U.S. patent number 3,693,884 [Application Number 05/113,028] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-26 for fire foam nozzle.
Invention is credited to William H. Lauderback, Duane S. Snodgrass.
United States Patent |
3,693,884 |
Snodgrass , et al. |
September 26, 1972 |
FIRE FOAM NOZZLE
Abstract
A fire foam nozzle assembly that produces large flakes for
extinguishing fires caused by the burning of vapors of inflammable
liquids. The nozzle assembly has a coupling for connecting it with
a fire hose and includes an expansion chamber into which water and
foam concentrate are introduced by an injector at high velocity and
forced through a cone-shaped, wire stream divider. Air inlet
openings at the inlet end of the expansion chamber allow entry of
primary air by eduction for mixture with the divided, expanding
streams of water and foam concentrate. A discharge nozzle receives
the flow from the expansion chamber and contains a conical
deflector mounted upon radial vanes. The deflector splits and
transversely directs the flow against the inner surface of the
discharge nozzle. A relatively larger and greater number of air
inlet openings at the inlet end of the discharge nozzle surrounds
the exterior of the expansion chamber for admitting a large volume
of secondary air, by eduction, to be mixed with the water and
expanding foam concentrate in the discharge nozzle. The interior
surface of the discharge nozzle, beyond the conical deflector, has
formations that provide a rough surface designed to retard flow and
to induce violent turbulence within the discharge nozzle, causing
the water and foam concentrate to be mixed with a great volume of
air prior to being discharged from the nozzle. The discharge nozzle
delivers a stream of foam at very high velocity, the stream being
substantially free from drip and eventually feathering out as the
force of the stream becomes spent, the foam then falling gently in
the form of large flakes similar to snow flakes. The nozzle
assembly is non-metallic except for the hose coupling and the wire
divider, and is preferably made from epoxy resin components
reinforced with fiberglass, the components being secured together
by laminated strips of fiberglass cloth saturated with an epoxy
resin and allowed to cure, thereby providing a nozzle structure
that is very strong but light in weight.
Inventors: |
Snodgrass; Duane S. (Kingsport,
TN), Lauderback; William H. (Longview, TX) |
Family
ID: |
22347212 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/113,028 |
Filed: |
February 5, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
239/427.5;
239/430; 239/DIG.19; 239/432; 239/591 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A62C
31/005 (20130101); A62C 3/0207 (20130101); Y10S
239/19 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A62C
31/00 (20060101); A62C 3/02 (20060101); A62C
3/00 (20060101); B05b 007/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/DIG.19,427,427.3,428.5,429,430,432,590,591,602 ;169/14,15
;138/145,146,177,178 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
568,669 |
|
Jan 1959 |
|
CA |
|
502,786 |
|
May 1920 |
|
FR |
|
438,626 |
|
Nov 1935 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Schacher; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Grant; Edwin D.
Claims
We claim:
1. In a foam-forming nozzle assembly, a hollow, tapered nozzle
having an inlet end and a relatively smaller restricted outlet end;
and means in said nozzle providing irregular and randomly located
rough formations on the inner surface thereof for producing
turbulence and retarding flow of a foam-forming fluid
therethrough.
2. A nozzle as defined in claim 1, wherein the means providing the
rough formations on the interior of the nozzle comprises particles
of sand partially embedded at random in a resin material applied to
the inner surface of the nozzle.
3. A nozzle as defined in claim 1, wherein the means providing the
rough formations on the interior of the nozzle comprises randomly
disposed bits of chopped fiberglass and epoxy resin applied to the
inner surface of the nozzle.
4. In a nozzle as defined in claim 1, means at the inlet end of the
nozzle for introducing foam-forming fluid therein at high velocity;
and means in the nozzle, in the path of flow of the foam-forming
fluid, for directing said fluid laterally against the
flow-retarding formations in the nozzle.
5. In a foam-forming nozzle assembly; a hollow tapered nozzle
having an inlet end and a relatively smaller restricted outlet end;
means arranged to introduce a foam-forming fluid into said inlet
end of said nozzle at high velocity; air inlet means arranged to
admit air by eduction into said nozzle, said nozzle having
formations on the inner surface thereof for retarding flow
therethrough; and means in said nozzle adjacent said inlet end for
deflecting said foam-forming fluid laterally against said
flow-retarding formations to effect turbulent mixing of educted air
with said foam-forming fluid prior to discharge from said
nozzle.
