U.S. patent number 3,695,047 [Application Number 05/051,792] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-03 for underwater liquid storage facility.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Texaco Inc.. Invention is credited to Paul D. Carmichael, Ivo C. Pogonowski.
United States Patent |
3,695,047 |
Pogonowski , et al. |
October 3, 1972 |
UNDERWATER LIQUID STORAGE FACILITY
Abstract
The invention relates to a deep water storage facility formed
primarily of concrete, for holding a liquid such as crude oil
having a lesser density than that of the surrounding water. The
facility includes a floatable base which is supportably fastened to
a storage tank. The latter includes a support foundation having an
upstanding continuous side wall defining an enclosure. A canopy
fastened to the upper rim of said foundation wall thereby defines a
substantially closed storage compartment. Said canopy is formed of
reinforced concrete and assumes an inwardly contoured or concave
shape whereby to withstand compressive stresses induced by the
buoying action of stored crude oil.
Inventors: |
Pogonowski; Ivo C. (Houston,
TX), Carmichael; Paul D. (Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Texaco Inc. (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21973402 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/051,792 |
Filed: |
July 2, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/210;
114/257 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D
88/78 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B65D
88/78 (20060101); B65D 88/00 (20060101); E02b
017/00 (); B65d 089/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/46,46.5,.5
;114/.5,16R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Bell; J. Karl
Claims
We claim:
1. A submergible storage facility for use in offshore water holding
fluids having a lesser density than the density of said offshore
water in which said facility is submerged, which comprises;
a floatable base having controllable buoyancy means, and being
operable to regulate the disposition of said storage facility in
said body of water,
a support wall positioned on said base, having a seating rim at the
upper end thereof and defining a continuous peripheral
enclosure,
a rigid, contoured canopy having an outer edge carried on said
seating rim in fluid tight relation thereto to form a closure atop
said support wall, and to define a fluid storage compartment
therein, the center of said canopy extending downwardly into said
storage compartment.
2. A submergible storage facility as defined in claim 1 wherein;
said rigid, contoured canopy includes a generally concave
configuration, the center thereof being spaced equidistant from
said outer edge, and depending downwardly into said
compartment.
3. A submergible storage facility as defined in claim 1 wherein;
said floatable base includes at least two horizontal plates spaced
vertically apart and defining an interspace therebetween, and
said buoyancy means includes controllably buoyant floats positioned
within said interspace, and
a buoyancy system communicated with each of said buoyant floats,
said system being actuatable from the water's surface when said
facility is in submerged position, to remotely regulate the
disposition thereof and anchoring means carried on the lower of
said vertically spaced horizontal plates adapted to position said
storage facility at the floor of said body of water.
4. In a submergible storage facility as defined in claim 3 wherein;
said controllably buoyant floats include; a plurality of
longitudinally arranged elongated cylindrical members having
closure means at opposed ends thereof defining a fluid tight
chamber with each of said members, and
said buoyancy system includes conduit means communicated with each
of said fluid tight chambers for regulating the fluid content
thereof.
5. In a submergible storage facility as defined in claim 1, wherein
said support wall includes; drainage means formed at the lower end
thereof adjacent to said base, communicating the interior of said
storage compartment with the surrounding water.
6. In a submergible storage facility as defined in claim 5, wherein
said drainage means includes; a plurality of peripherally spaced
openings formed in said wall whereby to permit passage of solid
materials accumulated in said compartment to the exterior thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The underwater storage of crude and/or refined oil, as well as
other liquid products, has been found to be both practical and
economical. A subsea storage facility is not only protected from
adverse weather conditions, but presents the possibility of
virtually unlimited storage space. Such underwater facilities have
achieved great favor at land based installations such as
refineries, oil terminals and the like. They are particularly
desirable at offshore installations and fields serving in lieu of
pipelines and other similar oil transport means. This is
particularly true when the storage facility is adaptable to be
floated at the water's surface and transported for use or reuse at
different underwater sites.
Further, with the rapid development of underwater activities
including producing and storage of oil, the aspect of performing
much, or at least part of the refining operation under water has
become more feasible. For example, underwater separators
communicated with offshore well heads, are in use whereby the
produced flow of crude oil can be separated into water and usable
products prior to the latter being either stored or shipped to a
refining point.
