U.S. patent number 3,694,107 [Application Number 05/090,975] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-26 for ejector apparatus and method of utilizing same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Nash Engineering Company. Invention is credited to Robert Stein.
United States Patent |
3,694,107 |
Stein |
September 26, 1972 |
EJECTOR APPARATUS AND METHOD OF UTILIZING SAME
Abstract
A compound ejector apparatus comprising a primary nozzle,
primary mixing chamber, secondary nozzle, secondary mixing chamber
and diffuser, the primary nozzle functioning mainly as a super
charger and the secondary nozzle functioning mainly as a mixer and
which furnishes a major portion of the kinetic energy for the
compression work taking place in the diffuser, each nozzle being
supplied with a part of the motive fluid, wherein the motive fluid
supplied to the secondary nozzle has a higher pressure than that
supplied to the primary nozzle and wherein the amount of motive
fluid supplied to the primary nozzle is only a small part of the
total motive fluid supplied to the apparatus.
Inventors: |
Stein; Robert (Rego Park,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Nash Engineering Company (South
Norwalk, CT)
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Family
ID: |
22225187 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/090,975 |
Filed: |
November 19, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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44962 |
Jun 10, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
417/167; 417/168;
417/169; 417/180 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04F
5/469 (20130101); F04F 5/466 (20130101); F04F
5/467 (20130101); F04F 5/46 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04F
5/00 (20060101); F04F 5/46 (20060101); F04f
005/22 (); F04f 005/46 () |
Field of
Search: |
;417/167,168,169,179,165,180 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Croyle; Carlton R.
Assistant Examiner: Gluck; Richard E.
Parent Case Text
The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending
application Ser. No. 44,962, filed on June 10, 1970, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An ejector apparatus comprising a source of motive fluid,
primary nozzle means, means for supplying a portion of said motive
fluid at a first pressure to said primary nozzle means, said
primary nozzle means comprising means for discharging said motive
fluid into a converging mixing chamber means as a first fluid
stream having a reduced second pressure, means for supplying a
second fluid stream to be pumped to said chamber means at a
pressure greater than said second pressure whereby a portion of
said second fluid stream will become entrained in said first fluid
stream secondary nozzle means, means for supplying a further
portion of said motive fluid at a third pressure greater than said
first pressure to said secondary nozzle means, said secondary
nozzle means comprising means for discharging said motive fluid as
a third fluid stream to angularly intersect said first fluid stream
with a portion of said second stream entrained therein within said
chamber means thereby to effect mixing of said third fluid stream
and first fluid streams with said second fluid stream entrained in
it, said chamber means being substantially continuously converging
between the nozzles whereby the velocity of said first fluid stream
with a portion of said second stream entrained therein and the
pressure thereof is maintained substantially constant, said
secondary nozzle producing the major portion of the total kinetic
energy necessary to produce the compression work by said apparatus
and said primary nozzle producing but a minor portion of said total
kinetic energy said mixing chamber issuing directly to a
diffuser.
2. An ejector apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said
secondary nozzle means includes an annular nozzle concentrically
surrounding said first fluid stream.
3. An ejector apparatus comprising a source of motive fluid,
primary nozzle means connected to said source, a converging mixing
chamber means, said primary nozzle means constituting means for
delivering a stream of motive fluid to said chamber means at a
first pressure, conduit means supplying a stream of fluid to be
pumped to said mixing chamber means at a second pressure higher
than said first pressure whereby fluid to be pumped is entrained in
said motive fluid stream from said primary nozzle to constitute
therewith a primary fluid stream, secondary nozzle means delivering
a second stream of motive fluid, said secondary nozzle means being
angularly inclined to said primary fluid stream and issuing into
said mixing chamber to intercept the primary fluid stream and to
include between the primary stream and the second motive fluid
stream an acute angle said chamber means being substantially
continuously converging between the nozzles whereby the velocity of
said first fluid stream with a portion of said second stream
entrained therein and the pressure thereof are maintained
substantially constant whereby said second motive fluid stream
combines with said primary fluid stream, said mixing chamber
issuing directly to a diffuser the motive fluid being delivered to
said primary nozzle at a lesser pressure than to said secondary
nozzle.
Description
The present invention relates to an ejector apparatus and more
particularly to a method and apparatus of improved efficiency.
When a fluid of high potential energy, hereinafter called motive
fluid, passes through a converging or converging-diverging nozzle
and discharges into a space filled with another fluid of lower
potential energy, hereinafter called pumped fluid, the pressure of
the motive fluid is reduced while its velocity greatly increases.
