U.S. patent number 3,696,866 [Application Number 05/110,090] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-10 for method for producing retorting channels in shale deposits.
Invention is credited to Julian R. Dryden.
United States Patent |
3,696,866 |
Dryden |
October 10, 1972 |
METHOD FOR PRODUCING RETORTING CHANNELS IN SHALE DEPOSITS
Abstract
A method for producing in situ retorting channels in
subterranean shale deposits. Electro-pneumatic treatment is used
for lean shale. Additional electro-chemical treatment is required
for rich shale.
Inventors: |
Dryden; Julian R. (Laramie,
WY) |
Assignee: |
|
Family
ID: |
22331182 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/110,090 |
Filed: |
January 27, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/248 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/2401 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/16 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21b
043/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/248,256,261,272,275,302 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wolfe; Robert L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit comprising the steps of:
drilling two spaced wellbores into a shale bed,
electrically forming a charred conducting path through an
impermeable portion of the shale between the wellbores,
removing a substantial percentage of the material along the charred
conducting path to form a permeable retorting channel.
2. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 1, in which the step
of removing includes:
electrically forming a molten, fluid core along the conducting
path, and
forcing the fluid core to flow along the path and out of the
surrounding shale, leaving an open retorting channel between the
wellbores.
3. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 1, in which the step
of removing includes:
electrolyzing an oxygen bearing electrolyte in one of the spaced
wellbores so that free oxygen forms at the intersection of the
electrolyte and the conducting path, and
applying a sufficiently high voltage across the conducting path to
cause a combustion front to advance between the wellbores, forming
a burned out, permeable retorting channel.
4. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 3, including the
additional steps of:
electrically forming a molten, fluid core along the burned out,
permeable channel, and
forcing the fluid core to flow along the channel and out of the
surrounding shale, leaving an open retorting channel between the
wellbores.
5. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 2 in which the step
of electrically forming a charred conducting path further
includes:
positioning first and second conducting electrodes, respectively,
in each wellbore in electrical contact with the shale deposit,
and
applying a high electrical voltage across the first and second
electrodes to cause electrical current flow through the shale
deposit on a conducting path between the first and second
electrodes, the voltage and resulting current flow having
sufficient intensity to ultimately melt the shale along the
conducting path and form a viscous, molten, fluid core,
and the step of forcing further includes:
Establishing a pressure differential between the spaced wellbores
to cause the molten fluid core to flow out of the surrounding shale
and into one of the wellbores.
6. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 1 in which the step
of electrically forming a charred conducting path further
includes:
positioning first and second conducting electrodes, respectively,
in each wellbore in electrical contact with the shale deposit,
applying a high electrical voltage across the first and second
electrodes to cause electrical current flow through the shale
deposit on a conducting path between the first and second
electrodes, and
removing the applied voltage after increased current flow shows
that a conducting path has been established between the first and
second electrodes,
and the step of removing further includes:
removing one electrode from one of the wellbores,
filling the one wellbore to a level above the conducting path with
an oxygen bearing electrolyte,
immersing a third electrode in the electrolyte,
applying a high d.c. electrical voltage between the third electrode
and the other electrode to cause electrolysis of the oxygen bearing
electrolyte, with the polarity of the electrodes such that free
oxygen forms at the intersection area of the conducting path and
the electrolyte, whereby continued application of the high d.c.
voltage causes a combustion front to advance along the conducting
path toward the other electrode, and
interrupting the high d.c. voltage after decreased electrical
resistance of the core indicates that combustion has progressed a
sufficient distance.
7. A method for producing an in situ retorting channel in a
subterranean shale deposit as claimed in claim 6 including,
following the step of interrupting, the additional steps of:
removing the third electrode and electrolyte from the one
wellbore,
re-positioning the one electrode in its approximate original
position within the one wellbore,
applying a high electrical voltage across the first and second
electrodes to cause electrical current flow through the shale
deposit on the conducting path between the first and second
electrodes, the voltage and resulting current flow having
sufficient intensity to ultimately melt the shale along the
conducting path and form a viscous, molten fluid core.
electrically forming a molten, fluid core along the conducting
path, and
establishing a pressure differential between the spaced wellbores
to cause the molten fluid core to flow out of the surrounding shale
and into one of the wellbores.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
While oil shale deposits include a substantial percentage of our
nations mineral energy resources, compared to oil sands the
recovery of shale-borne oil is difficult and expensive. Open pit
recovery techniques are at present the most highly developed for
practical oil shale utilization, but these techniques are
undesirable since they are inefficient and permanently mar the
landscape. In situ recovery techniques, because they are more
efficient and less destructive, are a more acceptable
alternative.
One method for in situ recovery of oil from subterranean shale
deposits is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,106,244, issued to H. W.