One of the problems prevalent in considering any submerged facility
particularly in offshore tidewater areas, is that of corrosion.
This problem persists regardless of the metal used in the
construction thereof, or of coatings applied to the metal surface
to avoid or deter a corrosive situation. Concrete, however, is one
material which by and large withstands to an infinite degree, any
deleterious corrosive action. Concrete structures are not only less
expensive than comparable steel structures, but they are more
economical to fabricate and maintain.
One pointed drawback common in the use of concrete structures, is
the limited ability of this material to withstand tensional
stresses. On the other hand, cast concrete is traditionally
accepted as an ideal material from the respective points of
corrosive resistance, compressive strength, and cost in any
architectural structure.
One of the objects of the invention therefore is to provide a
relatively inexpensive, concrete underwater storage facility for
holding fluids having a lesser density than the water in which the
said facility is submerged. This primary objective is achieved by
providing a liquid storage facility formed of prestressed and
reinforced concrete, so shaped to provide the unit with maximum
strength particularly in deep waters where the unit will be
subjected to external pressures by stored crude or refined oil. The
unit includes a submergible base incorporating buoyancy means that
permits both the base as well as the storage portion to be raised
to the water's surface. The roof or closure member for the storage
compartment is inwardly concave to withstand the upward buoying
force exerted by the lighter than water oil.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the figures,
FIG. 1 illustrates a side elevational view showing the present
storage facility positioned on the floor of a body of water.
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the unit when
supported at the water's surface by the buoyant base member.
FIG. 3 is a segmentary view on an enlarged scale and in
cross-section of a portion of the unit shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a segmentary view in cross-section taken along line 4--4
in FIG. 3.
Referring to the figures, the storage facility as shown in FIG. 1,
positioned at the floor of a body of water, includes the lower
positioned base 10 comprising a plurality of individual
controllably buoyant floats 11. A foundation plate 12 carried on
the upper side of base 10, is adapted to support the uppermost
positioned tank 13 which embodies one or more internal storage
compartments for crude oil. The entire unit rests on a template 14
which is at least partially imbedded in the substratum and there
positioned by elongated piles 16 and 17 which connect with template
14 and are driven into the substratum a sufficient length to
stabilize the unit at an underwater site.
As shown in FIG. 2, buoying of the facility at the surface of the
water is achieved by controlled evacuation of the respective
buoyant floats 11. The latter are of sufficient size as to
floatably support the tank in an empty condition at the water's
surface whereby to facilitate towing the same to a desired offshore
location.
Referring to FIG. 3, base member 10 is of a sufficient breadth to
support the upper tank 13 which is normally circular in
configuration. Said base 10 includes the lower positioned pad-like
template 14, formed of concrete embodying reinforcing members such
as steel channels or beams running transversely of the respective
concrete floats 11. Template -4 can be further provided with normal
reinforcing means such as prestressed steel rods. Template 14 is of
sufficient strength to withstand the great downward weight applied
thereto when the unit is towed at the ocean's surface.
Template 14 is further provided with a funnel-like pile
accommodating guide 18 which permits an anchoring pile to be
prepositioned above the ocean floor and thereafter urged into the
substratum by pile driving or similar means. The essential function
of anchoring piles 16 and 17 of course, is to position base 10 at a
desired location whereby to avoid lateral displacement thereof.
Elongated, buoyant floats 11 are fastened to the upper face of
template 14, each of which floats comprises an elongated member
preferably of cylindrical form, and having closed hemispherical
ends. The cylindrical tank-like member may assume the
cross-sectional configuration of a circle, square, or similar
geometric shape whereby the interior of each of said members
functions as a controllable buoyancy tank. The buoyancy of the
respective tank-like members is regulated to determine the
disposition of the storage facility whether in, or on the body of
water.
The present embodiment illustrates tanks 11 arranged in parallel
disposition, and spaced laterally one from the other. Each of said
tanks is adapted to withstand the extreme pressures characteristic
of a deep sea underwater environment. For example, the tanks are
ideally formed of cylindrical concrete members embodying
longitudinally spaced reinforcing rings of prestressed steel bands
or cables. They are further provided with end covers preferably of
hemispherical configuration to best withstand relatively high
pressures experienced at underwater depths.
