch , et al. |
October 10, 1972 |
PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CAPILLARY EXCHANGERS
Abstract
A process for the manufacture of capillary exchangers in which
the capillaries are arranged side by side in spaced relationship to
each other, is described and comprises the steps of A. coating the
end zones of a number of capillaries produced in the
above-described manner and still containing their auxiliary cores,
with reinforcing mantles of a material capable of superficially
dissolving the wall of the capillary during its application; B.
arranging these capillaries in a bundle leaving spaces between them
for the flow of a liquid or gaseous medium therethrough; C. pouring
between the reinforcing mantles at one end of the bundle a layer of
a hardenable material capable of adhering sealingly to the said
mantles, whereby the ends of the capillaries at the level of their
adjacent reinforcing mantles are embedded in a transverse wall
formed by said material after hardening, and D. removing the
auxiliary cores from the capillaries before or after step (c).
Inventors: |
Dietzsch; Hans Joachim
(Villars-sur-Ollon, CH), Dietzsch; Otto (Stein am
Rhein, CH) |
Assignee: |
Ciba-Geigy AG (Basel,
CH)
|
Family
ID: |
4342859 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/134,804 |
Filed: |
April 16, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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831174 |
Jun 6, 1969 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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|
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|
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Jun 8, 1968 [CH] |
|
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8632/68 |
May 27, 1969 [AU] |
|
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A 5012/69 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
264/135; 29/423;
29/527.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D
63/022 (20130101); B29C 66/131 (20130101); B29C
41/24 (20130101); B01D 63/02 (20130101); B29C
66/53465 (20130101); F28D 7/10 (20130101); F28F
21/062 (20130101); B29C 65/70 (20130101); B29C
66/112 (20130101); F28D 7/103 (20130101); B01D
61/46 (20130101); B01D 63/021 (20130101); B01D
69/08 (20130101); B01D 69/00 (20130101); B29C
39/10 (20130101); B29C 66/5344 (20130101); C02F
1/043 (20130101); F28F 21/067 (20130101); B29C
31/008 (20130101); B29C 33/52 (20130101); B29C
70/845 (20130101); B01D 65/08 (20130101); F28F
2260/02 (20130101); B29L 2031/14 (20130101); Y02A
20/131 (20180101); F28D 2021/005 (20130101); Y10T
29/4998 (20150115); B01D 2321/08 (20130101); Y10T
29/4981 (20150115); Y02A 20/134 (20180101); B29L
2031/18 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); Y02A
20/128 (20180101); B29L 2031/601 (20130101); Y02A
20/124 (20180101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2083/00 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2067/00 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2063/00 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2033/12 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2031/04 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2025/06 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2023/12 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2019/00 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29K
2001/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B29C
33/52 (20060101); B29C 41/00 (20060101); B29C
41/24 (20060101); B29C 65/70 (20060101); B29C
70/00 (20060101); C02F 1/04 (20060101); B29C
70/84 (20060101); F28F 21/06 (20060101); B01D
69/08 (20060101); B01D 61/46 (20060101); B01D
65/00 (20060101); B01D 65/08 (20060101); B01D
69/00 (20060101); B01D 61/42 (20060101); B01D
63/02 (20060101); F28F 21/00 (20060101); B29C
31/00 (20060101); B29C 39/10 (20060101); B32b
003/26 (); B32b 031/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/423,418,455,464,559,527.1 ;204/301,18P ;210/321,432,22
;264/135,261,262 ;23/276,270.5,310 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Campbell; John F.
Assistant Examiner: DiPalma; Victor A.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of our pending patent
application, Ser. No. 831,174, filed June 6, 1969.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for producing a membrane capillary exchanger in which
the capillaries are arranged side by side in spaced relationship to
each other and are obtained by applying to an auxiliary core one or
several membrane layers from a solution or solutions of substances
capable of forming the membrane itself or an intermediate product
convertible to the latter substance, and, in the latter case,
subsequently converting the layer of intermediate product into the
substance forming the membrane, the end zones of each capillary
then being coated with reinforcing mantles, and in which the ends
of the capillaries are maintained open, or are re-opened, during
production of the exchanger, said process comprising the steps
of
a. coating the end zones of a number of capillaries produced in the
above-described manner and still containing their auxiliary cores,
with reinforcing mantles of a material capable of superficially
dissolving the wall of the capillary during its application;
b. arranging these capillaries in a bundle leaving spaces between
them for the flow of a liquid or gaseous medium therethrough;
c. pouring between the reinforcing mantles at one end of the bundle
a layer of a hardenable material capable of adhering sealingly to
the said mantles, whereby the ends of the capillaries at the level
of their adjacent reinforcing mantles are embedded in a transverse
wall formed by said material after hardening, and
d. removing the auxiliary cores from the capillaries before or
after step (c).