Parker. Into a pre-formed fracture system, Parker injects air to
advance a direct drive combustion zone which is generated by
simultaneously applying high voltage electricity. Hydrocarbons are
produced from the shale adjacent to the fractures.
Another method useful for in situ recovery is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,103,975, issued to A. W. Hanson. By electrical and
chemical treatment of an oil shale bed, Hanson enlarges fractures
between spaced wellbores. Once a fracture has been produced between
the wellbores, Hanson floods the fracture with an electrolyte
through which an electric current, preferably a.c., is passed.
Chemical and thermal reaction of the electrolyte with the walls of
the fracture causes crumbling and sloughing, enlarging the
communicating passageway between the wellbores.
The methods of both parker and Hanson require fracturing of the oil
shale bed with high fluid fracturing pressures. To create
fractures, the entire body of shale must be moved by the pressure
applied. The power applied must be proportional to the weight of
the overbearing formation. For deep fracturing, power requirements
are excessive. To obviate the need for fracturing in in situ
recovery of oil from shale deposits, this invention was made.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
My invention is a method for in situ production of retorting
channels in oil shale. Electro-pneumatic treatment is used in lean
shale. Additional electro-chemical treatment is applied to rich
shale. In many respects, both forms of treatment employ similar
apparatus.
As a primary distinction from previous methods for producing
retorting channels, using my invention no attempt is made to
fracture the shale bed. Retorting channels are produced by actually
removing material from the bed between spaced wellbores without
significantly altering the strength of the surrounding formation.
Unlike fractured channels which close up as the shale settles,
channels produced by my invention have little inclination to close
up. Because of their relatively large size they are less subject to
plugging than fractured channels. Since no attempt is made to
fracture, no overburden need be moved, and power requirements are
independent of the depth of the channels below the surface.
For electro-pneumatically producing retorting channels in lean
shale, two spaced wellbores are sunk into a subterranean shale bed.
An electrode is inserted into each wellbore in contact with the
shale bed, preferably vertically aligned with a single bedding
plane. By applying a high, preferably a.c., electrical voltage to
the electrodes, an electrical current is caused to flow through the
shale between the wellbores. Sufficient current heats the shale
intensely, forming a viscous, molten fluid core. This fluid core is
forced to flow out of the surrounding shale by injecting high
pressure gas into one of the wellbores. An open retorting channel
results.
For rich shales, additional treatment is required between the
electric heating and gas injecting steps. Conducting cores formed
in rich shale are not sufficiently molten for immediate removal by
high pressure gas injection. Before removal, the rich shale core
must be reduced to lean shale by electro-chemical reaction. After
electrically forming a conducting core by the process used for lean
shale, one electrode is removed from contact with the shale bed. An
electrolytic solution is poured into the vacant wellbore and an
acid-resistant electrode suspended within it. A high d.c. voltage
is applied between the acid-resistant electrode and the other
electrode, causing electrolysis and forming free oxygen where the
conducting carbon core intersects the solution. Using sufficient
voltage to cause a high electric current with intense heating and
arcing, combustion of organic materials results in the presence of
the oxygen. Vigorous percolation of the electrolyte in the
combustion zone renews the spent electrolyte while removing the
combustion products. Application of the electrical voltage
continues until the combustion zone has completely penetrated the
conducting path between the wellbores.
Sometimes this electro-chemical treatment alone is sufficient to
create a usable retorting channel. Often, however, the resulting
lean shale core requires additional electro-pneumatic treatment to
form a usable channel. This additional treatment follows the steps
described above for lean shale.
Therefore, one object of this invention is a method for producing
retorting channels in subterranean shale.
Another object of this invention is an electro-pneumatic method for
producing retorting channels in lean shale.
Another object of the invention is an electro-chemical method for
producing retorting channels in rich shale.
These and other objects of this invention are evident in the
following specification and drawing.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 shows an arrangement of apparatus for electro-pneumatically
producing retorting channels in subterranean shale.
FIG. 2 shows an arrangement of apparatus for electro-chemically
producing retorting channels in subterranean shale.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A stratified geological formation 10 with an oil shale bed 12 is
shown in cross-section in FIG. 1. For producing a horizontal
retorting channel 14 through the subterranean bed, two spaced
wellbores 16 and 18 extend downward from the surface 20 to deep
within the formation. The wellbores penetrate the shale bed to a
depth beyond the optimum level for producing and operating the
retorting channel. Open ended tubular casings 22-24 line the walls
of each wellbore, preventing collapse of softer overburden into the
underlying portion of the bore.