6. A foam-forming nozzle for use in extinguishing fires,
comprising: a tubular discharge nozzle having an inlet end and side
walls converging therefrom toward a discharge end of substantially
smaller diameter; a hollow member containing an expansion chamber
mounted at the inlet end of said discharge nozzle; said hollow
member having openings for admitting primary air by eduction; means
for introducing a jet of foam-forming liquid at high velocity into
said expansion chamber; means in the path of said jet for dividing
said jet into a plurality of streams and effecting turbulent mixing
of educted primary air therewith in said expansion chamber; means
axially aligned with said expansion chamber for deflecting flow
therefrom laterally against the inner surface of said discharge
nozzle; and means for admitting secondary air by eduction into said
discharge nozzle.
7. A nozzle as defined in claim 6, including means in the discharge
nozzle for retarding flow and producing violent turbulence to mix
great quantities of educted air with said foam-forming liquid.
8. A nozzle as defined in claim 6, wherein the converging side
walls of the discharge nozzle provide a passage that converges
toward the discharge end thereof on an included angle of about
10.degree..
9. A nozzle as defined in claim 6, wherein the hollow member has a
transverse end wall at the outlet end of the expansion chamber and
wherein the means for introducing the jet of foam-forming liquid is
an injector nozzle having its discharge end extending into the
expansion chamber beyond said end wall.
10. A nozzle assembly as defined in claim 9, wherein the injector
nozzle is frusto-conical in shape with inwardly converging side
walls, and is mounted in the end wall of the hollow member
containing the expansion chamber.
11. A nozzle as defined in claim 10, wherein the converging walls
of the injector nozzle form a passage that tapers toward the
discharge end thereof on an included angle of about 22.degree..
12. A nozzle as defined in claim 6, wherein the expansion chamber
has confronting, arcuate side walls forming a partially spherical
expansion chamber.
13. A nozzle as defined in claim 12, wherein the arcuate side walls
of the expansion chamber curve inwardly at the outlet end of the
expansion chamber to deflect the expanding streams formed therein
toward the axis of the discharge nozzle.
14. A nozzle as defined in claim 9, wherein the means for dividing
the foam-forming liquid into a plurality of streams is a divider
comprising an array of converging wires joined together at one end,
and flaring radially outwardly at their other end, and wherein the
flared end of the divider is disposed adjacent the discharge end of
the injector nozzle.
15. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the hollow member is
made of reinforced epoxy resin, and wherein the flared ends of the
wires are secured to the end wall of the hollow member by strips of
fiberglass cloth initially saturated with epoxy resin.
16. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the outwardly flaring
ends of the divider are arcuate and the portion thereof in the
projected path of the discharge orifice is spaced a predetermined
distance from said orifice.
17. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the joined ends of the
wires of the divider terminate at a point slightly beyond the point
of maximum diametrical distance between opposite walls of the
expansion chamber.
18. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the joined ends of the
wires of the stream divider are secured together to form a
zone-like structure.
19. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the wires are
equi-angularly spaced apart circumferentially in circular array and
wherein the included angle between diametrically opposed wires is
about 10.degree..
20. A nozzle as defined in claim 9, wherein an eductor tube for
supplying foam concentrate is disposed axially within the injector
nozzle and has an outlet end that terminates in the region of the
discharge end of said injector nozzle.
21. A nozzle as defined in claim 14, wherein the flow deflector
comprises a cone-shaped member having its apex confronting but
longitudinally spaced from the joined ends of the wires of the
stream divider.
22. A nozzle as defined in claim 21, wherein the flow deflector is
supported in the discharge nozzle by radial vanes.
23. A nozzle as defined in claim 22, wherein the flow deflector and
radial vanes are located in a zone a little less than about
one-third the length of the discharge nozzle from the inlet end of
the discharge nozzle.
24. A nozzle as defined in claim 9, wherein the air inlet openings
for the primary air are formed in the end wall of the hollow member
radially outwardly of the stream divider; and wherein a ring mounts
the hollow member in the inlet end of the discharge nozzle, and
wherein the means for admitting the secondary air comprises air
inlet openings formed in said ring.
25. A nozzle as defined in claim 24, wherein the ratio of the total
area of the inlet openings for secondary air to the total area of
the openings for primary air is about 31/4 to 1.
26. A nozzle as defined in claim 25, wherein the discharge nozzle,
hollow member, and ring are formed of reinforced epoxy resin, and
wherein the ring is secured to the hollow member and to the inlet
end of the discharge nozzle by strips of fiberglass cloth initially
saturated with epoxy resin.