2. A process as described in claim 1, wherein the capillaries which
still contain the auxiliary core are inserted and held in
distancing means, thereby maintaining the capillaries spaced from
one another throughout the process, whereupon one end of a bundle
of capillaries thus held is introduced from above into a separating
agent present in a casting mold, then pouring onto the surface of
the separating agent a layer of said hardenable material, hardening
the same, removing the casting and the separating agent therein
from the ends of the capillaries and removing the auxiliary cores
from the interior of the capillaries, by dissolving or melting,
before or after application of said poured-on layer.
3. A process as described in claim 2, wherein the thickness of the
poured and hardened transverse wall is limited so that the ends of
the reinforcing mantles situated towards the central regions of the
capillaries protrude from the transverse wall.
4. A process as described in claim 2, wherein the removal of the
auxiliary cores from the interior of the capillaries is carried out
before introduction of the capillaries into the separating
agent.
5. A process as described in claim 2, wherein the removal of the
auxiliary cores from the capillaries is carried out after the
hardening of the poured layer.
6. A process as described in claim 5, wherein the auxiliary cores
are melted and thereby removed from the interior of the
capillaries.
7. A process as described in claim 3, wherein, at the time of
introducing said capillaries into said separating agent in said
casting mold, a frame is also placed in said mold about said bundle
of capillaries, which frame is subsequently embedded in said layer
of poured-on hardenable material, together with said capillary
reinforcing mantles.
8. A process as described in claim 3, wherein spacers are disposed
between the capillaries of the bundle at least until the said layer
of hardenable material has been poured onto said separating
agent.
9. A process as described in claim 3, wherein spacers are disposed
between the capillaries of the bundle and remain in position even
after said layer of hardenable material has been poured on, said
spacers being permanently connected with said layer by the
hardening of the latter.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
The invention concerns a process for the manufacture of capillary
exchangers.
Capillary exchangers have many applications, e.g., as exchangers
for gases or components of solutions, for heat exchange and the
like, and, especially as dialyzers for the purification of blood,
in so-called artificial kidneys.
The manufacture of truly unobjectionable membrane capillary
exchangers for the last-named purpose has met with considerable
difficulties in the past. It is necessary to avoid the formation of
thrombi in the blood and leaks in the capillaries especially where
they are embedded in the walls of the dialyzer, and elsewhere,
which leaks occur especially in the form of so-called pinholes. Of
course, it is desirable to obtain a maximum purifying effect in the
smallest possible quantity of blood which is to remain the shortest
time possible outside the body of the patient.
Capillary exchangers have been used as artificial kidneys which
suffer, however, from a number of drawbacks. Above all, the sealing
of the capillaries, especially near their open ends, where they are
embedded in the necessary transverse walls of the exchanger, often
leaves much to be desired. Shearing stresses exerted on the
capillary at the embedded zones thereof are considerable and may
lead to rupture. Leaks which are difficult to avoid may also occur
at these zones.
Permeability separating apparatus have been described in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,228,877 issued Jan. 11, 1966 to Henry I. Mahon, and in U.S.
Pat. application, Ser. No. 57,055 filed on June 25, 1964 (which
became known through the publication of Dutch Pat. application Ser.
No. 269,380 on June 25, 1964), in which systems bundles of
capillary fibers are sealed each in a bore in a transverse wall,
each bundle containing a smaller or larger number, e.g., thousands,
of such fibers. Such a bundle is inserted into a bore in the said
wall and may then be cemented in the bore by pouring a suitable
cement, e.g., a heat-hardenable synthetic rubber of
phenolformaldehyde or acrylic resin into the bore between the wall
of the latter and the bundle. The capillary openings at the end of
the bundle which protrudes a short way from the transverse wall
should be sealed by a substance which is not compatible with the
cement, whereby the latter is prevented from penetrating into the
capillaries. The ends of the capillaries can then be cut off.