In electrical contact with a wall of each wellbore 16-18,
expandable, conductive electrodes 26-28 depend from insulated
electrical conductors 30-32. Through an intermediate on-off switch
34, conductor 30 connects electrode 26 to one output terminal of an
electrical voltage source 36. Conductor 32 connects electrode 28 to
the other output terminal of the source. When switch 34 closes, an
electrical voltage appears between the two electrodes situated deep
within the wellbores. Depending upon the electrical resistance of
the particular shale bed 12, a sufficiently high voltage between
the electrodes causes a powerful electrical current to flow through
the bed. The electrical current heats the path between the
electrodes, forming a charred conducting core 38 within the
surrounding shale. By removing this charred core, an open retorting
channel is formed. Depending upon whether the shale is rich or lean
in oil content, the removal process includes a somewhat different
series of steps.
If the shale bed 12 is lean in oil content, the charred core 38 is
removed by pressurized gas. For lean shale, continued application
of electrical current melts the core, forming a very viscous stream
of molten liquid slag within the surrounding bed of impervious
shale. Injecting pressurized gas into one wellbore while
maintaining the other wellbore at atmospheric pressure forces the
molten stream to flow out of the retorting channel. This operation
is performed in the following manner.
On the surface end of casing 22 a cap 40, as shown in FIG. 1, seals
wellbore 16 to form a closed subterranean chamber. Through a sealed
opening in the cap, a supply conduit 42 injects high pressure gas
into the sealed wellbore. Depending upon the physical resistance of
the particular lean shale bed 12, a sufficiently high pressure
gradient between wellbores 16 and 18 forces the viscous stream to
flow along the heated path and into wellbore 18 in a manner
analogous to fluid flow within a pipe. When the pressure gradient
lowers rapidly, evidencing retorting channel breakthrough,
electrical switch 34 is opened and gas injection stopped. The
retorting channel is then available for in situ oil recovery by
established procedures.
Both a.c. and d.c. electrical voltage sources are suitable for
producing conducting cores and melting oil shale in this manner.
A.c. is preferred since shale offers less resistance to breakdown
from an a.c. than from a d.c. voltage. Since shale is often a good
insulator, initial electrical breakdown usually requires extreme
voltages. In actual tests, sources producing as high as 22,400
volts have been used, although a.c. voltages in the range of 3,000
volts have produced successful results. Higher voltage requirements
are expected for many in situ operations. As current flow begins,
resistance decreases sharply so voltage requirements diminish.
Subsequent current loads are governed by the power required to char
the core 38 and maintain it in a molten state. Because the amount
of heating is directly proportional to current flow, the core
diameter produced increases directly with current intensity.
Numerous designs are suitable for electrodes 26 and 28. Important
design criteria for the electrodes include firm contact with the
shale bed and a small contact area. Firm contact is required for
electrical continuity. A small contact area prevents dissipation of
electrical power and assures ample space for discharging molten
material past the low pressure electrode. In addition, the
electrodes should be resistant to both heat and electrical arcing
resulting from high potential operation.
Air is a suitable gas for injection into well 16. Variable
pressures are satisfactory, but rapid injection is required, so gas
pressure must remain sufficiently high to support molten flow once
it has begun. With high gas pressure the molten slag is prevented
from solidifying at the effluent end of the channel 38. The molten
materials discharge as finely divided particles, hardening into
tiny pellets with minimum tendency to plug the wellbore 18.
Placing electrodes 26 and 28 in contact with the same bedding plane
in shale bed 12 minimizes electrical resistance along the
conducting path and insures optimum efficiency. For best results,
wellbores 16 and 18 are analyzed by coring during drilling and the
electrodes placed in a bedding plane of lowest oil content.
Laboratory tests indicate that although charred slag cores are
formed in most shales, melting is limited to shales containing less
than about twenty gallons of oil per ton. In richer shales the
electrical current causes insufficient heating for treatment in
this manner. For rich shale beds, an alternate operation is
required.
As described above treating oil shale, whether lean or rich, with
sufficient electric current causes a charred carbon core. Two
general core types result. Lean shales form slag cores which
ultimately melt from sufficient electrically generated heat. Slag
cores formed in rich shales, however, remain relatively solid
regardless of the heat applied. Since the organic oil content of a
rich shale core often exceeds one-third the raw shale volume, the
core permeability can be increased by removing the oil from the
residual carbon and slag by an electro-chemical process. Cores with
high slag content become essentially lean shale once the oil is
removed. Often the resulting core is sufficiently permeable for use
as a retorting channel without additional treatment. In many cases,
however, the slag core resulting from electro-chemical treatment is
an impervious as indigenous lean shale. These cases require
additional treatment, using the above described method for
producing retorting channels in lean shale.