The motive fluid may be, for example, high pressure steam, the
pumped fluid may be low pressure steam, hereinafter called vapor,
flowing from an evaporator. The pressure of the fluid stream, i.e.,
the motive steam continues to decrease after leaving the nozzle,
the pressure falling below the evaporator pressure. The difference
between the pressure of the pumped fluid (vapor) and the pressure
of the fluid stream of the motive steam induces a flow of vapor
into the fluid stream. The penetration of the vapor particles into
the fluid stream can be compared to the phenomenon of diffusion
inasmuch as a vapor particle must continually displace new
particles of the fluid stream in order to advance into the fluid
stream. This is because the vapor does not penetrate into a
stationary medium but into a fluid stream having a high velocity
which is moving perpendicularly to the direction of the penetration
of the vapor. The velocity of the vapor flowing toward the motive
fluid stream is far below the velocity of the fluid stream as the
difference between the enthalpy of the vapor and the enthalpy of
the fluid stream which is the potential difference producing the
flow of vapor, is much smaller than the enthalpy difference which
produces the fluid stream, namely the difference between the
enthalpy of the high pressure stream and the enthalpy of the low
pressure vapor. The velocity of penetration, accordingly similar to
the velocity of diffusion, is low. Consequently, the vapor
penetrates into only a thin surface layer of the fluid stream. The
core of the fluid stream is not penetrated at all or barely reached
and is as a result substantially inactive, i.e., it does not
contribute substantially to the compression work. In fact it
constitutes merely ballast. Thus the higher the velocity of the
fluid stream, the thinner will be the vapor carrying layer of the
fluid stream and the larger will be the inactive core.
The penetration of the low velocity vapor particles into the outer
layer of the motive fluid stream results in a reduction of the
velocity of that outer layer in the direction of flow while the
velocity of the inner core of the motive fluid stream remains
substantially the same. The resultant uneven velocity gradient
across the fluid stream contributes to turbulence and, accordingly,
to losses in kinetic energy.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
method and apparatus for substantially reducing the velocity
variations over the cross section of a fluid stream containing
vapor particles.
It is a further object of the present invention to divide the
plural functions normally performed by a single ejector and to
provide a compound ejector including a primary nozzle which will
perform primarily as a supercharger and a secondary nozzle which
will perform primarily as a mixer and which will function to
furnish the major part of the kinetic energy for the compression
work.
These and further objects and advantages of the invention will
become apparent from a consideration of the disclosure which
follows.
The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying
drawing which forms a part of this application and in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational cross sectional view of an embodiment of
an ejector apparatus made in accordance with the teachings of the
present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevational cross sectional view of a further
embodiment of an ejector apparatus made in accordance with the
teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an elevational cross sectional view of a further
embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is an elevational cross sectional view of a further
embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is an elevational cross sectional view of a portion of a
further embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is an elevational cross sectional view of a portion of a
further embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 7 is an elevational cross sectional view of yet a further
embodiment of the invention.
Referring to the drawings and more particularly to FIG. 1, a source
of motive high-pressure fluid, as, for example saturated steam at
125 psia, is diagrammatically illustrated at 10. A portion of this
high pressure fluid, hereinafter referred to as motive fluid, is
directed via conduit 12 to the primary nozzle 16. While FIG. 1
shows an ejector having a single nozzle 16, it is understood that
this single nozzle can be replaced by a number of smaller nozzles
of similar design. Such an ejector having a plurality of small
nozzles has the advantage that it has a better efficiency than an
ejector of the same capacity having just one large nozzle. The
motive fluid leaves the primary nozzle 16 as a high velocity fluid
stream 17 and has a low pressure for example of 0.15 psia. On
passage through the nozzle the fluid stream will no longer be
saturated i.e., the stream will have a moisture content of
approximately 17 percent. The velocity of the motive fluid stream
17 leaving nozzle 16 can be calculated from the formula
v=223.8 h.sub.1 - h.sub.2 ft./sec.
where h.sub.1 is the enthalpy of the motive high pressure fluid at
its entry into the primary nozzle 16 and h.sub.2 is the enthalpy of
the motive fluid stream 17 leaving the primary nozzle 16. In the
instant embodiment, the velocity would be approximately equal to
3,800 ft./sec. (h.sub.1 =119BTU, h.sub.2 =900BTU). After the motive
fluid stream 17 has been discharged from the primary nozzle 16, the
fluid stream pressure will continue to decrease.