This method of cementing the capillary bundles in bores of a
transverse wall has, however, a number of obvious drawbacks. Thus,
it is difficult to control the length of the zone along which the
cement will spread over the capillaries while it is still in the
liquid or molten state. Also a uniform cementing of all capillaries
of the bundle in the bore cannot be guaranteed as the capillaries
contact each other in the bundle in an irregular pattern.
Penetration of the cement into any interstices between the
individual capillaries must needs be irregular and incomplete.
In the German Auslegeschrift No. 1,226,988 of Oct. 20, 1966 by
Hans-Joachim Dietzsch, a process for cementing capillaries in a
transverse wall has been described, whereby the individual
capillaries are provided near their ends, with coatings of a
substance which becomes tacky when heated. The end-coated
capillaries are then held suitably in spaced relationship with the
coatings contacting each other, the coatings are then heated or
softened and rendered tacky by application of a suitable solvent so
that the coatings all adhere to each other and, with the optional
application of pressure and/or with the aid of layers or strips of
equally tacky material which are interposed between the coatings of
the capillaries, the whole is combined to form a transverse wall
which becomes rigid upon cooling or upon evaporation of the
solvent.
However, it is quite difficult to soften the coatings in the bundle
evenly and to form a uniform, equally thick layer free from air
bubbled and leaks. Moreover, this method requires a horizontal
positioning of the capillaries when combining the coatings to form
the transverse wall in order to avoid downward flow of the
re-molten material which may lead to very irregular wall-formation
and closing of the capillary openings.
It is therefore a first object of the present invention to avoid
such drawbacks and to produce a capillary exchanger apparatus in an
industrially feasible process for mass production distinguished by
excellent tensile strength and stability of the mounting of the
capillaries in the end plates.
The process according to the invention leads to an improved
capillary exchanger which, in addition to other above-mentioned
advantages, make its use as an artificial kidney safe against
thrombus-formation and leakage of blood from the capillaries.
The process according to the invention, which permits attainment of
these objects and advantages, serves to produce a membrane
capillary exchanger in which the capillaries are arranged side by
side in spaced relationship to each other and are obtained by
applying to an auxiliary core one or several membrane layers from a
solution or solutions of substances capable of forming the membrane
itself or an intermediate product convertible to the latter
substance, and, in the latter case, subsequently converting the
layer of intermediate product into the substance forming the
membrane, the end zones of each capillary then being coated with
reinforcing mantles, and in which the ends of the capillaries are
maintained open, or are re-opened, during production of the
exchanger, and comprises the steps of:
a. coating the end zones of a number of capillaries produced in the
above-described manner and still containing their auxiliary cores,
with reinforcing mantles of a material capable of superficially
dissolving the wall of the capillary during its application;
b. arranging these capillaries in a bundle leaving spaces between
them for the flow of a liquid or gaseous medium therethrough;
c. pouring between the reinforcing mantles at one end of the bundle
a layer of a hardenable material capable of adhering sealingly to
the said mantles, whereby the ends of the capillaries at the level
of their adjacent reinforcing mantles are embedded in a transverse
wall formed by said material after hardening, and
d. removing the auxiliary cores from the capillaries before or
after step (c).
Preferably, the thickness of the poured and hardened transverse
wall is limited so that the ends of the reinforcing mantles
situated towards the central regions of the capillaries protrude
from the transverse wall.
It is also advantageous to insert the capillaries which still
contain the auxiliary core into distancing means and hold them
therein, whereby the capillaries are maintained spaced from one
another throughout the process, whereupon, in a preferred mode of
carrying out the process in practice, one end of the bundle of
capillaries thus held is introduced from above into a separating
agent present in a casting mold; then a layer of the hardenable
material is poured onto the surface of the separating agent, the
material is hardened and the casting mold and the separating agent
therein are then removed from the ends of the capillaries, while
the auxiliary cores are removed from the interior of the
capillaries in a manner known per se before or after application of
the poured-on layer. Preferably, the poured-on layer is only so
thick that it does not reach the surface of the capillaries above
the reinforcing mantles, thus preventing formation of pinholes and
other structural weakening of the capillary walls. It is possible
to carry out the removal of the auxiliary cores from the interior
of the capillaries before introduction of the capillaries into the
separating agent in the mold, especially when the cores are to be
removed by melting. On the other hand, the removal of the auxiliary
cores from the capillaries can be carried out after the hardening
of the poured-on layer, especially when such removal is brought
about by dissolving the cores.