27. A nozzle as defined in claim 6, including a handle connected to
the discharge nozzle.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to fire foam nozzles of the type that
utilize water under pressure and a foam concentrate to provide foam
for use in extinguishing fires and particularly fires resulting
from the ignition of vapors of combustible liquids.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
As is well known, certain types of fires cannot be extinguished by
water alone. Hence, a suitable foam, of one kind or another must be
used. Many nozzles that are capable of using a protein type foam
concentrate cannot be used with a synthetic or detergent type of
foam concentrate. This has created the problem of having available
special nozzles for spraying different types of foam. For example,
an alcohol fire cannot be quickly and effectively extinguished with
a synthetic or detergent type of foam, but requires the use
ofprotein type foam.
It is also well known that foam extinguishes fire by producing a
smothering effect, or by steam formation excluding oxygen from the
burning vapors. The thicker or heavier the foam blanket, the more
effective it is for confining the fire and preventing reignition or
vapors. Many types of fire foam nozzles have been heretofore
proposed, but most of these are fabricated from metal parts,
resulting in the nozzle being quite heavy and weighing about 60
lbs. Such nozzles are difficult and awkward for one person to
handle. While some prior heavy nozzles have been satisfactory for
some purposes, they all have the disadvantage of forming a jet
stream that will submerge in a body of flammable liquid if played
thereon without forming a surface blanket to quickly and
effectively extinguish the vapor flames at the top surface of the
liquid. This has necessitated impinging the jet against a back
plate or deflector so that the foam will rebound and be floated
upon the surface of the liquid to form a blanket. This type of
operation has the great disadvantage that considerable time is
required to completely cover the burning area by deflecting the
foam, and in building up a layer of foam thick enough to prevent
reignition.
Another objection to prior fire foam nozzles is that their
effective range is relatively short, thereby requiring the user of
the nozzle to often take a position closer to the fire than is
considered safe. Still another objection is that prior fire foam
nozzles do not produce a maximum volume of foam in proportion to
the amount of water and foam concentrate that is being supplied to
the nozzle.
This is due to the fact that they do not create a sufficiently low
pressure at the inlet of the nozzle to cause the necessary flow of
air and turbulent mixing thereof with the water and foam-producing
concentrate. The larger the volume of air that is drawn into the
stream, the more violent the turbulence in the nozzle will be and
the greater will be the relative volume of foam that is
produced.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present fire foam nozzle overcomes all of the foregoing
objections, in that it is made principally from components of
fiberglass reinforced epoxy resin, which results in a strong,
light-weight nozzle assembly that weighs only 111/2 pounds and can
be easily handled; has a longer jet operation range than prior
nozzles; is universal in nature, in that it is capable of utilizing
conventional foam concentrates either of a protein, synthetic or
detergent type; produces violent turbulence within the nozzle
assembly to combine a large volume of educted air with the water
and foam concentrate; provides a greater volume of foam for a given
volume of foam concentrate than prior devices, which have an
expansion ratio of about 8 to 1, or about eight parts foam to one
part water with protein type foam and a ratio of about 12 to 1 for
synthetic and detergent types of foam, contrasted with the present
nozzle which will produce a ratio of 12 to 1 with protein type
foams and 18 to 1 with synthetic or detergent type foams. This is
due to the higher expansion ratio in the present nozzle, whereby a
heavier or thicker blanket can be formed with a given amount of
foam concentrate, with a correspondingly greater holding power
against vapor reignition thus providing the capability of
extinguishing and effectively controlling fires in much less time
than prior devices.
The present nozzle also eliminates the necessity of using a back
plate to deflect the foam and to float it over a burning liquid
area, since it provides a stream of foam in the form of flakes,
similar to snow flakes, that can be directly sprayed upon the
burning area and allowed to gently fall thereon. This makes it
possible to direct the spray wherever it is needed and to quickly
form a surface blanket of foam of any desired thickness. The flakes
quickly cool and extinguish the fire and form a holding blanket.
The customary "dunking" encountered with most prior nozzles is not
possible due to the flake-like character of the foam.