The primary nozzle 16 discharges the fluid stream into primary
mixing chamber 18. A second fluid 21 comprising the so-called
pumped fluid, in this example vapor, is supplied from a second
fluid source in this case an evaporator diagrammatically and
partially illustrated at 20. As just noted above, after the motive
fluid is discharged from the nozzle 16 its velocity further
increases and as a result its pressure falls below the evaporator
pressure. The resultant pressure differential induces a flow of
vapor designated in the drawing by the reference numeral 21 into
the motive fluid stream 17 causing particles of vapor 21 to
penetrate into the motive fluid stream 17. As this pressure
differential is generally small, the velocity of the vapor 21 is
far lower than the velocity of the motive fluid stream 17 passing
through the mixing chamber. The time available for the vapor to
penetrate into the motive fluid stream is very short because as
soon as the vapor penetrates into the outer layer of the motive
fluid stream 17 it is carried away. Thus, for example, with a
distance of two feet from the end of the first ejector nozzle 16 to
the point where the penetration ends and with a motive fluid stream
velocity of only 2,500 ft./sec., this period of time of travel will
amount to approximately 0.0008 seconds. Accordingly, the particles
penetrate only into a very thin surface layer 26 of the motive
fluid stream 17 and do not enter into the core 25. It is clear that
the higher the velocity of the fluid stream 17 discharged from the
primary nozzle 16 the thinner will be the vapor carrying layer and
the larger will be the inactive core.
At the exit from the mixing chamber 18 there is arranged so as to
annularly surround the stream 17, an annular chamber 30, which may
be provided with either a single ring shaped nozzle 31 as
illustrated or which may have a plurality of simple nozzles
arranged in a circle concentric to the motive fluid stream path. A
third fluid stream 29 which also constitutes motive fluid and which
may be identical to the first fluid stream in composition and
which, therefore, will have identical physical characteristics to
that of the first fluid stream prior to the diversion thereof into
separate conduits for introduction into the primary or secondary
nozzle but which has a higher pressure as supplied to the secondary
nozzle through a conduit 32 from the source 10 containing the
motive high pressure fluid. The secondary nozzle is arranged to
discharge this third fluid stream so that it will angularly
intersect the fluid stream as composed of first fluid (motive)
having second fluid (pumped) entrained in the outer layer thereof.
The two converging fluid streams will undergo ready and thorough
intermixing.
The reason for this is that the penetrating force of a fluid stream
is a function of the total pressure (velocity pressure plus static
pressure of that stream) while the resistance to penetration is a
function only of the static pressure of the fluid stream being
penetrated. This applies: (a) to the surface layer 26 of the first
fluid stream 17 coming from the primary nozzle 16 and penetrating
into the third fluid stream 29 of the secondary nozzle 31, (b) the
core 25 of the first fluid stream 17 coming from the primary nozzle
16 and penetrating into the third fluid stream 29 of the secondary
nozzle 31, and (c) the third fluid stream 29 of the secondary
nozzle 31, penetrating into the entirety of the first fluid stream
17 coming from the primary nozzle 16. By ejecting the third fluid
stream 29 so that it converges at an angle with the motive fluid
stream 17 an intense interaction between the two streams will
result thereby ensuring a homogeneous mixture and a very small
velocity gradient across the fluid stream. The converging, but
almost parallel flow of the first and third fluid streams is a
factor which aids the interaction as the time available for mixing
is made longer.
The compound ejector comprising a primary and a secondary nozzle in
accordance with the invention permits higher compression ratios by
the simple measure of increasing the pressure of the motive fluid
supplied to the secondary nozzle while supplying the primary nozzle
with a motive fluid of lower pressure. This difference in pressure
can be brought about very simply by lowering the pressure of the
motive fluid for the primary nozzle. This can be carried out
manually or by means of a pressure reducing valve.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a
pressure reducing valve 36 is provided in the conduit 12 leading
from the motive fluid source 10 to the primary nozzle 16 for use in
lowering the pressure of the motive fluid being supplied to the
primary nozzle.
With a reduction of the motive fluid pressure, the velocity of the
fluid stream discharged from the primary nozzle will be reduced
permitting a longer period of time for the vapor in the mixing
chamber to penetrate into the fluid stream. Accordingly, a
reduction in this pressure within certain limits acts to increase
the carrying capacity of the motive fluid stream. Further, by
reducing the pressure of the motive fluid stream which is being
directed to the primary nozzle, the relative velocity between the
motive fluid stream and the vapor particles will be reduced and the
shocks resulting from the high velocity fluid stream particles
striking against the low velocity vapor particles will also be
reduced and therewith a corresponding reduction in the loss of
kinetic energy will take place.
As the loss by shock is a quadratic function of the difference of
the velocities producing the shock, even a small reduction in the
difference of the velocities results in a significant reduction of
the loss.
Preferably, the apparatus in accordance with the invention can be
modified in such a way that the pumped fluid (vapor) is admitted to
the second mixing chamber 24 permitting vapor 21 to penetrate into
the third fluid stream 29. This measure serves to increase the
total carrying capacity of the motive fluid stream while still
achieving good mixing in the second mixing chamber 24 as is shown
in FIG. 3.