In particular, the removal of the auxiliary core can be
accomplished either by dissolving out the auxiliary core with a
solvent which dissolves the said core but not the membrane
capillary substance nor the said intermediary substance; or, in
case the auxiliary core is made of a substance with a melting point
below the melting point of the membrane capillary substance or the
material of the poured-on layer, it can be melted out of the
interior of the capillaries.
The finished capillary exchanger possesses an exchanging surface
formed by the capillaries. These capillaries with their open end
faces or the adjacent zones thereof are sealingly embedded in the
transverse walls described above which separate the space
surrounding the capillaries from feed or collecting chambers and
the exchange between the interior of the capillaries and the
intercapillary space, i.e., the space surrounding the capillaries
can take place in one or in both directions.
In the process according to the invention the abovementioned
membrane layers are applied to the auxiliary cores by lacquering or
spraying them with drying and/or curable lacquers, solutions of
cellulose ester, cellulose ethers, casting resins or other resin
forming liquid or pasty substances, such as, e.g., silicone
rubber.
The application of one or preferably several coatings onto the
auxiliary core is performed advantageously by using a solution of
an intermediary substance which can be converted into the membrane
substance, and the wall consisting of said intermediary substance
is later converted by drying, curing or a suitable chemical
treatment into the final substance forming the membrane
capillary.
The dissolving or melting out of the auxiliary cores is preferably
performed after the hardening of the layer or layers of casting
material which form the walls of the intercapillary space extending
transversely to the capillary tubes.
It is particularly important that at least one of the two zones
adjacent the ends of each of the capillaries is coated on the outer
circumference thereof with a reinforcing mantle, before the
above-mentioned introduction into the distancing and holding means,
thus improving the stability of the mounting of the capillaries in
the layer of casting material forming the transverse wall.
Such reinforcing mantles are applied to the end zones of the
capillaries as coatings, consisting, e.g., of lacquer, of casting
resins capable of being hardened after application, of of deposits
of metal, preferably to be produced by galvanic methods.
According to the invention, such reinforcing mantles substantially
improve the adherence of the end zones of the capillaries to the
hardened layer of casting material forming the transverse wall.
This is, for example, the case when the reinforcing mantles consist
of silicone resins or metal. On the other hand these reinforcing
mantles substantially strengthen the capillary end zones in the
vicinity of the hardened cast layer which surrounds them.
Preferably, the auxiliary mantles consist of lacquer components
such as acetyl cellulose, of hardened layers of casting resins such
as epoxide resins, or of metal.
According to a further mode of carrying out the process according
to the invention, when the layer of casting material is poured onto
the holding means to engage the capillary end, a preferably
prefabricated frame surrounding the entire bundle of capillaries is
also placed on the holding means about the ends of the membrane
capillaries or intermediary capillaries of the bundle so that the
frame is also embedded in the cast layer forming the transverse
wall. This frame can be provided with appropriate projecting rims
or indentations which form-lock with the final hardened cast layer
so that the frame and the cast layer are very firmly joined
together.
In the process according to the invention, the capillaries are
bundled either in a two-dimensional arrangement so that, e.g., a
single row of capillaries arranged parallel to each other is
obtained, or preferably in a three-dimensional arrangement composed
of a plurality of such rows. The individual capillaries are first
inserted into spacing tubes and then optionally conducted from
these into spacers which remain in the bundle and hold the
capillaries at least until the layer or layers of casting material
have been poured onto the holding means, or still better, until the
layer or layers of cast material have been hardened.
The bundle of the capillaries which are in the distancing and
holding means or spacers can be treated at both end thereof as
described above for casting the layer or layers of material at the
end zones of the capillaries.