Referring to FIG. 4, buoyant tanks 11 are positioned at the upper
face of template 14 by fastening means 19 or the like extending
through the wall of the float and imbedded into the template 14.
Such fastening is achieved by any of several different ways
including the use of elongated bolts 21 which transverse the wall
of the tank and are attached directly to the steel reinforcing beam
22 in base 14. The respective concrete cylindrical tanks are formed
with a relatively heavy wall varying in thickness from 4 to 10
inches depending on the water depth wherein the facility will be
immersed. While great wall thicknesses are not necessary when the
unit is positioned at the sea bottom, when the unit is to be
floated to the water's surface the tanks will be at least partially
evacuated thereby creating a relatively great pressure on the tank
walls thus necessitating the extraordinary thickness.
The cylindrical tanks 11 are intercommunicated with a buoyancy
control system including the necessary pipes, manifolds, valves and
other control features. Said members are represented in FIG. 3 by
the transverse pipes 23 as well as the control valves 24 and 26.
The system can be communicated with the water's surface by a
removable conduit 27 and pump means at the water's surface, to
either flood the respective storage tanks, fill them with a
removable ballast material, or evacuate said tanks for buoying
purposes. The manifold system can utilize two fluids such as sea
water and a barite suspension. In such an instance, one fluid can
be pressure fed into the tanks to replace the other fluid as
needed.
Foundation plate 12 is carried at the upper side of the respective
float tanks 11, fastened thereto to laterally brace the tanks with
respect to each other. Said base plate 12 can include sufficient
reinforcing as described with respect to template 14, as to qualify
for supporting the upper storage tank 13. As shown in FIG. 4, the
respective tanks 11 are connected to base plate in a manner similar
to that illustrated by the template 14, that is by elongated bolts
extending through the float wall and attached to the plate.
Storage tank 13 carried on plate 12, is formed of an upstanding,
continuous, circular wall 31 whereby to define the periphery of the
storage tank. Said circular wall likewise embodies steel ring
reinforced concrete, whereby to best withstand tensional and
compressive forces within the tank. Although the wall can be
fabricated in virtually any desired configuration, the arrangement
in which said continuous wall assumes the disposition of an
upstanding cylinder is preferred. In such an instance, the
configuration of the wall will be most effective toward
withstanding varying pressures exerted by the environment when the
tank is in the process of sinking at an underwater location.
Further, outward pressures exerted by buoyant oil are more
effectively resisted by internal hoops or rings within the circular
reinforced wall.
Wall 31 is provided with means to evacuate sediment and solid
materials which normally separate by gravity, from the crude
product when the latter is at rest. Said wall is therefore provided
at the lower edge adjacent the foundation plate 12, with one or
more lateral passages 32 extending through the wall to communicate
the tank interior with the surrounding water. Thus, as crude
product is accumulated within tank 13, rather than settling
sediment building up, there will be a tendency for the oil to rise
to the surface of the tank whereas heavier solids will fall to the
floor of the tank and flow outwardly through openings 32.
The upper rim 33 of the foundation wall 31 is provided with means
to engage a top canopy 41 for positioning the latter in place.
Canopy 41 according to the invention is formed in a generally
concave shape, being supported at the circular rim 33 of foundation
wall 31. Said canopy 41 thus forms a closure means at the wall
upper edge to define a storage compartment within the tank's
interior. At an underwater location, tank 13 will be buoyed upward
by a force contingent on the volume of oil stored, and the area of
said canopy 41 at a particular elevation. In one embodiment, the
upper rim 33 of wall 31, and the periphery of canopy 41 are
integrally cast incorporating steel reinforcing members to
withstand tensional stress applied to the joint.
For normal subsea operation, crude oil is introduced to storage
compartment 34 by one or more inlet conduits 36. The latter extend
along the ocean floor and communicate with a source of oil at a
subsea well head or the like. While not presently shown, it is
understood that crude flow from the well head will ordinarily be at
an elevated pressure due to accompanying gases. However the flow
will be choked and processed in the usual manner to reduce the
pressure commensurate with the water's depth at the point of
storage.
This initial well effluent can be further treated by separating
gases therefrom. However, the product eventually passed to storage
compartment 34 will in general be characterized by a specific
gravity less than the surrounding sea water, and substantially
degasified.