The fire foam nozzle assembly by which the foregoing results are
attained includes a metallic hose coupling for connecting the
nozzle with a source of water and a foam-forming concentrate. The
water with entrained concentrate is introduced into the nozzle
assembly through an injector at high velocity. The injector is
secured in the coupling by a body of epoxy resin containing
fiberglass filaments. A cone-shaped, wire stream divider consisting
of eight pieces of stainless steel wire, is positioned with its
base at the outlet of the injector. The injector and wire stream
divider are mounted on a hollow member containing a partially
spherical expansion chamber. The hollow member has a bottom wall
through which the injector extends and to which the divider and the
hose coupling are secured by laminations of fiberglass cloth
saturated with epoxy resin. The bottom wall has a series of air
inlet openings located outwardly of the wire stream divider so that
the expansion of the stream of water and concentrate upon
introduction into the expansion chamber causes primary air to be
educted through the openings into the expansion chamber.
The hollow member is secured to the inlet end of a discharge nozzle
by a ring that is laminated to both the hollow member and the inlet
end of the nozzle by strips of fiberglass cloth saturated with
epoxy resin. The ring has a relatively greater number of air inlet
openings for admitting a correspondingly large volume of secondary
air by eduction to be mixed with the water and expanding foam
concentrate discharging from the expansion chamber into the
discharge nozzle. The discharge nozzle gradually tapers from its
inlet toward its discharge end to provide a restricted discharge
opening for maintaining a back pressure on the discharge stream.
The discharge nozzle has a conical stream splitter or deflector
mounted therein in axial alignment with, but longitudinally spaced
from the wire stream divider. The deflector splits and transversely
diverts the flow from the expansion chamber against the inner
surface of the discharge nozzle. The inner surface of the discharge
nozzle beyond the conical deflector has formations that produce a
rough surface designed to retard flow and to induce violent
turbulence within the discharge nozzle, causing the water and foam
concentrate to be intimately mixed with a great volume of air prior
to being discharged from the nozzle. The rough surface can be
formed by spraying a uniform layer of epoxy resin on the inner
surface of the discharge nozzle and partially embedding irregularly
shaped particles of sand in the resin. Alternatively, a layer of
epoxy resin and chopped bits of fiberglass can be directly sprayed
upon the inner surface of the discharge nozzle. Both methods
produce a rough, saw tooth-like surface that retards the flow and
induces the desired violent turbulence.
The discharge nozzle delivers a stream of foam at very high
velocity, the stream being substantially free from drip for a
distance of at least 10 feet from the nozzle and then begins to
feather out to a width of about 20 ft. at a distance of about 85
ft. from the nozzle. As the force of the stream is spent, the foam
will fall gently onto the burning area in the foam of large flakes,
cooling the flames and quickly extinguishing the same as a blanket
of the flakes is built up.
The hollow member, the injector mounted therein, the ring for
mounting the hollow member in the inlet end of the discharge
nozzle, and the discharge nozzle itself are all preferably made
from epoxy resin reinforced with chopped fiberglass, employing dies
or mandrels of special shape, while applying the epoxy resin and
chopped bits of fiberglass in accordance with well known techniques
in the resin spraying and fiberglass arts. The resulting nozzle
assembly is very strong, but light in weight. However, it will be
understood that the technique of providing a rough surface on the
interior of the discharge nozzle is equally applicable to metallic
nozzles.
In accordance with the foregoing, the principal object of the
invention is to provide a foam-forming nozzle wherein a maximum
amount of air can be drawn into the nozzle by the eduction and
expanding action of the water anc foam concentrate flowing
therethrough, so that the discharging stream is in the form of
large flakes that can be sprayed directly upon a body or pool of
burning liquid without "dunking" or requiring the use of a
deflecting back plate.
Another object is to provide a versatile fire foam nozzle that is
capable of effectively and efficiently forming a spray containing
either a protein, synthetic, or detergent type of foam forming
concentrate.
A further object is to provide a nozzle wherein most of the
components can be readily and inexpensively fabricated from epoxy
resin components reinforced with fiberglass.
A further object is to provide a heavy duty, lightweight fire foam
nozzle that can be easily held and manipulated by one person.
A still further object is to provide a technique for producing a
roughened surface on the interior of a fire foam discharge nozzle
to retard flow and thus create a highly turbulent condition in the
fluid flowing through the nozzle, thereby assuring the intimate
mixing of a maximum amount of air with the fluid.
Still another object is to provide a fire foam nozzle that will
produce a greater ratio of foam to water than prior fire foam
nozzles.
A still further object is to provide a fire foam nozzle that will
project a stream of water and foam concentrate introduced into the
nozzle at a given pressure, farther than prior nozzles receiving
water and foam concentrate at the same pressure.