An arrangement for electro-chemically removing the oil from
electro-thermally generated carbon cores in rich shale beds is
shown in FIG. 2. Elements common to both FIGS. 1 and 2 have
identical two digit reference numerals. Unique elements in FIG. 2
have three digit reference numerals. In this Figure a geological
formation with a carbon core 138 penetrating a stratum of rich oil
shale 112 is shown in cross-section. The carbon core is first
produced in the rich shale bed in the manner shown and described
with reference to FIG. 1. After the core is produced, as evidenced
by a decrease in electrical resistance between the electrodes,
electrode 28 and insulated conductor 32 are removed from wellbore
18, and replaced by a long, acid-resistant electrode 128, suspended
by an insulated electrical conductor 132. Conductor 132 connects
electrode 128 to the positive output terminal 144 of a d.c.
electrical voltage source 136, while conductor 30, through switch
34, connects electrode 26 to the negative terminal 146. When switch
34 closes, a d.c. electrical voltage appears between electrodes 26
and 128.
Into wellbore 18 an electrolytic solution 148, such as water or a
dilute acid-water mixture, is pumped until electrode 128 is at
least partially submerged. At this level the solution completely
submerges the proximate end of charred core 138. For improving
electrical continuity between electrode 26 and the charred core,
plain water can be pumped into wellbore 16 if necessary. When the
electrical potential from d.c. source 136 is applied between
electrodes 26 and 128, electrical continuity is completed through
charred conducting core 138 and electrolytic solution 148.
Electrolysis of the solution results, decomposing the water to form
free hydrogen at the positive electrode 128, and free oxygen at the
electrical extension of the negative electrode 28 -- the end of
conducting carbon core 138 in contact with the electrolyte 148.
To avoid confusion regarding the labeling of electrolysis
electrodes 26 and 128 as negative and positive, respectively,
please note that the electrical, rather than chemical convention
for current flow is applied. Following this convention, hydrogen
forms at the positive electrode, and oxygen at the negative
electrode.
With a negative electrical potential applied to conducting carbon
core 138, pure oxygen is formed at the intersection area 150 of the
core and electrolytic solution 148. This free oxygen is available
for combustion of the carbonaceous material within the core. By
raising the voltage of d.c. source 136, sufficient electrical
current is generated through core 138 to create heat and electrical
arcing in intersection area 150. Since submerged combustion is
possible in the presence of pure oxygen, the electrolytic solution
does not hinder oxidation, and a fire front moves forward until the
entire core is burned. When combustion is completed along the
entire length, electrolytic solution 148 fills the core, markedly
reducing the resistance to electrical current flow. When this
reduction in resistance signals completion of the process, switch
34 is opened to disconnect d.c. source 136 from the electrical
circuit. If sufficient slag remains to obstruct retorting channel
114, it is removed by the electro-pneumatic process described above
with reference to FIG. 1.
During the electro-chemical process of treating carbon core 138,
adequate current flow is important for several reasons. As
explained above, adequate current is necessary for heating and
arcing at the intersection area 150. Adequate current is also
necessary to cause vigorous percolation of the electrolytic
solution. Vigorous percolation, caused by rapid oxygen generation
and combustion, violently exhausts spent acid and combustion
products from the intersection area 150, allowing fresh acid to
enter. In the resulting spent electrolyte stream, particles of
imbedded clay and other inert debris are carried from the core,
ultimately settling to the bottom of wellbore 18. In this way the
intersection area 150 advances through the core in a continuously
regenerative cycle.
Because of the diverse environments to which this electro-chemical
method is applicable, specific electrical and physical operating
parameters are difficult to predict precisely. General parameters,
however, are sufficient for establishing necessary design criteria.
In this regard, electrode 128 is preferably constructed from an
acid-resistant material. Since hydrogen is produced adjacent to
this electrode, oxidation is not a problem, and a carbon electrode
is suitable. For dimensional purposes, in laboratory experiments a
current density of 1 ampere per square inch of submerged electrode
area yielded satisfactory results. Dilute hydrocloric acid is a
suitable electrolytic solution since it is readily available and
generally produces solvable chloride salts. Other dilute common
acids are equally satisfactory. The amount of dilution is not
critical.
Voltage requirements vary greatly, depending upon the particular
environment operated upon. Sufficient voltage is necessary to
stimulate heating and percolation, as described above. Field tests
have successfully employed as low as 143 volts at 5.7 amperes to
cause the necessary percolation. By using adequate current flow in
the initial formation of the conducting carbon path 138 a low
resistance conductor results, reducing electro-chemical processing
voltage requirements to a minimum. During electrolysis, the amount
of current required varies with the structure of the core. A good
rule is to always exceed the maximum current used to form the core.
Laboratory tests have successfully employed currents of 8 to 10
ampers for cores from 1 to 2 inches in diameter.
By combining the electro-pneumatic process of FIG. 1 and the
electro-chemical process of FIG. 2 it is possible to produce
retorting channels in all grades of rich and lean shales. Once the
channels are produced, retorting proceeds according to established
procedures. Because, within the bounds of these established
procedures, modifications of the electro-pneumatic and
electro-chemical process steps will be obvious to persons of
ordinary skill in the art, the scope of this invention should not
be limited by the above description, but only by the following
claims:
* * * * *