The crude product that enters storage compartment 34 will be
lighter than water on the order of approximately 0.8 of the
specific gravity of water. Prior to introduction of crude,
compartment 34 will normally be filled, or sufficiently filled with
water as a consequence of the submerging operation as the storage
unit is lowered to the ocean floor.
As the crude flow enters the lower end of compartment 34 by way of
inlet conduit 36, it will be directed upwardly and displace water
in tank 13 by flowing to the upper end thereof. Thereafter, a pool
of the crude product will be held such that separable solids such
as sand and the like will fall to the tank floor. At least a
portion of the separated solid material will pass from the tank 13
by way of lateral openings 32.
Introduction of the crude product will be continued until the
oil-water interface within compartment 34 approaches the upper edge
of openings 32. Further oil entering the compartment will result in
an overflow. As a consequence, tank 13 will at this point of
loading be considered as filled to capacity. To regulate such flow,
the tank can be provided with any one of a number of flow control
means that sense the position of the oil-water interface, and
automatically correct the flow.
The crude product is removed from compartment 34 by way of a piping
system comprising one or more outlet conduits 37. The latter are
carried in either the support foundation 31 or in canopy 41. As
presently shown, conduit 37 is supported at the upper end of side
wall 31, the conduit inlet being disposed adjacent the upper rim
33. A flow control system to regulate passage of oil from
compartment 34 is represented by a remotely actuated valve 38 in
conduit 37. Conductor means 39 extending from valve 38 to the
water's surface may be fixed in place, or removably connected to
the valve by diver, or with the aid of a submarine, depending on
the water's depth.
With compartment 34 in a substantially filled condition, the
upwardly acting or buoying force of stored crude against the
underface of canopy 41, will be countered by the downwardly acting
weight of the structure. Since compartment 34 is communicated by
outlet 32 with its surrounding environment, the internal pressure
within tank 13 will conform to the level of water-oil
interface.
The upward force acting against canopy 41 is determined by the area
and level of the canopy and the density of the stored crude. For
example, for a canopy having a diameter of approximately 200 feet,
and an average height of oil column of about 50 feet, the buoying
force acting against canopy 41 underside will be
(64.51)lb./ft..sup. 3 .times. 1,500,000 ft..sup.3 = 19.5 .times.
10.sup.6 lb. = 10,000 tons approximately. Therefore, the buoyant
weight of the tank unit with ballast will be greater than 10,000
tons.
Structurally, canopy 41 is formed of reinforced concrete in a
disc-like conformation, having a central hub 42 that radiates
outwardly to a peripheral engaging edge 43. The latter is connected
to upper seating rim 33 of support wall 31. The internal
reinforcing element within canopy 41 and across the peripheral
juncture with rim 33, can, in the usual manner be provided by a
series of interconnected structural bars 44 prearranged to conform
to the contour of the roof. Subsequent to the positioning of the
reinforcing bars, concrete is introduced to a form disposed about
the reinforcement network whereby to completely encase the latter
and form a non-corrosive covering thereto.
The steel reinforcing bars 44 can be prestressed or pretensioned
whereby to introduce an additional strength factor into the roof
structure.
As shown, the actual contour of canopy 41 can assume several
dispositions including an arcuate configuration defining a concave
surface that extends downwardly into storage compartment 34.
Similarly, a conically shaped canopy will function in the desired
manner.
At such time as the submerged storage facility outlives its
usefulness in a particular field it can be readily removed or
replaced. Further, when the accumulation of separated sediment
within the lower end of compartment 34 becomes excessive the entire
unit can be readily raised to the water's surface to facilitate
sediment removal.
The method for elevating the unit to a floating position at the
water's surface consists of forcing out ballest material from
ballast respective buoyant floats 11 by way of the previously
mentioned buoyancy system. Thus, whether the ballast material be
barite suspension in water, or other flowable material, the latter
is forced from the respective floats to a degree that the unit will
be self-elevating from the ocean floor.
At the water's surface the unit can be stabilized at a desired
buoyancy to assume a safe floating disposition which will permit
the unit to be towed to a desired location. Thereafter the sediment
may be removed or the unit can be relocated at a desired spot by
controlled flooding of the respective floats 11.
Other modifications and variations of the invention as hereinbefore
set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope
thereof, and therefore, only such limitations should be imposed as
are indicated in the appended claims.
* * * * *