The capillary ends at one end of the capillary bundle are
preferably inserted vertically into the separating agent in a
casting mold. This separating agent consists of an easily
deformable substance which is always or temporarily in a liquid
state, or a paste or gelatinous mass preferably having a smooth
surface; this agent must be inert to the capillaries and also to
the casting material used for the cast layer and must not become
bonded to the latter upon cooling. The capillary ends of the bundle
are, e.g., pressed or inserted without pressure into the separating
agent, depending on the consistency of the latter.
After the drying or hardening of the cast layer, the separating
agent is removed by simple measures such as by heating, or by
dissolving in suitable solvents.
In the initial stages of the process, according to the invention,
the capillaries are arranged into a bundle by first arranging the
capillaries in a preferably single layer, which can be compared
with the warp of a fabric as used in the textile industry, then
cutting off segments of such a single-layered arrangement of
capillaries, and combining a plurality of such segments to a bundle
consisting of a plurality of layers.
The operations described below, which primarily concern the end
zones of capillaries are preferably performed on a single row of
capillaries. They can, however, also be performed on a multilayered
bundle of capillaries.
Many of these operations, such as, e.g., lacquering, hardening of
hardenable coating substances, metallizing, etc. are more readily
performed on single layers than on multi-layered bundles.
According to the invention, spacers can be used to arrange the
capillaries in bundles, which spacers remain in the bundle when the
end zones of the capillaries are embedded in the poured-on material
forming the transverse wall; the spacers can then be removed from
the bundle or left in the same as desired.
A specific embodiment of the invention comprises embedding the
spacers together with the capillary end zones in a layer of casting
material in which, preferably, a prefabricated frame is fixed at
the same time.
The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the
invention more in detail.
For the sake of clarity, the drawings are in places distorted and
out of proportion, they also contain fewer elements than in
practice. Thus the number of capillaries in the single "warp beam"
row of capillaries can be several thousand, the number of
capillaries per exchanger bundle several hundred thousand.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 represents in a partial view and in perspective an apparatus
for bundling the capillaries;
FIG. 2 shows the same apparatus schematically in a lateral
view;
FIGS. 3 to 7 illustrate schematically successive stages of
introducing the capillary bundle into distancing and holding
means;
FIGS. 8 to 10 illustrate schematically several embodiments and
modes of application of the distances and holding means;
FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate successive stages of the process in
order to apply reinforcing coatings to the capillary end zones;
FIGS. 13 to 16 illustrate successive stages of applying a cast
layer forming a transverse wall in which the capillaries are
embedded;
FIGS. 17 and 18 show other modes of carrying out in practice the
steps illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 15, respectively;
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate the same process stages as FIGS. 15 and
16, but with simultaneous introduction of a frame into the casting
mold;
FIG. 21 shows in a longitudinal sectional view a first embodiment
of a membrane capillary exchanger manufactured by the process
according to the invention, in which inlet and outlet chambers are
shown schematically;
FIG. 22 shows a top view of the exchanger of FIG. 21;
FIG. 23 illustrates a further embodiment of a capillary exchanger
in longitudinal section, in which the inlet and outlet chambers are
not shown;
FIG. 24 is a top view of the exchanger shown in FIG. 23; and
FIG. 25 shows schematically and in longitudinal section a further
preferred embodiment of a membrane capillary exchanger manufactured
by the process according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows such a "warp beam"-type of single-layer, side-by-side
arrangement of capillaries 1 on a roller 2. This single layer
arrangement of the capillaries is unrolled from the roller 2 in the
direction of the arrow 3, conveyed to a storage holder 4 and
inserted into it. The storage holder 4 consists of a plurality of
rows of bores or channels 5, which can be provided by rows of tubes
6. Advantageously, each bore 5 is destined for receiving a single
capillary 1.
The introduction of the capillaries 1 into the storage holder 4 is
preferably accomplished by filling one row at a time of the bores 5
with a layer of the capillaries 1. For this purpose the capillaries
are led through a guide plate 7 provided with holes 5', which plate
can be moved parallel to itself upwardly or downwardly as indicated
by the double arrow 8.
After one layer of capillaries has been inserted into the storage
holder, the knife 9 (not shown in FIG. 1, see FIG. 2) cuts off this
layer of capillaries at position 10.