A still further object is to provide novel means for use in a
nozzle for dividing a high velocity stream introduced thereinto
into a multiplicity of streams.
A still further object is to provide a foam-forming nozzle wherein
the discharging stream will not drip and will travel as a solid
stream for a substantial distance before beginning to spread.
Another object is to provide a nozzle for forming foam that will
effectively extinguish vapor fires in much less time than is
required by prior nozzles.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from
the following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plan view of a preferred form of foam
producing nozzle shown connected with a fire hose and a source of
foam concentrate.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view through the
nozzle with a portion of the hose coupling shown in elevation,
taken on the staggered line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a further enlarged vertical sectional view, taken on the
line 3--3 of FIG. 2, particularly illustrating the fluid stream
splitter or deflector and its support means.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged vertical sectional view, taken on the line
4--4 of FIG. 2, particularly illustrating the two sets of openings
for admitting primary and secondary air into the nozzle.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged vertical sectional view through the expansion
chamber, taken on the line 5--5 of FIG. 2, showing the arrangement
of the array of wires of the stream divider for sub-dividing the
stream of fluid and foam concentrate as it enters the expansion
chamber and before it enters the discharge nozzle.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical sectional view, taken on
the line 6--6 of FIG. 2 at the converging end of the divider
wires.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical sectional view, taken on
the line 7--7 of FIG. 5, illustrating the manner of applying
resin-saturated strips for attaching the flared ends of the divider
wires to the end wall of the expansion chamber.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of a portion of
the discharge nozzle illustrating the rough interior surface
thereof formed by embedding irregularly shaped sand particles in a
layer of resin material.
FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8, but showing an alternative
method of providing a rough interior surface on the nozzle by
spraying resin and short lengths of fiberglass thereon.
FIG. 10 is a further enlarged fragmentary sectional view of the
inlet end of the nozzle assembly, particularly illustrating the
manner of assembling components shown by applying thereto strips of
fiberglass fabric saturated with epoxy resin.
FIG. 11 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical sectional view through
an adapter fitting and particularly showing the manner of mounting
a foam concentrate eductor tube therein.
FIG. 12 is a side elevational view partly in cross-section, of a
modified fire foam nozzle for use with a smaller size coupling and
fire hose and wherein the components have been proportionately
reduced in size, with the exception of the wire stream divider.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the fire foam nozzle assembly is
generally identified by the numeral 2 and is shown connected with a
fire hose 4 serving as a source of water under pressure. An
aspirating adapter 6 is connected between the nozzle assembly 2 and
the hose 4. A sleeve 8 is welded at one end to the adapter 6, its
other end having threads 10 to which one end of a flexible tube 12
is connected by a fitting 14. The other end of the tube 12 is
connected to a tank 16 containing a liquid foam concentrate. Such
concentrate may be of any known type, protein, synthetic or
detergent.
The nozzle assembly 2 comprises a metallic hose coupling section 18
that is internally threaded to receive an externally threaded
extension 20 on the adapter 6. The hose coupling 18 has an internal
shoulder 22 formed therein, see FIG. 10, and a series of serrations
24 between the shoulder 22 and the end of the coupling. A
frusto-conical injector nozzle 26 has its base seated upon the
shoulder 22 with its axis aligned with that of the coupling section
18. An eductor tube 28, FIG. 11, for aspirating foam concentrate,
has a right angle bend 30 formed therein with one leg 32 welded in
an opening formed in the side wall of the adapter 6 and
communicating with the interior of the sleeve 8. The other leg 36
of the eductor tube 28, FIG. 10, extends axially through the
injector 26 and has an end 38 cut on an angle of about 45.degree. .
The injector 26 is made by spraying epoxy resin and filaments of
chopped fiberglass upon a waxed mandrel until the desired wall
thickness is built up. The technique of spraying employed is well
known in the art. In this connection, while reference will be made
hereinafter to epoxy resin, it will be understood that a polyester
resin or any other suitable and equivalent material can be
used.