As can be appreciated the conventional two stage ejector apparatus
utilizes first and second stage ejectors in series each of the
ejectors handling the respective pumped fluid at rest (or having a
very low velocity) and there is no division of functions between
the first stage and second stage ejector and, consequently, each
ejector works under unfavorable conditions and at a low efficiency.
The present compound ejector apparatus divides the functions which
are performed in duplicate by the conventional two stage ejectors,
with the primary nozzle in accordance with the invention
functioning mainly as supercharger while the secondary acts
primarily as a mixer and supplies the major part of the energy
required for the compression work. Each nozzle can accordingly be
designed to fulfill its specific function and can be fed
independently of the other by a motive fluid having the most
convenient pressure or enthalpy.
The apparatus in accordance with the invention therefore permits
higher compression ratios by the simple expedient of introducing
the motive fluid into the secondary nozzle at a higher pressure
than that which is used for the introduction of the motive fluid
into the primary nozzle. This does not in any way adversely affect
the carrying capacity of the motive fluid as the pressure of the
fluid stream introduced into the primary nozzle can be kept
sufficiently low. It can, therefore, be appreciated that in the
ejector apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present
invention each nozzle performs a separate function which in
combination achieve an outstanding amount of work as compared to
the conventional arrangements.
For very high compression ratios requiring multistage compression,
additional stages can be added to the compound secondary ejector.
It is important to locate such additional stages at such points of
the diffuser that the velocity of the fluid stream is still high
enough that considerable losses by shocks are avoided. The design
of the nozzle of a second or third stage ejector is similar to the
design of a secondary nozzle of a compound ejector as for example
illustrated in FIG. 4.
The greater the difference between the pressure in the evaporator
and the motive fluid stream leaving the primary nozzle, the greater
will be the velocity of the vapor and the greater will be the
amount of vapor penetrating into the fluid stream. In other words,
an increased over expansion increases the carrying capacity of the
motive fluid stream. Over expansion cannot be carried too far
because of the danger of shock which would then result in
undesirable losses in kinetic energy. This danger increases with an
increase in the motive fluid stream velocity and to be more precise
with an increasing difference between the motive fluid stream
velocity and the velocity of the pumped fluid vapor particles in
the direction of flow. At lower velocities of the motive fluid
stream, a higher degree of over expansion can be tolerated and this
increases the utility of the present ejector apparatus as it can
then use lower pressure motive fluid for the primary nozzle than
can the conventional ejectors working against the same back
pressure.
The same consideration applies to the secondary nozzle, The second
fluid stream, i.e., fluid to be pumped is accelerated by the motive
fluid stream discharged from the primary nozzle and thus the
difference between the velocity of the first fluid stream carrying
entrained second fluid and the velocity of the third fluid stream
discharged from the secondary nozzle is reduced permitting higher
over expansion.
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein the
secondary nozzle 31' does not concentrically surround the motive
fluid stream 17' leaving the primary nozzle, but is comprised of a
single nozzle which directs a motive fluid stream 29' to converge
with the fluid stream 17' with the result that the vectorial forces
of the converging fluid streams modify the direction of the mixture
toward the diffuser.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, it is not necessary to have two
separate feeds from the evaporator since the annular chamber 30 may
be suspended from the upper portion of the apparatus thereby
enabling a single feed to supply the pumped fluid 24 to the motive
fluid stream 17.
Additionally, while the primary nozzle 16 and its corresponding
nozzle 31 can be spaced along the path of flow as illustrated in
FIGS. 1-4, it is also possible as is illustrated in the portion of
the ejector apparatus shown in FIG. 5, for the primary nozzle 16 to
be positioned so it surrounds the secondary nozzle 31 both
cooperating to produce a converging homogenous fluid mixture
entering the diffuser 24. The function of the ejector is the same
with jets of the primary nozzle 16 accomplishing the entrainment of
the vapor portion, and the jets of the secondary nozzle 31
accomplishing the work of compression. In this embodiment there is
only a single mixing chamber 18.
FIGS. 6-7 illustrate two additional forms of the ejector. In FIG. 6
the first stage ejector comprises a nozzle 16 a mixing chamber 18
and a diffuser 50. Reduced steam pressure is used for the first
stage and full steam pressure is used for the second stage ejector.
The structure illustrated in FIG. 7 is substantially the same as
that illustrated in FIG. 6 with the jets of the second stage
ejector shown positioned to discharge fluid stream 29 to angularly
intersect the fluid stream 17 of the first stage ejector.
It can be appreciated that the ejector apparatus made in accordance
with the teachings of the present invention can utilize a gas
and/or a liquid as the motive and pumped fluids.
The present ejector apparatus can be utilized in steam jet
refrigeration systems, vacuum pumps, and gas ejectors as well as in
many other similar applications.
* * * * *