After moving the guide plate 7 the distance of one row of bores,
the process described for introducing the capillaries can be
repeated. The layer of capillaries can be conveyed for introduction
into the storage holder 4, by means of the pair of rollers 11 (also
only shown in FIG. 2), which is accordingly driven intermittently
in the direction of rotation of arrow 12.
FIG. 2 shows schematically a side view of the same apparatus as is
shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1 only the front portion of the storage
holder 4 is shown in perspective view, FIG. 2 shows its whole
length. In both figures the lower row of the bores 5 is already
filled with capillaries 1. The capillaries 1 are shown in lateral
unsectioned view in all of the figures of the drawings.
Preferably the bores 5 are open at both ends of the storage holder
4 and the length of the storage holder is less than the length of
the capillary segments, so that these, as shown in FIG. 3, can
protrude a short distance from both ends of the storage holder.
Furthermore, it is suggested that the rear ends 13 of the bores 5
or the tubes 6 are tapered or bent inwardly so that their rear
orifices are narrower than their front orifices.
After the storage holder 4 has been completely filled with
capillary segments 1, as shown in FIG. 3, spacers 14, consisting,
for instance, of one or more woven pieces, the apertures of which
are of the same size or larger than the diameter of the capillaries
1, while the distance between the apertures corresponds to the
spacing of the bores of the storage holder, which spacers are
located at one end of the storage holder, are appropriately brought
into position (FIG. 4), advantageously at the end at which the
tapered ends 13 of the bores are to be found.
These spacers will hold the capillaries 1, which in practice are
never exactly parallel, by friction at the walls of the openings in
the spacers, so that the capillaries will not slide out of the
spacers even when the bundle is brought to the vertical position
shown in FIG. 11 to 20.
In FIG. 4 the following process step is illustrated: the
capillaries 1 are inserted by the pusher 15 through the storage
holder and the front ends thereof are pushed into the spacers 14 to
be in frictional engagement with the latter. Then all of the
capillaries are drawn with the aid of the spacers 14 to the left in
FIG. 6, i.e., out of the storage holder; at the same time or
subsequently the spacers are distributed over the entire length of
the bundle of capillaries until the latter are finally borne only
by the spacers 14, namely, after the capillaries have been
completely withdrawn from the storage holder (FIG. 7). These
operations can be performed by hand or these movements can also be
carried out automatically by known mechanical means (not shown). It
is also possible to place the capillaries directly into the spacers
without the intermediary use of a storage holder.
Spacers can be, for instance, perforated sheets or woven material,
as shown in section in FIG. 8, or combs the teeth of which have
been laid across each other, as shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b (separated
position) and FIG. 9 (crossed position, in which the capillaries 1
have been inserted). In some of the apertures of the spacers
according to FIGS. 8 and 9, capillaries 1 of the capillary bundle
have been inserted in a manner corresponding to FIG. 7.
FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of the spacers 14 constructed as an
inset unit; these spacers are formed by flat walls 114 and
corrugated walls 115, which are joined together in such a way that
channels 116 are formed between them in which the capillaries 101
are placed.
FIG. 25 contains further modifications of spacers 214 serving as
inset unit.
FIGS. 11 to 16 show the subsequent operations to which the
capillary bundle is then subjected.
The capillary ends are strengthened by auxiliary, reinforcing
mantles 20 before the formation of the hardened layer of casting
material 18. These reinforcing mantles can be formed, for example,
by dipping the entire multilayered arrangement of capillary ends
according to FIG. 11 into a lacquer or a casting resin and
subsequently drying and/or curing the coatings, at the dipped-in
capillary ends, or also by deposition of metal with or without the
aid of electrolytic processes, the latter, for example, by silver
reduction after the capillary ends have been made conductive. In
FIG. 13 this bundle is placed with the capillaries in vertical
position above a layer of a separating agent 17 having an even and
smooth surface, which has been poured into a trough 16. The lower
ends of the capillaries are dipped or inserted into this layer of
holding agent (FIG. 14). Then, as shown in FIG. 15, a layer 18 of
casting material is poured onto the surface of the holding layer 17
and between the capillaries, and the cast layer is then hardened in
the mold constituted by the surface of the holding agent 17 and the
walls of trough 16. After this hardening process, or also during
it, the capillary bundle together with the said poured-on and
hardened layer 18 of cast material is withdrawn from the holding
means 17 (FIG. 16).