The nozzle 26 is permanently assembled with the hose coupling 18 by
placing the two members on a suitable form in an upright position
and filling the space in the coupling 18 between the nozzle 26 and
the serrations 24 with epoxy resin containing a reinforcing
material such as filaments of fiberglass. A hollow, globe-like
member 42 has a side wall 44 shaped to provide a partially
spherical expansion chamber 46. The inner surfaces of the side wall
44 are struck on a radius R of 6" from a diametrical line, as shown
in FIG. 10. One end of the member 42 has a cylindrical portion 48
that is closed by an end wall 50. The member 42 is formed in one
piece by spraying an epoxy resin and chopped fiberglass over a
multi-piece mold of the desired shape, previously coated with wax
to prevent the resin from sticking to the mold. The mold is rotated
and spraying is continued until the desired wall thickness is
obtained. The mold is then allowed to stand until the resin cures.
Thereafter, the spray-formed member 42 is placed in a lathe and
turned to provide a smooth exterior and uniform thickness for the
side wall 44 and the bottom wall 50. Next, a tapered axial opening
52 is bored in the bottom wall 50, and a series of
circumferentially spaced openings 54 is drilled in the bottom wall
50 a predetermined distance from its center. There are 12 openings
54, each five-eighths inch in diameter.
The opening 50 is tapered and of such size that it snugly receives
the outer end portion of the injector nozzle 26. In this manner, a
space is formed between the bottom wall 50 of the member 42 and the
epoxy material 40 filling the hose coupling 18. Strips 56 of
fiberglass of a suitable width, and saturated with epoxy resin are
wrapped around the exposed portion of the nozzle 26 until the
wrapping material is substantially flush with the outer periphery
of the coupling 18. The impregnated fiberglass strips 56
permanently bond the nozzle 26, hose coupling 18 and the member 42
together. After curing, the outermost wrapping of the strips 56 can
be ground smooth, if desired, or plain epoxy resin may be sprayed
thereon to provide a smooth finish.
The inner end of the injector nozzle 26 projects about one-half
inch beyond the bottom wall 50 and strips of fiberglass 58
saturated with epoxy resin are wound there around until a body 60,
about 21/4 inches in diameter is formed. The diameter of the body
60 corresponds to the outer diameter of the flared end of a wire
stream divider 62, which is about 5 inches long. The stream divider
62 consists of a circular array of stainless steel wires 64,
one-eighth inch in diameter, angularly spaced 45.degree. apart, and
diverging inwardly for the major portion of their length on an
included angle of about 10.degree. . The outer ends of the wires 64
are welded or brazed together, as indicated at 66. The inner ends
of the wires 64 are curved outwardly on a radius R2 of
fifteen-sixteenths inch, FIG. 10, to provide end portions 68 that
flare outwardly and terminate at right angles to the axis of the
divider 62. The diametrical dimension across the ends 68 of the
wires 64 is equal to that of the body 60 built up by the
laminations 58, and against which the ends 68 are positioned.
The wire stream divider 62 is secured to the body 60 by wrapping
strips of fiberglass 70 of appropriate width and saturated with
epoxy resin, around the body 60 and folding the strips over onto
the ends 68 of the wires 64, and onto the exposed side of said
body, as is best shown in FIGS. 7 and 10. Several laminations 70
can be employed to provide a good bond between the body 60 and the
divider 62.
A discharge nozzle 72 comprises a tapered tubular portion, having
an initially smooth inner surface 74, and a ring 76. The side walls
of the nozzle 72 converge on an included angle ofabout 10.degree.
from an inlet end 78 to a relatively smaller and restricted
discharge end 80. The discharge nozzle 72 is made by wrapping
fiberglass cloth upon a waxed, tapered mandrel (not shown) and then
spraying epoxy resin and chopped fiberglass thereon until a wall of
the desired thickness has been built up. The wax prevents the
fiberglass cloth from sticking to the mandrel and provides the
smooth interior surface 74 in the discharge nozzle 72. The exterior
of the mandrel is rough and is given a smooth finish by grinding or
turning in a lathe.
A conical stream deflector 82 is mounted within the discharge
nozzle 72 on two intersecting plastic vanes 84 arranged at right
angles to each other. The vanes 84 are secured in place by short
strips of fiberglass cloth 86 saturated with epoxy resin and
applied in the regions where the ends of the vanes 84 contact the
inner surface 74 of the discharge nozzle 72. The conical deflector
82 is solid and is readily made by filling a conical mold with
epoxy resin containing reinforcing fiberglass fibers. The deflector
82 has intersecting grooves cut in its base to receive the vanes
84, and is secured to the vanes, as shown, by strips of fiberglass
88 saturated with epoxy resin. The pointed end of the deflector 82
is axially aligned with the axis of the wire stream divider 62 and
is longitudinally spaced a distance of about 3 inches
therefrom.