The reinforcing mantles 20 are preferably so short, that, as shown
in FIG. 16 they protrude beyond the hardened layer of casting
material 18, or, as shown in FIG. 17 they do not protrude beyond
the layer of casting material 18 but are covered by the latter.
FIG. 17 illustrates a further modification of the treatment of the
end face zones on the capillaries. The underside of the hardened
layer of casting material together with the protruding ends of the
capillaries can be finished by machining operations (e.g., by
milling or smoothing), so that the capillaries terminate flush with
the hardened layer of casting material forming the transverse
wall.
This could also be done in the case of the embodiment shown in FIG.
16.
After these operations have been completed, the other end of the
capillary bundle can also be provided with a layer of hardened
casting material in the same manner as described above and
illustrated in FIGS. 11 to 16, by rotating the bundle by
180.degree. and repeating these steps.
FIG. 18 shows a modification of this process whereby an exchanger
is produced in which the capillaries are closer to each other in
their end face zone than in the adjacent zone of the exchanger. The
reinforcing mantles are not shown in this figure. If, on the other
hand, it is desirable to have capillaries spaced wider apart, in
the zone in which they are embedded in the terminal face walls as
well as in any other zones of the exchanger, the process steps
shown in FIGS. 13 to 17 will afford this result. An embodiment of a
capillary exchanger according to the invention in which the
capillaries are arranged to meet this requirement illustrates a
preferred feature of the invention.
The spacers 14 can, for example, remain or be removed after the
production of the layers of hardened cast material 18. This can be
done by pulling out the spacers or by dissolving them in a
solvent.
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate a further modification of the process
stages illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 16. Here, a prefabricated frame
21 is simultaneously embedded into the layer of casting material 18
at the time of the production of this layer. Preferably the frame
21 is provided with a projecting rim 22, so that the layer of
casting material 18 is fastened onto the inward side of the frame
by form-locking serration. The frame can be joined with the
opposite frame and spaced from it by distancing bolts or posts 23
as can be seen in FIGS. 21 and 22 which represent side view and top
view of a complete exchanger.
Analogously, FIGS. 23 and 24 show an exchanger having a
non-rectangular frame.
In FIG. 21, in addition, there is shown a pair of supply or
collecting chambers 24, one connected to each side of the
exchanger, which supply chambers assure the collective supply and
removal of the intracapillary substance to and from all of the
capillaries through the feed pipes 25.
Finally, FIG. 25 shows in longitudinal sectional view a multiple
counter-current exchanger produced according to a preferred mode of
the process according to the invention, which exchanger consists of
an outer casing 221 having end walls 200 and 200a and containing an
arrangement of several single-layered rows 210a to 210f mounted
therein, which rows are made up of capillaries which are arranged
in parallel and from the center row outward, and of diminishing
length, each of said rows consisting of one layer of capillaries
201 which at their ends 201a and 201b are sealingly embedded with
broadened foot portions 234 of their reinforcing mantles 220 in
transverse walls 239, 240 which are disposed spaced from the end
walls 200 and 200a of the casing 221.
The capillaries 201 extend each through a duct 206, and the ducts
are joined at their open ends to form transverse walls 237 and 238,
the whole constituting and inset unit 236. Transverse wall 237 of
unit 236 is plane and the other transverse wall, 238, is convex
and, preferably, more strongly curved than the adjacent transverse
wall 240 formed by the poured-on layer 218 and foot portions 234 of
reinforcing mantles 220. The reinforcing mantles 220 extend along
the capillaries into the end regions of tubular ducts 206 of inset
unit 236.
Transverse wall 239 and end wall 200 as well as the portion of the
adjacent side wall of casing 221 enclose a space 247 serving as an
inlet chamber having a central inlet opening 248 for a first fluid
F.sub.1 which is to be passed through the capillaries 201.
Transverse wall 240 and the adjacent end wall 200a and side wall of
casing 221 enclose a second space 249 serving as a collecting basin
at the bottom of the exchanger and being provided with a discharge
pipe 250, preferably provided with a discharge valve, through which
treated fluid F.sub.1 ' from the capillaries can be discharged from
the exchanger.