It has been further found that great turbulence can be created in
the discharge nozzle 72 by providing a rough surface therein that
will retard fluid flow. The desired roughness can be imparted to
the inner surface 74 of the discharge nozzle 72 by at least two
methods. The preferred method is to uniformly spray the surface 74
over its entire area outwardly of the vanes 84 with an epoxy resin
to form a layer 75 and then sprinkling particles 77 of building
sand, such as is used in mixing mortar, over the sprayed area and
pressing the sand particles into the resin to partially embed the
same in the resin. Here again, epoxy resin, polyester resin or any
other suitable resin can be used. The sand particles 77 can be
pressed into the resin layer 75 by a roller or any suitable means,
but it is preferred that the sand particles 77 not be completely
embedded in the resin, but that they project inwardly beyond the
resin layer 75 to provide randomly projecting formations presenting
a rough saw tooth-like surface. Such saw tooth-like surface is best
illustrated in FIG. 8.
Another method of providing a rough surface on the interior of the
nozzle 72 is to simultaneously spray epoxy resin 79 and filaments
of chopped fiberglass 81 of a length of one-quarter inches onto the
surface 74. This will result in the resin-coated bits of fiberglass
being randomly disposed with some ends projecting inwardly so as to
form a very rough saw tooth-like surface, as illustrated in FIG. 9.
The chopped bits of fiberglass and resin may be sprayed until a
layer of any desired thickness is formed on the surface 74. Upon
curing, the resin will be very hard, and at the same time the
fiberglass filaments will form a very rough surface that retards
fluid flow and is highly conducive to creating great turbulence
within the nozzle 72.
Reverting to FIGS. 1 and 10, the ring 76 is formed by placing sheet
fiberglass in an annular mold and spraying epoxy resin and chopped
fiberglass thereon until a desired thickness of about
three-quarters inch is obtained. After curing the ring 76 is turned
in a lathe to an outside diameter of 101/2 inches. The ring 76 is
bored to provide an opening 90 large enough to receive the
spherical portion of the member 42. Additionally, the ring 76 has a
series of circumferentially spaced air inlet openings 92 formed
therein surrounding the opening 90. There are 27 openings 92,
three-quarter inch in diameter.
The ring 76 is secured to the member 42 by strips of fiberglass
cloth 94 saturated with epoxy resin and placed along the line of
juncture between the member 42 and the ring 76 on both sides of the
ring. After the resin has cured, the ring 76 is positioned in
abutment with the inlet end 78 of the nozzle 72 and permanently
secured to the nozzle. This is done by wrapping strips of
fiberglass cloth 96 saturated with epoxy resin, around the outer
periphery of the nozzle 72 and ring 76 and folding the extended
edge of the strips 96 over onto the outer face of the ring 76. Any
number of strips 96 of gradually decreasing width can be applied
until a lamination of the desired thickness and strength is built
up. After the resin has cured, the edges of the strips 96 may be
ground to a smooth, curved finish, as indicated at 98 in FIG.
10.
In order to facilitate handling and holding of the nozzle assembly
2, a U-shaped plastic handle 100 having extensions 102 at its
opposite ends is positioned upon the discharge nozzle 72 and the
ends 102 are secured in place by applying strips of fiberglass
cloth 104 saturated with epoxy resin to the nozzle 72 so that they
extend across the extension 102.
The dimensions of the various components of the nozzle assembly 2
have been mostly determined by cut and try methods and tested by
experimenting. By way of example, and not limitation, in one
operable form of the invention for use with a 21/2 inches fire
hose, the discharge nozzle 72 has an overall length of about 30
inches, a diameter of about 101/2 inches at its inlet end, and a
diameter of about 51/2 inches, or about half that of the inlet, at
its outlet end. With such dimensions, the side walls converge
outwardly on an included angle of about 10.degree. . The radial
wall thickness is at least about seven thirty-seconds inch, except
at the discharge end where it is increased to about eleven
thirty-seconds inch.
The globe-like member 42 containing the expansion chamber 46 may be
constructed with a side wall and end wall thickness of about seven
thirty-seconds inch. The outside diameter of the cylindrical
portion 48 is about 61/2 inches. The maximum internal transverse
dimension of the expansion chamber is about 71/2 inches with the
inner surfaces of the chamber being formed on radii R of 6 inches
stuck from a diametrical line. The discharge opening of the
expansion chamber is restricted and is about 6 inches in diameter.
The inner surface of the side walls 44 converge toward the outlet
so as to direct the expanding streams in the expansion chamber
toward the center of the nozzle 72 and against the sides of the
deflector 45 which splits and diverts the flow transversely against
the roughened inner surface of the nozzle 72, creating violent
turbulence and eduction of a large volume of secondary air into the
nozzle. The vanes 84 supporting the deflector 82 are located in a
zone a little less than about one-third the length of the discharge
nozzle 72 from the inlet end 78 of the nozzle.
The structure described hereinbefore, is suitable for connection to
a 21/2 inches diameter fire hose. However, the principles of
construction involved are equally applicable to a fire hose of
smaller diameter, say 11/2 inches, and in this connection, FIG. 12
illustrates a nozzle assembly that can be used with such smaller
hose. In this embodiment, the proportions have been reduced by
about one-third, except for the wire divider 62 and the conical
deflector 82, which assume positions closer to each other as
shown.
The injector 26, for a 21/2 inches nozzle, is about 41/2 inches in
length with a 21/2 inches diameter nozzle inlet and a 1 inch
diameter orifice at its outlet end. The radial wall thickness is
one-eighth of an inch. Such nozzle with a flow rate of 240 GPM at a
pressure of 100 psi has a range of 85 ft; and at a pressure of 250
psi and a flow rate of 375 GPM, a range of 125 ft. For a 11/2
inches nozzle, the inlet end of the injector is 11/2 inches in
diameter and the discharge orifice is five-eighths inch in
diameter. Such nozzle has a range of 45 ft. at a 120 GPM flow rate
and pressure of 100 psi; and a range of 65 ft. at a flow of 185 GPM
at a pressure of 250 psi. While a pressure of 100 psi has been
mentioned, it is to be understood that the present nozzles will
work satisfactorily with a pressure as low as 65 psi.
It will be apparent that the angle of divergence of the wires 64 of
the wire divider 62 is less for a 11/2 inches nozzle in view of the
reduced size of the discharge orifice of the injector. However, in
both the 11/2 inches and the 21/2 inches size nozzle, the design is
such that the projected jet discharging through the injector
orifice does not strike the arcuate portion of the wires 64 until
the jet is about one-half inch beyond the end of the discharge
orifice. This dimension is important in effecting the desired
division of the incoming stream and for creating turbulence in the
expansion chamber, and the eduction of a large quantity of primary
air into the expansion chamber 46 through the openings 54.
As has been indicated hereinabove, there are 12 primary air
openings 54, five-eighths inch in diameter providing a total area
of 3.68 sq. in. There are 27 of the secondary air openings 92,
three-quarters inch in diameter providing a total area of 11.93 sq.
in. As will be seen from these figures, the ratio of the area of
the openings for admitting secondary air into the nozzle 72 is
about 31/4 times as great as the total area of the openings 54 for
admitting primary air into the expansion chamber 46. By providing
for a maximum of admission of air into the nozzle, and for creating
great turbulence in both the expansion chamber 46 and nozzle 72,
the necessary quantity of air for producing great expansion and the
flake-like foam, is mixed with the water and foam concentrate.
As has been indicated, tests have been made to demonstrate the
operability and capabilities of the present fire foam nozzle to
extinguish fires with the flake-like foam, compared with
conventional fire foam nozzles. Thus, one test using a conventional
fire foam nozzle to extinguish a very hot pit fire of heptane, 30
gallons of foam concentrate were proportionately added to the
water, and it took a period of 5 minutes to put out the fire. A
blanket of foam over the liquid surface was formed to a depth of
only one-half inch, which was not thick enough to be effective to
prevent reignition. The surface of the pit was cleared and the
combustible liquid reignited to provide the same type of fire. The
nozzle of the present invention was employed to extinguish the fire
with the result that the flakes first landing on the burning area
were instantly converted into steam vapor in large volume, thus
quickly cooling the burning vapor. A foam blanket two inches thick
was formed over the liquid surface, requiring only two gallons of
foam concentrate, and completely extinguished the fire in an
elapsed time of only 20 seconds. The foam blanket of 2 inches was
adequate to effectively hold the vapor and prevent reignition from
the hot surface of the liquid.
While certain specific dimensions and procedures for making the
present nozzle assembly have been disclosed herein by way of
example, and not limitation, it will be understood that the
principles involved may be incorporated in devices of modified
dimensions, made by other techniques, and employing different
materials, without departing from the scope of the annexed
claims.
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