Between convex transverse wall 240 and inner transverse wall 238, a
chamber 242 is provided in the casing 221, which chamber owing to
the stronger curvature of wall 238, has a smaller cross-section in
its central zone than at its outer zones. When feeding fluid
F.sub.2 into the chamber 242 through the inlets 243, 244, the fluid
is thus caused to circulate about the central zone within the
chamber, which fact substantially contributes to an even, radially
symmetric entry of the fluid into the tubular ducts 206.
The tubular channels 206 are narrowed in the vicinity of their open
ends at 206a and 206b, which contributes to an even distribution of
the fluid F.sub.2 and by obstruction causes a slowing down of the
flow rate of the fluid F.sub.2 through the tubular channels
206.
Fluid F.sub.2 ' resulting from fluid F.sub.2 by the exchange taking
place through the walls of capillaries 201, gathers in a chamber
245 provided between transverse walls 237 and 239 in casing 221 and
is discharged from the latter through outlet openings 246.
The walls of the capillaries of the exchanger produced according to
the invention can be formed of one or several layers. The membrane
coatings forming the walls of the capillaries can consist of
inorganic, organic or metallic materials. Organic membranes, can,
for example, consist of cellulose hydrate. They can be produced,
e.g., by the process described in French Pat. No. 1,539,221, issued
on Aug. 31, 1967.
The capillaries can thus be produced as coated layers on auxiliary
cores, these auxiliary cores being prefabricated solid threads and
wires, or threads and wires which are themselves capillaries, said
cores being composed of substances which are relatively easily
soluble and/or relatively easily fusible compared with the membrane
coatings or intermediary substances, and said cores are then
removed by dissolving and/or melting them out of the coatings
forming the capillaries proper. The coating layer on the auxiliary
core can, for example, be produced by lacquering or spraying the
auxiliary core with drying and/or hardening lacquers, casting
resins or other cross-linking, fluid or pasty substances such as
silicone rubber. The auxiliary cores can, for example, consist of
polystyrene polyvinyl acetate or wax; the specific solvent therefor
can, e.g., be trichloroethane, benzine or the like.
The dissolving out and/or melting out of the core can, according to
the invention, be performed simultaneously on all of the
capillaries, preferably after the formation of the hardened layer
of casting material 18 or 218.
The diameter of the capillaries is preferably in the range of from
0.1 to 5 mm; the distances between them in the capillary bundle of
the exchanger have similar dimensions.
The material of the hardened layer of casting material 18, 218
consists of substances which have been hardened or cross-linked by
thermal, drying and/or chemical processes, which substances were
capable of being cast or were in the form of pastes before these
processes were effected; such substances are, for example, acetyl
cellulose, epoxy resins, polyester resins, polymethacrylates,
single and multiple-component silicone rubbers, pastes of
metal/synthetic materials, etc.
As holding agent 17, for example, gelatin/water mixtures, waxes and
silicone resins can be employed. Examples of solvents which are
inert towards the casting material and the capillaries, and which
can be employed to dissolve the holding agent are, e.g., water,
alcohol, benzine and the like. The material of the frame 21 and the
distancing bolts 23 can consist of metal or synthetic material
(such as polypropylene).
The material of the spacers 14 can consist of synthetic material,
metal and the like; when these spacers are to be subsequently
removed from the capillary bundle by dissolving operations, the
spacers (in particular woven material) can be made of monofilament
polyalcohol threads, which dissolve in water.
The exchangers of the invention serve, e.g., as dialysers e.g., for
the separation of materials such as the separation of lower
molecular portions from protein solutions, or for blood dialysis),
for water extraction according to the principles of reversed
osmosis, for refrigeration, or for sterilization, e.g., for
substances such as milk which are conducted through the
intracapillary space and can be heated there in an exact does for a
short time and optionally cooled, by introducing into the
intercapillary space the appropriate heating and cooling
agents.
It is also possible to use such exchangers for distillation
processes, e.g., for the vacuum-multiflash process for the
desalting of sea water, the sea water being introduced through the
capillaries and the condensation of the steam taking place in the
intercapillary vacuum.
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